R101path Piacentini.kmz

R101path Piacentini

R101-000 Shiraz
R101-000 Shiraz : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: PPL UFI: -3085009 coordinate: lat 29.61003458 long 52.53094963
NIMA/GNS names: Chimaz , Chiraz , Schiras , Shiraz , Siraz , شیراز ,
VARIANT names: Chiras , Chiraz , Chyraz , Giras , Giraz , Schiras , Sciras , Sciraz , Scyras , Sehiras , Shira-its-tsi-ish , Shirass , Shiraz , Siras , Siràs or Xiràs or Sciraz , Širaz , Sjiraas , Sjiraas , Stadt Siraes , Syras , Xiras , Xiraz , Zjie-raes ,
SOURCE for Chiras
« dinge alle de omleggende vlekken hooren, en daarvan hij in Chiras aan den gouverneur reekeningh doen moet, [let all the destroyers hear the things, and he must give an account of them to the governor in Chiras,] » #3226 Cornelis Janszoon Speelman Ed. A. Hotz, Journaal der reis van den gezant der O.I. Compagnie Joan Cunaeus naar perzië in 1651-1652, J. Müller, 1908 ~ p. 74
« Le 17, j'arrivai à Chiras, foible et défait, [On the 17th, I arrived in Chiras, weak and defeated,] » #3213 Sir John Chardin, ed. Louis Langlès, Voyages du Chevalier Chardin en Perse et autres lieux de l’Orient, Nouvelle édition, Le Normant, Imprimeur-Libraire, Paris, 1811 ~ vol. 9 p. 90
« Je n'ai point voulu marquer par le compas la route que je tenois , jour par jour, d'Ispalian à Chiras, car c'est presque la même chose chaque jour ; [I did not want to mark with the compass the route I took, day by day, from Ispalian to Chiras, because it is almost the same thing every day;] » #3213 Sir John Chardin, ed. Louis Langlès, Voyages du Chevalier Chardin en Perse et autres lieux de l’Orient, Nouvelle édition, Le Normant, Imprimeur-Libraire, Paris, 1811 ~ vol. 8 p. 241
SOURCE for Chiraz
« ITINÉRAIRE DE CHIRAZ A SIRAF. De Chiraz à Kafra كفرة village 15 milles.?? » #3001 Al-Idrisi, P. Amedee Jaubert, Geographie d'Edrisi, Bertrand, Paris, 1836 ~ vol. 1 p. 400
SOURCE for Chyraz
« Chyraz » in {map#1255 Carte de la Perse, de la Turquie d'Asie et d'une partie de la Tartarie Indépendante / dressée par P. Lapie... ; gravée par Blondeau..., , 1810, Bibliothèque nationale de France, département Cartes et plans, GE C-10435}
« Chyraz » in {map#1253 Carte de la Perse, de la Turquie d'Asie et d'une partie de la Tartarie Indépendante / Dressée par P. Lapie, ... pour les Voyages de Chardin ; Gravée par Blondeau, ..., , 1810, }
« Arrivé à la porte de Chyraz, un individu préposé à je ne sais quoi se jeta sur Alawerdi et le secoua avec violence; on lui demanda 2 krowns, je ne sais à quel titre. Alawerdi résista, mais le préposé s'empara du fusil qu'il portait en bandoulière. Je le laissai faire, bien persuadé que j'en obtiendrais raison. Je fus d'abord à la douane où je déposai mes effets qui furent culbutés,, Dieu sait comme! et me rendis ensuite chez le nabab où je retrouvai mon logement. [Arriving at the gate of Chyraz, an individual in charge of I don't know what threw himself on Alawerdi and shook him violently; he was asked for 2 krowns, I don't know for what reason. Alawerdi resisted, but the attendant grabbed the rifle he was carrying across his shoulder. I let him do it, fully convinced that I would get his way. I first went to customs where I deposited my belongings which were overturned, God knows how! and then went to the nawab where I found my accommodation.] » #3241 Aucher-Eloy, Relations de voyages en Orient de 1830 à 1838. Part 2, 1843 ~ p. 603
SOURCE for Giras
« GIRAS, cidade de - Shiraz, em 29° 38' lat. N. e 52° 31' long. E., na Pérsia. [P. Fernão Guerreiro - Relações Anais]. [GIRAS, city of - Shiraz, in 29° 38' lat. N. and 52° 31' long. E., in Persia. [P. Fernão Guerreiro - Annals].] » #2603 Visconde De Lagoa, Glossario Toponimico Da Antiga Historiografia Portuguesa Ultramarina, Oficina Grafica, Casa Portuguesa Rua Das Gaveas, 1953, ~ vol. D-N p. 85
SOURCE for Giraz
« From there they will go to the city of Vargim, and from there to the city of Giraz » #2516 Afonso de Albuquerque, ed.Raymundo Antonio de Bulhão Pato, Henrique Lopes de Mendonça, Cartas de Affonso de Albuquerque, seguidas de documentos que as elucidam, Academia Real Das Sciencias de Lisboa, 1884, 1898 ~ vol. 2 p. 249
SOURCE for Schiras
« Le seizième de mars à huit heures du matin, je partis de Schiras, et après six heures de marche dans la plaine, qui cesse d'être fertile à une lieue de la ville, [On the sixteenth of March at eight o'clock in the morning, I left Schiras, and after six hours of walking in the plain, which ceases to be fertile a league from the town,] » #3144 Jean-Baptiste Tavernier, Pascal Pia, Voyages en Perse et description de ce royaume par Jean-Babtiste Tavernier Marchand Francais, E´d. du Carrefour, Paris, 1930 ~ p. 310
« J'arrivay à Schiras ſur les fix heures du ſoir ; [I arrived at Shiras around six o'clock in the evening;] » #3632 Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste, Les six voyages de Jean Baptiste Tavernier, Ecuyer Baron d'Aubonne, qu'il a fait en Turquie, en Perse, et aux Indes,, Chez Gervais Clouzier et Claude Barbin, 1676 ~ p. 656
« La Ville de Schiras, où nous arrivames enfin le 4 de Mars, n'eſt qu'à 1 mille de Tſchinar Raddar vers l'Eſt. Nous employames donc dixhuit jours, pour faire le Voyage d'Abuſchäbhr à Schiras, au lieu que fans cela, quelqu'un peut facilement faire ce Voyage en fix jours. La cauſe que nous étions fi longtems en chemin, n'étoit pas ſeulement le mauvais tems et le détour par Kormudſch, mais que la plus part des Marchandises de notre Kaffle, n'étoient chargées que fur des mauvais Anes, qui ne pouvoient faire que de petites journées. [The city of Shiras, where we finally arrived on March 4th, is only one mile east of Tſchinar Raddar.
It therefore took us eighteen days to make the journey from Abuſschäbhr to Shiras, whereas someone could easily make this journey in ten days. The reason we were so long on the road was not only the bad weather and the detour via Kormudſsh, but also that most of the goods in our wagon were loaded only onto poor donkeys, which could only travel for short periods.] » #3642 Niebuhr, Carsten, Voyage en Arabie et en d'autres pays circonvoisins, vol. 2, S.J. Baalde, Amsterdam, 1780 ~ vol. 2 p. 91
SOURCE for Sciras
« . Egli, mentre facemmo dimora a Sciras, non volle che noi ſpendeſsimo, per non offender le leggi dell'oſpitalità; [While we were staying in Sciras, he did not want us to spend money so as not to offend the laws of hospitality; ] » #3239 Giovanni Francesco Gemelli Careri, Giro del mondo, del dottor D. Gio. Francesco Gemelli Careri.., stamp. di G. Roselli, Napoli, 1699 ~ pt. 2 p.263
SOURCE for Sciraz
« Fatta poi notte, di nuovo ci rimettemmo alla via; e il mercoledi, ventidue di giugno, camminate pian piano e molto adagio le due o tre sole leghe che restavano infin alla città di Sciraz, non prima dell'alba ci arrivamnto. [Then when night fell, we set off again; and on Wednesday, the twenty-second of June, you walked slowly and very slowly the only two or three leagues that remained until the city of Sciraz, arriving there not before dawn.] » #1530 Pietro Della Valle, Viaggi di Pietro della Valle: il pellegrino, G. Gancia, Brighton, 1843, ~ vol. 2 p. 362
« A due o tre ore di notte facemmo di nuovo levata, e dopo aver camminato tutto il resto della notte, il sabbato, sedici di ottobre, fatte le sci altre leghe che sole restavano a giorno chiaro, levato già il sole, arrivammo ai giardini di Sciraz, la qual città è situata pur in un bel piano circondato quasi d'ogn'intorno da monti, [At two or three o'clock in the morning we rose again, and after having walked all the rest of the night, on Saturday, the sixteenth of October, having skied the other leagues that were left in the light of day, the sun having already risen, we arrived at the gardens of Sciraz, which city is situated on a beautiful plain surrounded almost on all sides by mountains,] » #1530 Pietro Della Valle, Viaggi di Pietro della Valle: il pellegrino, G. Gancia, Brighton, 1843, ~ vol. 2 p. 265
SOURCE for Scyras
« Het Landt roudtom Scyras is seer buchtbaar; maar boven al in Wijngaarden/die den Wijn voastrengen / welke dosz geheel Perfien, en selfs daar bupten / voor den besten van de ge heele Werelt gehouden. werdt / zijnde noch geuriger/ krachti ger/en forter als de Canarie-Sck. [The Land of Scyras is very famous; but above all in Vineyards / that supply the Wine / which are entirely Perfian, and even there / held for the best in the entire World. was / being neither more fragrant / more powerful / and stronger than the Canarie-Sck.] » #3243 Jan Janszoon Struys, Drie aanmerkelijke en seer rampspoedige Reysen, Meurs, 1677 ~ p. 354
SOURCE for Sehiras
« Having view'd these Antiquities, which with those of Derbent, were all we met with in our Travels, I prosecuted my jour|ney the 28. of Ianuary, and got that day ten Leagues, to the City of Sehiras. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ Mandelslo pt. 2 p. 2
SOURCE for Shira-its-tsi-ish
see source « Syras »
SOURCE for Shirass
« Dined here and went away for Shirass, being 5 farsangs, bad way up hills and down ; about the middle of the way in a fine plain is a good caravensaroy. Arrjved at Shirass at 8 at night. 21st [February], being Sunday. Went away for Bobbahodge. 9 farsangs good way . » #3248 Bernard P. Scattergood, Ed. Temple, Carnac Rihard, The Scattergoods and the East India Company, A Collection of Mss., Indian Antiquary, Bernard Quaritch, London, 1930 vol. LIX:pt DCCXXXVI-A:pp. 33-74 ~ p. 41
SOURCE for Shiraz
« This route passed Tarom, Forgh, Rustak, Darab, Darakan, Fasa, Sarvestan and then Shiraz, and from there onwards to Isfahan. This was the normal trade route prior the reign of Shah `Abbas I (1587-1629) . » #3002 Willem Floor, Persian Gulf: Links with the Hinterland, Bushehr, Borazjan, Kazerun, Banu Ka`b and Bandar Abbas, Mage Publishers, Washington, 2015 ~ p. 252 and #1169 Floor, Willem, The Bandar Abbas-Isfahan Route in the Late Safavid era, Iran, Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies, London, 1999, 37:67-94 ~ p. 67
« 24th February, Khan-i-Zanyan, 3 farsakhs ; 9 a.m. to 1 p.m. 25th February, Shiraz, 8 farsakhs ; 5.30 a.m. to 4 p.m. Next morning early, we saddled our horses for Shiraz. We had thirty-two miles to march, and the road, winding among bare mountain-tops, proved less interesting than any stage since Burazjan. » #3078 Stack, Edward, Six months in Persia, Sampson Low, Marston, Searle and Rivington, London, 1882 ~ p. 45
« next night pitching a farfangh ſhort of Shiraz; where we expected a ceremonious entrance » #1608 Herbert, Thomas, Sir, Some Yeares Travels into divers parts of Asia and Afrique. Describing especially the two famous Empires, the Persian, and great Mogull: weaved with the history of these later times ... With a revivall of the first discoverer of America. Revised and enlarged by the Author., Printed by R. Bip. for Jacob Blome and Richard Bishop, London, 1638, ~ p. 132
« Hastening on towards Shiráz, I met a line inspector on tour, Mr Jefferies, who informed the that there was a riot taking place in the capital of Fárs. Accordingly, with very brief visits to the stupendous monuments of Persepolis, which I fortunately was able to examine carefully five years later, marched rapidly on, and being warned to avoid the town, proceeded to the beautiful Telegraph Garden, where I was most hospitably received by Dr Scully, the entertainer of almost every European traveller in Persia. » #1631 Sykes, Major P. Molesworth, Ten thousand miles in Persia or eight years in Iran, John Murray, London, 1902, ~ p. 80-81
« and thence in 5 leagues to the city of Shiraz. Total: from Yazdi-khwāst to Shiraz 44 leagues, » #1764 ed. Le Strange, G., The geographical part of the Nuzhat-al-qulub composed by Hamd-Alla¯h Mustawfi¯ of Qazwi¯n in 740 (1340), E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1919 ~ p. 176
« Further on, we passed the fine tomb of Shah Ameer Hamza, son of the Imaum Moosa; and crossing a bridge over the dry bed of a river, we entered Shiraz before dark. » #1185 Buckingham, J. S., Travels in Assyria, Media, and Persia, including a journey from Bagdad by Mount Zagros, to Hamadan, the ancient Ecbatana, researches in Ispahan and the ruins of Persepolis, and journey from thence by Shiraz and Shapoor to the sea-shore, Henry Colburn: Gregg International Publishers Limited, London: London, 1829:1971, ~ p. 287
« Although the city is the capital of the historic province of Fars and by right of inheritance the successor to the glory of Persepolis, the claim which Shiraz can make to eminence by reason of antiquity is not comparable with that of either Hamadan or Rei in Media of old. The general location of the city, it is true, is probably an ancient one, as shown by the vestiges of Achsemenian and Sasanian ruins in the vicinity, » #3178 Jackson, A. V. Williams, Persia past and present; a book of travel and research, with more than two hundred illustrations and a map, The Macmillan Company, London, 1906 ~ p. 324
SOURCE for Siras
« The 24th daye about 12 a clok att night we did sett out of the citie of Siras, comonly called by the inhabitans Shiras, and traveling over theplayne, » #3214 Stodart, Robert; introduction and notes by Sir. E. Denison Ross, The Journal of Robert Stodart: Being an account of his experiences as a member of Sir Dodmore Cotton's Mission in Persia in 1628-29. Published from the unique manuscript preserved in the Bodleian Library, Luzac and Co, London, 1935 ~ p.78
« In our Stay here we had Opportunity to observe Siras, not only by Fame, but indeed to be, second to none, except the Royal City, in the whole Empire: » #1591 Fryer, John M. D., A New Account of East-India and Persia in eight letters being nine years travel (Edited, with notes and an introduction, by William Crooke), Hakluyt Society:Kraus Reprint, 1909:1967, 3 vols. ~ vol. 2 p. 211
« Siras (Shirāz) for each carga half a mahmudi as in Lār » #3297 John Emerson, Rahdars and Their Tolls in Safavid and Afsharid Iran, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 1987 vol. 30:no. 3:pp. 318-327 ~ p. 321
SOURCE for Siràs or Xiràs or Sciraz
« fn. 30. Bembo gives three spellings for Shiraz: "Siràs or Xiràs or Sciraz." Persepolis is 80 km north of Shiraz. The plain to which Bembo refers is Marv Dasht, and he gives the name "Mircascun" to the town of Zargan. » #3299 trans. Clara Bargellini ed. Anthony Welch Ambrosio Bembo, The Travels and Journal of Ambrosio Bembo, University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 2007 ~ p. 298
SOURCE for Širaz
« Širāz VI C4
Id Iran
Métropole (misr) de la province du Fāris et circonscription
IV 391 » #2912 Georgette Cornu, Atlas du monde arabo-islamique a l'epoque classique IXe-Xe siecles, E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1985, ~ p. 58
SOURCE for Sjiraas
« Den 11. dito na 2 mylen, aan de voor aan in Sjiraas gelegene Tsaarbag, daar van velen verwelkomt wierd. [The 11th ditto after 2 miles, at the front of Tsarbag located in Shiraas, where many were welcomed.] » #2655 Francois Valentyn, Oud en nieuw Oost-Indien vervattende een naaukeurige en uitvoerige verhandelinge van Nederlands mogentheyd in die gewesten, benevens eene wydlustige beschryvinge der Moluccos ...,, Joannes van Braam, 1726, ~ vol. 5 p. 285
« Den 7. dito vertrokken wy van Sjiraas, hadden een goeden weg, en rondom ons veel dorpen. [On the 7th we left Shiraas, had a good road, and many villages around us.] » #2655 Francois Valentyn, Oud en nieuw Oost-Indien vervattende een naaukeurige en uitvoerige verhandelinge van Nederlands mogentheyd in die gewesten, benevens eene wydlustige beschryvinge der Moluccos ...,, Joannes van Braam, 1726, ~ bk. 5 p. 263
« Den 6. dito wierd zyn. Ed: door eenige Armeniers bezogt, door hen met eenige tafel-vrugten beichonken, en 's namiddags door deneerſten ſchryver des Viziers verzogt, om op te zitten, weshalven zyn ed: na Sjiraas vertrok, [On the 6th his Ed: was visited by some Armenians, by whom he was refreshed with some table fruits, and in the afternoon he was requested by the chief scribe of the Vizier to sit on, wherefore his Ed: departed after Sjiraas,] » #2655 Francois Valentyn, Oud en nieuw Oost-Indien vervattende een naaukeurige en uitvoerige verhandelinge van Nederlands mogentheyd in die gewesten, benevens eene wydlustige beschryvinge der Moluccos ...,, Joannes van Braam, 1726, ~ vol. 5 p. 274
SOURCE for Stadt Siraes
« 7 Nov 1645 » #3230 Dagh Register gehouden bij den oppercoopman Leonard Winninx ‘tsindert den 6 Julij anno 1645 dat uijt Gamron naer Spahan vertreckt, tot den 24e November, daeraen volgende, als wanneer in gemelte Gamron wederom gearriveert is." inventory number 1152 catalogue reference number 1.04.02, Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, ~ f. 384
« 23 July 1645 » #3230 Dagh Register gehouden bij den oppercoopman Leonard Winninx ‘tsindert den 6 Julij anno 1645 dat uijt Gamron naer Spahan vertreckt, tot den 24e November, daeraen volgende, als wanneer in gemelte Gamron wederom gearriveert is." inventory number 1152 catalogue reference number 1.04.02, Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, ~ f. 361
SOURCE for Syras
« Persia alla via di levante (A levante, ove prima si trova la città de Syras la quale) li..20., ha populo inumerabile, mercadanti assaissimi, perchè tutti i mercadanti che vengono da le parte di sopra, cioè da Ere, Sanmarcahanthe (299) e da li in suso (volendo vegnir per la via de la Persia) passano per Syras, (300) fn. 299. Sanmarcahanth Samarcanda, la principale città della Transoxiana. RUY GONZALES DE CLAVIJO, che Enrico III di Castiglia aveva inviato come ambasciatore a Timur nel 1405, ci ha lasciato una descrizione di Samarcanda quale era ai suoi tempi; cfr. la sua opera Embassy to Tamerlane, cit., pp. 285-290. (Lo.) fn. 300. Syras Shiraz. Contrariamente a quanto comunemente si crede, Shiraz è una città molto antica. Poco dopo la seconda guerra mondiale, G. Cameron scopri a Persepoli alcune tavolette in lingua elamita, recanti dettagli sulle paghe degli operai ivi impegnati nella costruzione del palazzo di Dario; su una di tali tavolette compare il nome di Shiraz, sotto la forma Shira-its-tsi-ish. Si ha così la prova che la città esisteva già nel periodo degli Achemenidi. In quel tempo, tuttavia, essa era messa in ombra da Persepoli. Sotto i Sasanidi Shiraz fu capitale dell'Ardashir Khurreh, uno dei cin- que distretti in cui era divisa la provincia del Färs. ... [Persia on the eastern road (To the east, where first is the city of Syras which) li..20., has an innumerable population, very many merchants, because all the merchants who come from the upper parts, that is from Ere, Sanmarcahanthe (299) and from there upwards (wanting to come by the road to Persia) pass through Syras, (300) fn. 299. Sanmarcahanth Samarkand, the principal city of Transoxiana. RUY GONZALES DE CLAVIJO, whom Henry III of Castile had sent as ambassador to Timur in 1405, has left us a description of Samarkand as it was in his time; cf. his work Embassy to Tamerlane, cit., pp. 285-290. (Lo.) fn. 300. Syras Shiraz. Contrary to popular belief, Shiraz is a very ancient city. Shortly after the Second World War, G. Cameron discovered in Persepolis some tablets in the Elamite language, containing details of the wages of the workers employed there in the construction of the palace of Darius; on one of these tablets the name of Shiraz appears, in the form Shira-its-tsi-ish. This is evidence that the city already existed in the period of the Achaemenids. At that time, however, it was overshadowed by Persepolis. Under the Sassanids Shiraz was the capital of Ardashir Khurreh, one of the five districts into which the province of Färs was divided. ...] » #3310 Lockhart,L. Morozzo Della Rocca,R. Tiepolo,M.F., I viaggi in Persia degli ambasciatori veneti Barbaro e Contarini, Ist. Poligrafico dello Stato, 1973 ~ p. 142
SOURCE for Xiras
« A 24, vispera de Sancta Catalina martir, despues de auer enuiado delante muy de mañana el Enbaxador su rrecamara y todas las demas cargas, le vinieron á dar auiso como le querian ya salir á reçibir de Xiras, [On the 24th, the eve of Sancta Catalina martyr, after the Enbaxador had sent his chamber and all the other loads in front of him very early in the morning, they came to inform him how they wanted him and to leave to receive Xiras,] » #3245 García de Silva y Figueroa, Manuel Serrano y Sanz, Comentarios De D. Garcia De Silva Y Figueroa De La Embajada Que De Parte Del Rey De España Don Felipe III Hizo Al Rey Xa Abas De Persia, La Spciedad de Bibliofilos Espanoles, Madrid, 1905 ~ vol. 1 p. 332
« A 5 de Abril, en la tarde, salio el Enbaxador de Xiras, dexando algunos criados suyos con mas de çiento y çinquenta cargas de la pimienta que se lleuaua al rey de Persia, [On April 5th, in the afternoon, the Ambassador of Xiras left, leaving some of his servants with more than one hundred and fifty loads of pepper that he was taking to the King of Persia.] » #3245 García de Silva y Figueroa, Manuel Serrano y Sanz, Comentarios De D. Garcia De Silva Y Figueroa De La Embajada Que De Parte Del Rey De España Don Felipe III Hizo Al Rey Xa Abas De Persia, La Spciedad de Bibliofilos Espanoles, Madrid, 1905 ~ vol. 1 p. 367
SOURCE for Xiraz
« XIRAZ, cidade de - Shiraz, em 29° 38' lat. N. e 52° 31' long. E., na Pérsia. [João de Barros-Da Asia). [XIRAZ, city of - Shiraz, in 29° 38' lat. N. and 52° 31' long. E., in Persia. [João de Barros-From Asia).] » #2603 Visconde De Lagoa, Glossario Toponimico Da Antiga Historiografia Portuguesa Ultramarina, Oficina Grafica, Casa Portuguesa Rua Das Gaveas, 1953, ~ vol. O-Z p. 287
SOURCE for Zjie-raes
« arriv?mes à minuit au Caravanserai de Babbahad-jie, à 5. lieuës de Zjie-raes. [and arrived at midnight at the Caravanserai of Babbahad-jie, 5 leagues from Zjie-raes.] » #3227 LeBrun, Corneille, Voyages de Corneille Le Brun par la Moscovie, en Perse, et aux Indes Orientales., Wetstein, Amsterdam, 1718 ~ p. 312

R101-001 Firuzabad
R101-001 Firuzabad : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: PPL UFI: -3063026 coordinate: lat 28.8438 long 52.5707
NIMA/GNS names: Firuzabad , فیروز آباد ,
VARIANT names: Firouzabad , Firouz-Abad , Fírozabad , Firuzabad ,
SOURCE for Firouzabad
« Ayant trouvé un endroit où il y avait plusieurs sources d'excel- lente eau et quelques masures, nous y fimes notre menzil, à moitié chemin de Firouzabad, à environ quatre farsangs et demi. [Having found a place where there were several sources of excellent water and some hovels, we made our menzil there, half way from Firouzabad, about four and a half farsangs away.] » ##3241 Aucher-Eloy, Relations de voyages en Orient de 1830 à 1838., Librairie Encyclopédique De Roret, Paris, 1843 ~ pt.2 p. 518
SOURCE for Firouz-Abad
« Firouz-Abad 8 Farsangs » #3179 Adrien Dupré, Voyage en Perse, fait dans les années 1807, 1808 et 1809, en traversant la Natolie et la Mésopotamie, 1819 ~ vol. 2 p. 492
SOURCE for Fírozabad
« 4. Fírozábád-16 miles S.-71 miles; 4 miles-163 miles, 4 hours 15 minutes. by cast. Road good, except through the defile of Fierozkoon and the pass of Firozabad; latter is impracticable for artillery, but passable for mountain guns on mules. A heavy rain, the torrent in the pass becomes unfordable. General direction so by east. » #3091 C M Macgregor, Central Asia. Part IV. A contribution towards the better knowledge of the topography, ethnology, resources, and history of Persia., Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta, 1871 ~ p. 736
« Firozabad 40 miles Road bad. Near Firozabad descend the moun- tains into a beautiful well cultivated plain. The fort lies at the further extremity. » #3021 John Macdonald Kinneir, A Geographical Memoir of the Persian Empire, John Murray, London, 1813 ~ p. 460
SOURCE for Firuzabad
« FIRÜZABAD (formerly Piruzābād, 'the town of victory', and originally known as Gūr or Cür) is situated in 28° 50' N. Lat. and 52° 34' E. Long. (Greenwich); it is 1356 m. above sea level. The present town, which had 4,340 inhabitants in 1951, is 3 km. to the south-east of the ancient site. Firü-zābād, besides being one of the chief centres of the Kash-ka'i tribe [q.v.], is the chief administrative centre of the district (shahristan) of the same name in the seventh Ustan (Fars). The surrounding country is very fertile and well-watered and the climate is temperate. » #2645 The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd Edition, Brill, Leiden, ~ vol. 2 p. 925
« I2th March, Firuzabad, 6 farsakhs ; 8.30a.m.
to 5 p.m. The next day's march was to take
us to Firuzabad. The road passes through two
defiles, cloven by the river in a rocky ridge 500
feet high, called the Knife-edge (par-i-Kdrd),
and in a mountain-range beyond. » #3078 Stack, Edward, Six months in Persia, Sampson Low, Marston, Searle and Rivington, London, 1882 ~ vol. 1 p. 84

R101-002 Siraf : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: PPL UFI: -3086632 coordinate: lat 27.665726 long 52.346157
NIMA/GNS names: Bandar-e Siraf , Bandar-e Taheri , Bandar-i Tahiri , Siraf , Tabiri , Taheri , Tahiri , بندر سيرف , بندر طاهری , سيرف , طاهری ,
VARIANT names: Chetou , Cheylo , Chilaao , Chilao , Chilao ou Chiraf , Chilau , Chiloe , Chylam , Saraf , Sarif , Schilu , Shilau , Shilau , Shilaw , Shilu , Silaú , Silaw , Siraf , Ssi-lien , Suhriyaj , Suriyanj , Taheri , Tahiree , Tahiri , Tahrie , Tari , Tauhree , Taurie ,
POSSIBLE LOCATION at Tahiri FOR Chiloe [],
SOURCE for Chetou
« Chetou (57 B) : [Siraf, Shilau] Taheri » #1939 Couto, Dejanirah, Bacqué-Grammont, Jean-Louis, and Taleghani, Mahmoud (eds.), Atlas historique du golfe Persique (XVIe-XVIIIe siècles), Turnhout, Brepols, 2006, ~ p. 417
« Chetou » in {map#362 Carte du Golfe Persique depuis Bassora jusqu'au Cap Rasalgate, Guillaume Nicolas Delahaye D'apres De Mannevillette, 1775, Leiden, Universiteitsbibliotheek (Collectie Bodel Nijenhuis, Portf. 175, n° 108)} see AHduGP map 57
[ Chetou after Assetou and before C.de Bardistan. PBR]
SOURCE for Cheylo
« In this area, there is some confusion on early European charts and descriptions concerning a place ’Chiloe‘. Near Tahiri, they recorded a place called ‘Chiru’, while more to the East, near Cape Naband, they charted a place ’Shilau’. Also more to the East, there is a rather important place Nakhilu. These seem to have been freely mixed up in old maps and descriptions. Carre calls ’Chiru’ Chirou, ‘Shilau’ Cheylo (the French ch is pronounced as sh and Nakhilu Kailo. (59)
Beyond Cape Naband is the territory of a tribe called A1 Haram, who were active pearl divers. The A1 Haram acquired the island of Bahrain during the first half of the eighteenth century. In the eighteenth century, their westernmost village was Shilau, while Asalu was their most important settlement. The name Asalu is already mentioned in a Dutch document of 1632 as the name of a pearlbank. On a manuscript nautical chart of the Dutch East India Company of the late seventeenth century it is mentioned as a place, together with another place of the A1 Haram, Nabon. Asalu was visited in 1672 by the French traveler Carre, who gives a description of the place.(60)
fn. 59 ‘Chiru’ as such is first seen on Ottens’s map in Slot, Origins, plate 18. In the early nineteenth century, it was already deserted: Brucks in Bombay Selections, pp. xxiv, 591. It is not probable that Chiru is identical with the Chilu, which is a large place on early Portuguese maps, although confusion may have been caused by the difficulties the Portuguese have in distinguishing L and R.
fn. 60 Kniphausen’s report fol. 4-4v (=Floor, ‘Description’, pp. 168-169). Niebuhr, Beschreibung, p. 314, is very summary but on pp. 330-331 some interesting but probably not completely reliable details about the history of the A1 Haram rule over Bahrain. Carre, Travels, vol. 3, p. 832 is the most detailed early text on Asalu. VOC vol. 1113, fol. 225v. mentions Asalu as a centre of pearldivers, already in 1632. It figures on early Dutch maps: ARA VEL 220. The important place ‘Chilau’ on early Portuguese maps probably is not Shilau but Nakhilu. » #1558 Slot, B. J., The Arabs of the Gulf, 1602-1784 : an alternative approach to the early history of the Arab Gulf states and the Arab peoples of the Gulf, mainly based on sources of the Dutch East India Company, 1993 ~ p. 20
SOURCE for Chilaao
mentioned by European travellers of the 16th century, e.g. by Antonio Tenreiro as Chilaao (1528) and Gasparo Balbi as Silau (1590), but subsequent references are to a simple harbour only at the modern village. #2645 The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd Edition, Brill, Leiden, ~ IX:667b
SOURCE for Chilao
« Chilao (25 B) : [Siriif, Shilau] Taheri » #1939 Couto, Dejanirah, Bacqué-Grammont, Jean-Louis, and Taleghani, Mahmoud (eds.), Atlas historique du golfe Persique (XVIe-XVIIIe siècles), Turnhout, Brepols, 2006, ~ p. 417
« Chilao » in {map#576 15ª carta: Mar Vermelho e Golfo Pérsico, Livro De Marinharia, de João de Lisboa, , 1560, Colecção Cartográfica, n.º 166, Arquivo Nacional, Torre do Tombo, Lisbon, Colecção Cartográfica, n.º 166} see PMC vol. 1 EST 96A and AHduGP map 25
[ Chilao after c. de nabam and before c. de Uerdestão . PBR]
« Along this coast we sailed for thirty-five days, with much toil and trouble. Our provision began to fail; nor could we renew it there, for all that shore is disturbed by the wanton ravages of the Portuguese fustas,(2) which commonly cruize there. When we had got to Chilao near Verdostam, a place in a sound between Point Vedican and the shoals of Kane,(3) the head wind increased and continued. So, perforce, having lost an anchor and cable, and very nearly run on the shore,(1) which was close aboard, the captain gave orders to bear away for Harmuz, and in four days we ran eighty leagues; that we had gained, with much toil, in five-and-thirty.
fn. 2 Small armed vessels, Anglice, “foists.”
fn. 3 Chilao is probably Shilu, “four miles to the westward of Tahiri” (Persian Gulf Pilot, p. 255). Bardistan is not far away, and is on all recent maps and charts. The Point of Vedican is Ras Naband, sheltering Bandar Baid Khan; and the shoals of Kane are certainly those of Ras-al-Mutaf, near whose northern end is Ras-al-Khan – not that this name matters much in their identification, which depends on position.
fn. 1 The fourth use of "dar al travez" for "to run ashore," in the Viage. » #258 Teixeira, Pedro, The Travels of Pedro Teixeira; with his Kings of Harmuz, and extracts from his Kings of Persia. Translated and annotated by W. F. Sinclair ... With further notes and an introduction by D. Ferguson., Hakluyt Society:Kraus Reprint, 1902:1991 ~
SOURCE for Chilao ou Chiraf
« Chilao ou Chiraf fn. 4 On y voit encore les ruines de quelques maisons européennes. [fn. 4 We can still see the ruins of some European houses there.] » #3179 Adrien Dupré, Voyage en Perse, fait dans les années 1807, 1808 et 1809, en traversant la Natolie et la Mésopotamie, 1819 ~ vol. 2 p. 490
SOURCE for Chilau
« CHILAU, vila de - Nome dado por João de Barros a um lugar do litoral norte do golfo Pérsico, sito entre Bushire e o cabo Naband, que não obstante propende- mos a identificar com Shiwuh, em 27' 05' lat. N. e 53° 09' long. E., ao norte e pró- ximo da ilha Sheikh Shuaib. Briga com esta identificação o facto de Barros colocar Chilau entre Bushire e o ras Naband, ou seja uma dúzia de léguas, pelo menos, a noroeste de Shiwuh. Temos porém por provável que o cronista erre a posição de Chilau em relação ao referido cabo, critério que aliás não condena formalmente a hipótese de ser exacta a notícia de Barros e de Chilau corresponder a Salum ou Salum Abadeh, em 28° 26' lat. N. e 51° 08' long. E. [João de Barros-Da Asia].
[CHILAU, village of - Name given by João de Barros to a place on the north coast of the Persian Gulf, located between Bushire and Cape Naband, which we nevertheless tend to identify with Shiwuh, at 27' 05' lat. N. and 53° 09' long. E., to the north and close to the island Sheikh Shuaib. Conflicting with this identification is the fact that Barros places Chilau between Bushire and ras Naband, that is to say a dozen leagues, at least, northwest of Shiwuh. We believe, however, that the chronicler is wrong about Chilau's position in relation to the aforementioned cape, a criterion that does not formally condemn the hypothesis that the news from Barros and Chilau corresponds to Salum or Salum Abadeh, at 28° 26' lat. N. and 51° 08' long. E. [João de Barros-Da Asia].] » #2603 Visconde De Lagoa, Glossario Toponimico Da Antiga Historiografia Portuguesa Ultramarina, Oficina Grafica, Casa Portuguesa Rua Das Gaveas, 1953 ~ vol. A-C pp. 236-7
SOURCE for Chiloe
Beyond Cape Naband is the territory of a tribe called Al Haram, who were active pearl divers. The Al Haram acquired the island of Bahrain during the first half of the eighteenth century. In the eighteenth century, their westernmost village was Shilau, while Asalu was their most important settlement. The name Asalu is already mentioned in a Dutch document of 1632 as the name of a pearlbank. On a manuscript nautical chart of the Dutch East India Company of the late seventeenth century it is mentioned as a place, together with another place of the Al Haram, Nabon. Asalu was visited in 1672 by the French traveler Carre, who gives a description of the place.(60)
SOURCE for Chylam
« Chylam » in {map#1021 [Carte de l'ocean Indien occidental et du golfe Persique Atlas,fol. 8, Diogo Homem, 1561, Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, (Codex Vindobonensis Palatinus 335 f.8)} see PMC vol. 2 EST 120-126 and AHduGP map 28
SOURCE for Saraf
« Saraf » in {map#917 The empire of the great Turke in Europe, Asia and Africa, William Berry, 1685, National Library of Israel sys. No. 990026261540205171} see AHduGP map 89
SOURCE for Sarif
« Sarif » in {map#979 Indie Orientalie Penisola di qua del gange Larabia el´imperio del Gran Mogol, Nicolas de Fer, 1717, (C.C. 1147 A) Biblioteca Nacional, Lisbon} see AHduGP map 70
SOURCE for Schilu
« . Die Awysi-Spitze schliefst die Konkun-Bai auf der Ostseite. Von da geht die Küste in süd-östlicher Erstreckung, wo die Orte Eïenat und Schilú liegen. An dem letztern, der auch Schiraf heiſst, sieht man noch die Ruinen einiger eüropäischen Gebaüde **); dann folgen Tähhrie, Tahrie, Tari in Lat. 27° 42' N. 45), [. The Awysi point closes Konkun Bay on the East side. From there the coast extends in a south-easterly direction, where the places Eïenat and Schilú are located. At the latter, which is also called Schiraf, one can still see the ruins of some European buildings **); then follow Tähhrie, Tahrie, Tari in Lat. 27° 42' N. 45),] » #2908 H. Berghaus, Geo-hydrographisches Memoir zur Erklärung und Erläuterung der reduzirten Karte vom Persischen Golf, Justus Perthes, 1832, ~ p. 41
SOURCE for Shilau
« Dans les textes postérieurs à Yâqüt la forme littéraire arabisée, Sirâf, et la forme populaire d’usage courant, Shilâu, se rencontrent concurremment, mais on n’en peut collectionner qu’un nombre d’exemples infime. Le vocable, en effet, s’il subsiste pour désigner la localité, disparaît comme nom de district, ce qui est un indice très net de la régression du centre urbain. La terminologie géographique et administrative a recours désormais pour dénommer l’ex-territoire du Sirâf, à un autre terme, jusque-là non attesté, mais dès lors représenté avec constance: le nom de Fâl. La chaîne montagneuse qui domine Sirâf, et que la tradition géographique ancienne appelle Jibâl Jamm (du nom du canton de l’hinterland de Sirâf) ou Jibâl Sïrâf est appelée Jibal Fal dans les instructions nautiques de Ibn Mâjid, et encore connue sous une forme altérée de ce nom par les marins modernes, alors que l’agglomération de Fal se trouve dans les terres, à l’est du massif montagneux, à deux journées de marche de Sirâf. [In the texts after Yâqüt the Arabicized literary form, Sirâf, and the popular form in current use, Shilâu, are found concurrently, but only a very small number of examples can be collected. The term, in fact, if it remains to designate the locality, disappears as the name of the district, which is a very clear indication of the regression of the urban center. Geographical and administrative terminology now has recourse to denominate the former territory of Sirâf, to another term, hitherto unattested, but henceforth represented with constancy: the name of Fâl. The mountain range which dominates Sirâf, and which the ancient geographical tradition calls Jibâl Jamm (from the name of the canton of the hinterland of Sirâf) or Jibâl Sïrâf is called Jibal Fal in the nautical instructions of Ibn Mâjid, and still known in an altered form of this name by modern sailors, while the agglomeration of Fal is inland, to the east of the mountain range, two days' walk from Sirâf.] » #893 Aubin, Jean, La Survie de Shilāu et la route du Khunj-o-Fāl, Iran, Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies, London, 1969 ~ p.22
« Shilau » in {map#1032 Figure 5 The site [Siraf], , 1970, #1206 Whitehouse, David, Siraf: A Medieval Port on the Persian Gulf, World Archaeology, 1970 (Oct.) Urban Archaeology 2:2:141-58 ~} with coordinates 27.672408° N. 52.330748° E obtained with overlay in GE.
« The key to understanding the history of the postmedieval settlement at Siraf is provided by Yaqut, who recorded that in his day it was known as Shilau. The name Deh-Shilau is still attached to part of the site, although no trace exists of the village "about four miles to the northwest of Taheri", that was known in the last century as Shila (Stiffe 1895: 172). » #3159 Siraf. History, Topography and Environment (The British Institute of Persian Studies Archaeological Monographs Series I ):, Oxbow, Oxford, 2009 ~ p. 15
A small village on the coast of the Persian Gulf, 4 miles westward of Tahir in Fars. (Constable-Stiffe-Persian Gulf Pilot.) » #2878 Gazetteer of Persia vol. III., Government of India Press, Simla, 1924, ~ vol. 3 pt. 2 p. 922
[The coordinate above is some 150 metres west of the Great Mosque ruins. PBR]
« Es verdient Beachtung, dass zu Nearchs Zeit noch keine Spur von dem zur Sasanidenzeit aufgeblühten Hafen Sirâf vorkommt: 20 Miles hinter 'Aselûh bei dem Fischerdorfe Handar Tahiriyah 27° 39' 36" Ν. 52° 20' 40" O. finden sich Ruinen, Grabsteine, Aquäducte und Cisternen, Höhlenwohnungen; 4 Miles weiter erinnert der kleine Ankerplatz Šilûh auch dem Namen nach an das Emporium Kšîrâp, Milch- oder Süsswasser', arab. Siraf سرافvulgo Silaw شیلاو geschrieben auf portugie-sischen Karten Chilão, Xilão, Xilaù, bei Balbi Silaù; bei Niebuhr Šilûh. [It is worth noting that in Nearch's time there is still no trace of the port of Sirâf, which flourished in the Sasanian period: 20 miles behind 'Aselûh near the fishing village of Handar Tahiriyah 27° 39' 36" Ν. 52° 20' 40" E. there are ruins, gravestones, aqueducts and cisterns, cave dwellings; 4 miles further on, the small anchorage of Šilûh, also by name, recalls the emporium Kšîrâp, milk or fresh water', Arabic Siraf سرافvulgo Silaw شیلاو written on Portuguese maps Chilão, Xilão, Xilaù, by Balbi Silaù; by Niebuhr Šilûh.] » #2591 Wilhelm Tomaschek, Topographische Erläuterung der Küstenfahrt Nearchs vom Indus bis zum Euphrat, In Commission bei F. Tempsky, Wien, 1890, vol. 121:issue 8: ~ p. 57
SOURCE for Shilaw
«Sirāf was certainly partly ruinous in the early 7th/13th century when Yākūt was there, for he describes it as a small place (bulayd) inhabited by wretched people (sa'alik) and with only vestiges visible of its ancient fine buildings (Buldan, ed. Beirut, iii, 294-5; Irshad, ed. Beirut, viii, 145). It was by this time known as Shilaw. However, the evidence of archaeology and an examination of later sources by Jean Aubin have demonstrated that Sirāf was by no means commercially inactive, but enjoyed a modest, continuing trading life. It served as the outlet for the hinterland region of Khundj u Fal and as a port of departure from this hinterland across the Gulf to Katif [q.v.] and Arabia. Shilaw was known to Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, who may have visited it in 748/1347, crossing the Gulf in this fashion from "Khundju Pal" (ü, 244, tr. Gibb, ii, 407-8). Shilaw is still mentioned by European travellers of the 16th century, e.g. by António Tenreiro as Chilaão (1528) and Gasparo Balbi as Silaú (1590), but subsequent references are to a simple harbour only at the modern village. » #2645 The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd Edition, Brill, Leiden, ~ vol. 9 p. 668
« He sailed to Shilaw (the local Iranian name of the city of Siraf), where he succeeded in winning over the two local ra'is, Ra'is Nur al-Din and Ra'is Kamal, to whom he was also related. He thus acquired far more formidable allies than the Banu Jabr would have been, as "they owned many vessels and could rely on the archers of the Färs", whilst the Banu Jabr were people of the interior and the desert with no experience at sea. (5)
fn. 5 The term "Ra is" is used by Nimdihi as a title and reflects the original conception of "commander" of a local fortress and garrison. Nimdihi, Tabaqat, p. 880. Cf. also Fernão Lopes de Castanheda, História dos Descobrimentos e Conquista da India pelos Portugueses, ed. Manuel Lopes de Almeida (2 vols., Porto, 1979), vol. 2, p. 39; and João de Barros, Da Ásia, ed. Nicolau Pagliarini (8 vols., Lisboa, 1973), dec. 2, bk. 2, ch. 2. With regard to the place name "Shilaw", it should be pointed out that the decline of the magnificent, ancient city-harbour of Siraf had not led to the complete disappearance of the settlement. It had continued on a smaller scale as a fishing village and shipyard. It is mentioned for its inhabitants' skill in constructing the typical local vessels. Apart from this, Shilaw-Siraf was also the seat of a garrison dependent on the ruler of Hormuz. The Iranian form of Shilaw recurs in both Portuguese and Persian chronicles and is described as the seat of a powerful fortress and land-based garrison of the malik of Hormuz. #1812 ed. Dejanirah Couto and Rui M. Loureiro, Revisiting Hormuz: Portuguese Interactions in the Persian Gulf Region in the Early Modern Period, Harrassowitz, 2008, ~ p. 6 (Valeria Fiorani Piacentini, Salghur Shah, malik of Hormuz, and his embargo of Iranian harbours (1475-1505))
« Shilaw » in {map#1125 The Coast from Bushire to Basadore, in the Persian Gulf, G.B. Brucks and S.B. Haines, 1828, British Library: Map Collections, IOR/X/3630/27, in Qatar Digital Library} [This map shows Shilaw some 3 miles west of Taurie but there is no modern equivalent village. PBR]
SOURCE for Shilu
fn. 1 The fourth use of "dar al travez" for "to run ashore," in the Viage. » #258 Teixeira, Pedro, The Travels of Pedro Teixeira; with his Kings of Harmuz, and extracts from his Kings of Persia. Translated and annotated by W. F. Sinclair ... With further notes and an introduction by D. Ferguson., Hakluyt Society:Kraus Reprint, 1902:1991 ~ pp. 22-23
SOURCE for Silaú
« S_h_ilāw is still mentioned by European travellers of the 16th century, e.g. by António Tenreiro as Chilaão (1528) and Gasparo Balbi as Silaú (1590), but subsequent references are to a simple harbour only at the modern village » #2645 The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd Edition, Brill, Leiden, ~ p. 668
SOURCE for Silaw
« De ce cap Nabao jusqu’à la ville (vila) de Reixete (RaySahr), où se jette le fleuve Rodom (Rudan), la terre se fait courbe à la manière d’une baie, distance qui sera de quarante lieues, sur laquelle sont ces villes (vilas): Bedicane (Bidbün), Chilau (Silaw) et le cap de Verdeitao (Bardistàn) » #898 Aubin, Jean, Le royaume d'Ormuz au début du XVIe siècle, Mare Luso-Indicum, Geneva, 1973 ~ p. 101
SOURCE for Siraf
« The city and port of Siraf gradually replaced Basra and Uballah by the middle decades of the ninth century. Archaeological evidence confirms Siraf's rise at this time, noting the building of its Mosque and other structures and the presence of kilns and docking facilities during this period.(21) Furthermore, according to Ibn Khurdgdhbih (A .D. 844 -848), Jewish merchants from Siraf were actively trading both in the Mediterranean and Indian Ocean commercial world with increasing frequency.(22) Ibn al-Faqih (ca. A .D. 850) wrote that Sirafi ships traded with India: SulaimZn the Merchant recorded that goods bound for China were being sent from Siraf to Muscat and Quilon (Kulam Malay). (23) Abu Zaid (ca. A .D. 877 -915), himself a merchant from Siraf, noted that Sirafi merchants visited Jidda in the Red Sea and the Zanzibar coast.(24) Finally, Hamza b, a1 -Hasan al-Iqfahani (A .D. 893 -970) relates the report of Hasan b. 'Amr al-Sirāf, a merchant from Siraf, who visited the land of Kanam in the Sudan.(25)
fn. 20. G.B. Kempthorne, "A Narrative of a Visit to the Ruins of Tahrie, the Sup- posed Site of the Ancient City of Siraff," Transactions of the Bombay Geographical Society, XIII (March, 1856-1857), 125-140. See Hajj Mirzaa Hasan Husayni Fasa T, Fars-namih-yi Nasiri (Tehran, 1313/1895-1896), II, 224, where Siraf is identified as Bandar Tahiri in the district of Bandar Kingan on the Zuhayr Coast (G. LeStrange, Lands of the Eastern Caliphate, 249). See also A. W. Stiffe, "Ancient Trading Centers of the Persian Gulf: 1, Sträf," Geographical Journal [hereafter GJ]. VI (1895), 166-173; A. Lamb, "A Visit to Siraf," JRAS (Malayan Branch), XXXVII (1964), 1-19; G. Ferrand, Relations de voyages et textes geographiques arabes, persans, et turk relatifs à l'extrème-orient du VIIle au XVIIIe siècles (Paris, 1913), 1, 1-3; and Muhammad Taqi Mustafavi, "Agar-1 Bästäni dar Khalij-i Fårs (Ancient Remnants in the Persian Gulf), " in R. Shafaq et al., eds., Siminär, II, 108-109.
fn. 21. Whitehouse, "Second Interim Report," 46-53.
fn. 22. Ibn Khurdadhbih, Al-Masalik wa-al-Mamalik, M.J. de Goefe, ed., Biblio- theca Geographorum Arabicorum, 2nd ed. (Leiden, 1967), VI, 41. See also Toussaint, Indian Ocean, 49; and B. Lewis, "The Muslim Discovery of Eu- rope," BSOAS, XX (1957), 410.
fn. 23. Whitehouse, "First Interim Report," 2, n. 4; A. Stein, Archaeological Reconnaissances in North Western India and South Eastern Iran (London, 1937), 202-212; and A. Wilson, South West Persia (London, 1942), 94.
fn. 24. G. Ferrand, Voyage du marchand arabe Sulayman en Inde et en Chine redige en 851 suivi de remarques par Abu Zayd Hasan (vers 916) (Paris, 1922). 130. See also A.S.S. Nadvi, Arab Navigation, 'Abdur Rahman, trans. (Lahore. 1966), 130.
fn. 25. Sharaf al-Zaman Tahir Marvazi on China, the Turks, and India, V. Minorsky, trans. and ed. (London, 1942), 54. See C. Brockelmann, Geschichte der arabischen Litteratur (Leiden, 1943-1949), I, 145; ibid... Supplementband (Leiden, 1937-1942), 1, 117, 221. » #1196 Ricks, Thomas M., Persian Gulf Seafaring and East Africa: Ninth-Twelfth Centuries, African Historical Studies, Boston, 1970 ~ pp. 344-5
« During the decline of Siraf and a period of heavy maritime raiding in the eleventh century, the merchant communities of Fars also moved south to Qays, Hormuz, and the Omani seaboard, and other Gulf communities moved south to East Africa, often referred to as “Shirazi” emigrants. » #2622 Eric Staples:, Oman and Islamic Maritime Networks (632–1507 CE), ~ p. 99
« The ruins of the old city of Siraf lie to the west of the village, and extend for perhaps two miles along the shore. They are mere heaps of rough masonry ; foundations in situ are to be seen, especially where cut through by water-courses, or exposed by the action of the sea, for the ruins extend from the wateI's edge tar up the slope of the foothills. The waterourses through the city have been walled in, where required. Among the debris are numerous ruined water-cisterns, constructed in the style still prevailing in the country - oblong chambers excavated in the ground, lined with cement or gypsum, and arched over to prevent evaporation. The arched coverings have mostly fallen in, and the cisterns are more or less choked up. There are also many wells among the heaps of debris. The whole extent of the ruins is strewed with broken pottery, including many fragments of Chinese porcelain. » #571 Stiffe, A. W., Ancient Trading Centres of the Persian Gulf, I. Siraf, The Geographical Journal, London, 1895 (Aug.) 6:2:166-73 ~ pp. 167-8
« We travelled on from there to the city of Qais, also called Sirāf. (138) It is on the coast of the Indian Sea, which connects with the sea of al-Yaman and [that of] Fars, and it is reckoned as one of the districts of Fars. [It is] a city of wide extent, commodious, in a rich country-side, and with wonderful gardens of scented herbs and leafy trees amongst its houses. fn. 138 The confusion of Qais with Siräf here arises from Ibn Battū?a's habit of occasionally combining literary reminiscences with his personal experi- ences. As is clear from above, n. 127, he was well aware that Qais was an island, and it was still relatively flourishing at this time. His description, in fact, applies much more accurately to Qais than to Siraf, where there were scarcely any trees or cultivation and most of its water had to be carried in (Schwarz, II, 59-64, 88-9). Down to the tenth century, however, Sirāf had been the richest trading port on the Persian Gulf; it was destroyed by an earthquake in 977, and never recovered. Its site, near the modern Tahiri, 20 miles west of Gallah-Dar, has been examined by Sir Aurel Stein (202-12, with plan). Schwarz suggests that Ibn Battuta confused Sirāf with Charak, on the coast, north-east of Qais, but it is doubtful whether Chārak existed by name at that time, and the route from Khunj to Qais (Mustawfi, 176) ran not to Charak, but to Hüzü, identified by Le Strange with modern Chiru. Indeed, no major town is known to have existed at this time on the Lär coast (see the next note).139 One section of the coastal region called Irähistan is called by the Arab geographers Sif Bani'l-Saffäq; this was apparently the coast of Lar (Schwarz, II, 75-6). The Banu'l-Saffaq (or Saffaf or Saffär) were Arabs from 'Omān, long established on the coast of Fars (Bibl. Geog. Arab., I, 141). 140 This account is obviously at secondhand, since Ibn Ba??ū?a seems never to have been in the region at the pearling season, and there is a characteristic mixture of exact fact and exaggerations or misinformation in his statement. His location of the pearl beds is so vague as to be unidentifi- able, and was indeed probably as vague in his own mind. On the east shore of the Gulf the principal pearl-fisheries at this time appear to have been in the vicinity of Lar (or Lārān) Island and at Khor Shif (Aubin, JA (1953), 101), but the location of this place in turn is not precisely known. The term khôr may, however, underlie Ibn Ba??ū?a's picture of 'a calm channel like a great river'. » #357 Ibn Baṭu¯ṭah, Muh?ammad ibn ʿAbd Alla¯h, The Travels of Ibn Battuta translated with revisions and notes, from the Arabic text edited by C. Defre´mery and B. R. Sanguinetti, by H. A. R. Gibb., Hakluyt Society:Munshiram Manohardal Publishers Pvt Ltd, Cambridge:New Delhi, 1958- :1993, ~ vol. 2 pp. 407-408
SOURCE for Ssi-lien
« Ssi-lién (思?), may very likely be Siraf ( سیراف ) on the Persian Gulf, which in the ninth and Centuries was the starting-point of the Arab ships engaged in the Indian and Chinese trade. It may, however, be Shiraz. Our author makes no other reference to it. » #326 Chau Ju-kua (trans. Hirth, F and Rockhill, W W), His work on the Chinese and Arab Trade in the twelth and thriteenth centuries entitled Chu-fan-chi, Office of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 1911 pp. 117, 122 note 13
SOURCE for Suhriyaj
« what Baladhuri adds, apparently incidentally and still referring to the well-equipped fortress, and that is, that «some peoples of the Fars told him that this was the fortification (hisn) of Siraf, then called Suriyanj ( سوریانج ) by the Persians and renamed Shahriyaj by the Arabs ( شهرياج )(18). The isnad to which Baladhuri refers is a reliable isnad.
It is interesting to note that Yaqut too (in his “Geographical Dictionary”) mentions Suhriyaj ( سهرياج ) - Suriyanj ( سوریانج ); and his account repeats almost word for word the episode of the arrow and of the aman thrown into the citadel by a Moslem slave, while the troops of the caliph 'Umar were vainly besieging it. The tradition is attributed to the same Fudhayl (or Fadhil) b. Zayd al-Raqqashi mentioned by Baladhuri. But Yaqut does not link this site with Siraf, even though he concludes, « certain authors say that the old name of this citadel of Siran ( سيران , a possible corruption of Siraf?) is Suriyanj, changed by the Arabs into Suriya) One must however bear in mind that Yaqut lived between the end of the twelfth century and the beginning of the thirteenth, a full four centuries later than Baladhuri. »
#348 Piacentini, Valeria Fiorani, Merchants - Merchandise and Military Power in the Persian Gulf (Suriyanj/Shahriya-Siraf), Atti Della Accademia Nazionale Dei Lincei, Rome, 1992, ANL Memorie Della Classe Di Scienze Morali, Storiche E Filologiche Memorie serie IX, vol.III, fasc. 2 ~ p. 125
SOURCE for Suriyanj
see source « Suhriyaj » above
SOURCE for Taheri
« This is the sea frontier of the ancient province of Fars. This coast is a narrow land strip lying between the sea and the foothills of the Zagros Mountains,not exceeding generally a few miles in width (half a mile near Siraf/Taheri). » #2809 R. Boucharlat, J.-F. Salles, The History and Archaeology of The Gulf From The Fifth Century B.C. to the Seventh Century A.D.: A Review Of The Evidence, Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies, London, 1981 ~ p. 66
SOURCE for Tahiree
« Just below the port of Kangoon, which is immediately under this Barn Hill, is a port called Tauhree, or Tahiree, where extensive ruins are spoken of, with sculptures and inscriptions in the Persepolitan character. » #1185 Buckingham, J. S., Travels in Assyria, Media, and Persia, including a journey from Bagdad by Mount Zagros, to Hamadan, the ancient Ecbatana, researches in Ispahan and the ruins of Persepolis, and journey from thence by Shiraz and Shapoor to the sea-shore, Henry Colburn: Gregg International Publishers Limited, London: London, 1829:1971, ~ pp. 435-6
SOURCE for Tahiri
« My intention was to follow the coast-line as close as practicable up to Tahiri, the site of the old port of Siraf, which had played a very important part in the history of Persia's maritime trade during the early Islamic period. » #1693 Stein, Sir M. Aurel, Archaeological reconnaissances in north-western India and south-eastern Irān, Macmillan and Co., London, 1937 ~ p. 193
« The modern village of Tahiri is a small village inhabited by fishermen, chiefly pearl-fishers, of Arab descent, 200 to 300 in number. It is an insignificant place, and has a small square fort on a little hill at the west end, which is in lat. 27' 39' 36" N., long. 52' 20' 40" E., standing on the shore of the Persian Gulf, at the foot of a range of mountains rising to a height of near 5000 feet, and running parallel to the coast. » #571 Stiffe, A. W., Ancient Trading Centres of the Persian Gulf, I. Siraf, The Geographical Journal, London, 1895 (Aug.) ~ p. 167
SOURCE for Tahrie
« Tahrie » in {map#1153 Sketch map showing the Route taken from Bushire following the coast line to the Port of Lingah, WH Colvill, 1865, Royal Geographical Society, London: Map Room, Iran S. 121}
SOURCE for Tari
« Tari » #3179 Adrien Dupré, Voyage en Perse, fait dans les années 1807, 1808 et 1809, en traversant la Natolie et la Mésopotamie, 1819 ~ vol. 2 p. 490
SOURCE for Tauhree
see source for « Tahiree » above
SOURCE for Taurie
« Taurie, in lat. 27° 38' 52' N., long. 52° 16' 40" E., is a small town, situated in a bay, affording excellent shelter in a north-wester, and indifferently good in south-easters. It is inhabited by about three hun-dred and fifty Arabs of the Nussoor Tribe; affords a few supplies, and has excellent water. To the NW. of the town are very extensive ruins, said to have been a Portuguese town: if so, it must have been one of importance, from the appearance of the ruins. In many parts the rock has been excavated for residences in the hot season, and the pass in the hills appears to have been fortified in a manner much beyond the abilities of the natives, at least of the present day. Wells have been also sunk to the depth of forty or fifty fathoms, through the rock. Very high up on the hills reservoirs in ruins are very numerous. On the whole, it has all the appearance of having been a large and flourishing town. Several trading boats of various sizes belong to Taurie. » #2994 ed. Robert Hughes Thomas, Historical and Other Information Connected with Place in the Persian Gulf, government at the Bombay Education Society's Press, 1856 ~ pp. 591-2

R101-003 Qais I. : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: ISL UFI: -3071685 coordinate: lat 26.5374 long 53.9682
NIMA/GNS names: Jazireh-ye Kish , Jazireh-ye Qeys , Kais Island , Kish Island , Qais Island , جزيره كيش ,
VARIANT names: Aphrodisias I. , Caiz , Catæa , Cataea , Ch'ieh-shih , Cuyx , Guase , Kais , Kays , Keish , Kenn , Keys , K'ié-shï , Kish , Kite , Kyen or Kaez , Kyte , Ouixi , Qais , Qais ben Umaira , Qays , Qeis , Qeys , Syes ,
POSSIBLE LOCATION at Qeys FOR Chisi [Masefield, Dahnhardt],
SOURCE for Aphrodisias I.
« and they are situated on a cape from which we can easily reach
another cape and the desert island of Aphrodisias, generally recognised as Kish Island. » #2858 Getzel M. Cohen, The Hellenistic Settlements in the East from Armenia and Mesopotamia to Bactria and India, University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 2013 ~ PORTUS MACE DONUM n. 3 p. 191
« Hence the probability that it is the same island which is called Aphrodisias by Pliny (vi. 28), the situation of which is still further determined by his adding "inde Persidis initium." Perhaps the ancient name is preserved in the Modern Keish or Ken. (Vincent … » #840 vol. 1 p. 567
« Ptolemy mentions Harmuza ... and Tarsiana, on the coast; and Arrian (Ind. 37) adds Sidodone; and in the Interior of the country, Ora, Cophanta, Throasca or Orasca, Sabis, Alexandreia, and Carmana. ... Along the coast of Carmania were several islands, Organa, Catae, Aphrodisias, and Ooracta or Ooractha, Carmana or Caminna, about which, however, little more is known than their names. » #840 vol. 1 p. 521
SOURCE for Caiz
Ces, que?, Caiz, dequais [Portuguese name] Qais [Arab name] » #32 Tibbetts, G. R., Arabia in the Fifteenth-Century Navigational Texts, Arabian Studies, London and Basingstoke, 1974 ~ p. 100
SOURCE for Catæa
« Nous ne connoîtrions point Catæa dans l’antiquité, si Néarque n’en avoit pas fait mention, et cependant il est aisé de voire qu’elle existe dans l’isle de Keish ou Caïs, comme les Portugais ont usé de ce nom selon Teixeira’ (d’Anville 1764:153).m » #2840 D Potts, The tools of an Enlightenment geographer: Unmasking the sources in Bourguignon d’Anville’s1758 treatise on the Persian Gulf, in: Edited by Jebrael Nokandeh and Abdolreza Dashtizadeh, The Persian Gulf, an Archaeological Perspective, National Museum of Iran, Qeshm, 2019, ~ p. 349
SOURCE for Cataea
SOURCE for Ch'ieh-shih
« 96 Jazireh Qais (Kish), island, 26° 31' N, in the Persian Gulf. [Feng, His-yü, p. 45] » #329 Ma Huan, Ying-Yai Sheng-Lan, The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores 1433, Cambridge University Press for the Hakluyt Society, Cambridge, 1970 app. 1 p. 189
SOURCE for Cuyx
« fn.1 The list here given of the islands in the Persian Gulf gives all the principal islands which can be identified at present, with the exception of Kais, which was not subject to the rulers of Hormuz. The Spanish version and Ramusio give longer lists, adding the name of Cuyx or Ouixi (Kais) and three other unidentified islands, Quiro or Quuro, Melugan or Melungan, and Gory or Cori. » #40 Barbosa, Duarte, The Book of Duarte Barbosa, an Account of the Countries Bordering on the Indian Ocean and Their Inhabitants. Translated by M. L. Dames, Hakluyt Society:Asian Educational Services, London:New Delhi, 1918-21:2002 ~ vol. 1 pp. 79-80
SOURCE for Guase
« GUASE, or KENN, called also Keish by the inhabitants, in lat. 26º 29' N., its South point, Ion. 54° 2' E., is fruitful, well inhabited, and better planted with trees than any island in the gulf; it is low, not to be seen above 4 leagues, and is 6 or 7 miles in length, W.N.W. and E.S.E., and 3 or 4 miles in breadth. » #2590 James Horsburgh, The India Directory Or, Directions for Sailing to and from the East Indies, China, Australia, and the Interjacent Ports of Africa and South America, Black, Parbury and Allen, London, 1817: 1852 ~ ed. 6, 1852, p. 414
SOURCE for Kais
« Polo is here either speaking without personal knowledge, or is so brief as to convey an erroneous impression that the Tigris flows to Kisi, whereas three-fourths of the length of the Persian Gulf intervene between the river mouth and Ivisi. The latter is the island and city of Kish or Kais, about 200 miles from the mouth of the Gulf, and for a long time one of the chief ports of trade with India and the East. » #2066 Yule, Henry, Sir, The book of Ser Marco Polo, the Venetian : concerning the kingdoms and marvels of the East, J. Murray, London, 1903 ~ vol. 1 p. 64 note 2
SOURCE for Kays
« KAYS, DJABAL, also known by the Persian name Kish, one of the most important of the commercially-relevant islands in the Persian Gulf (Bahr 'Uman), especially following the ruin of Straf. The island was some four farsakhs from the coast opposite the port of Huzū, and was four farsakhs in circumference; it contained a residence of the ruler of 'Uman, and was characterised by garden areas and splendid constructions. Water was supplied by means of wells, and by rain water which was collected in cisterns. Kays was famous for its pearl fisheries, as were also the surrounding islands. Yakut indicates that its ruler was held in great respect owing to the size of his fleet, and he seems to have exercised a monopoly over various commercial concerns. Some intellectual activity was also observed.
Bibliography: G. le Strange, The Lands of the Eastern Caliphate, 257, citing relevant bibliography; 2151 Buldän ed. Wüstenfeld, iv, 215-6. »
#2645 The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd Edition, Brill, Leiden, ~ vol. 4 p. 832
SOURCE for Keish
« Aphrodisias I., Keish [place] 26 32 N [lat.] 54 0 E [long.] 24 [no. of map] » #2678 Alexander George Findlay, A classical atlas to illustrate ancient geography, W. Tegg and Company, 1847 ~ index p.4
SOURCE for Kenn
« • "Keys" is marked "Kenn" on some modem maps, and lies
within the Persian Gulf, about three degrees west of Hormuz Island, and half a degree south of its latitude. We shall hear a good deal more of it presently. It is the" Kais" of our charts and Tile Persian Gulf Pilot. » #258 Teixeira, Pedro, The Travels of Pedro Teixeira; with his Kings of Harmuz, and extracts from his Kings of Persia. Translated and annotated by W. F. Sinclair ... With further notes and an introduction by D. Ferguson., Hakluyt Society:Kraus Reprint, 1902:1991 ~ p.157 fn. 4
SOURCE for Keys
« He firſt paſſed over with his People to the large Iſland of Brokt, called by the Portugueze, Queixome, very near the Coaſt; and then removed to a deſart Iſle, two Leagues diſtant Eaſtward, which belonged to Neyn, King of Keys, of whom he begged it; and built a City, calling it Harmūz, which was the Name of his Capital on the Coaſt, [the Ruins of which are ſtill extant to the Eaſt of Gomrūn). » #2091 Thomas Astley, A New General Collection of Voyages and Travels ... in Europe, Asia, Africa and America ..., Also the Manners and Customs of the Several Inhabitants, London, 1745 ~ p. 65 notes
SOURCE for K'ié-shï
« The country of K'ié-shï is on a sinall island in the sea, in sight of the Ta-shi (coast), » #326 Chau Ju-kua (trans. Hirth, F and Rockhill, W W), His work on the Chinese and Arab Trade in the twelth and thriteenth centuries entitled Chu-fan-chi, Office of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 1911 p. 134
SOURCE for Kish
« The island of Qays (Kish), twelve miles from the Iranian coast, was known as a center for maritime raiding at the end of the eleventh century—what has been referred to as “a pirate hideout” by Piacentini—which developed into a relatively prosperous port that expanded outwards a century later with the fall of the Saljuqs. It was reported to have both Arab and Persian populations, with a particularly strong connection with Fars and its fading port city of Siraf, especially after an earthquake devastated Siraf in 978. Originally under nominal control of the Buyids, Qays gradually established its own thalassocratic city-state, which spread throughout the eastern Arabian seaboard, taking control of Sohar and Bahrain, and—according to Ibn al-Athir—even attacking Basra around 1100. » #2622 Eric Staples:, Oman and Islamic Maritime Networks (632–1507 CE), ~ p. 97
SOURCE for Kite
« Kite » in {map#1097 19 Persia, Arabia, Felix, Hacke, William., 1690?, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. G2201.P5 H3 1690}
SOURCE for Kyen or Kaez
« KYEN, OR KAEZ, (called Gis by the inhabitants) in lat. 26° 29 N. lon. 54° 8' E., is fruitful, well inhabited, and better planted with trees than any island in the gulf; it is low, not to be seen above 4 leagues, and in size about the same as Pollior. A ship may anchor abreast the village at the south-east end of the island in 9 fathoms sandy bottom, the extremes from N. E. to W. N., and Cherak Hill N. by E. E., off shore 1 mile, where she will be sheltered from a N. Wester. Water and other refreshments are obtained here at moderate prices, but the inhabitants of these islands, although apparently civil, are generally hostile to Europeans in small vessels, and not to be trusted. There is also anchorage off the town at the N. E. end of the island in 8 fathoms mud, about 24 miles off shore, with the island bearing from N. 38° W. to S. 15° E. true, and a small fort S. 52° W. » #2590 James Horsburgh, The India Directory Or, Directions for Sailing to and from the East Indies, China, Australia, and the Interjacent Ports of Africa and South America, Black, Parbury and Allen, London, 1817: 1852 ~ p. 261
SOURCE for Kyte
« Kyte » in #1939 Couto, Dejanirah, Bacqué-Grammont, Jean-Louis, and Taleghani, Mahmoud (eds.), Atlas historique du golfe Persique (XVIe-XVIIIe siècles), Turnhout, Brepols, 2006, ~ map no. 84 William Hack, [Chart of the Persian Gulf, in A Description of the Sea Coasts Ports Bays harbours Rivers etc. [...] in the East Indies. To the Right Honorable John Lord Sommers, chart n° 11, s.l. [London]: s.n., s.d. [c. 1680-1700] Coloured drawing on paper, 68 x 45 cm London, British Library (Maps 7 TAB. 125, map 11) pp. 332-333
SOURCE for Ouixi
SOURCE for Qais
« Historians still know little beyond the occasional references by the Arab and Persian geographers about the medieval commercial relations between the Persian Gulf1 and East Africa. Until now questions relating to the extent of the trade and its importance for the commercial centers of Siraf, Kish (Qays, Qais, Kais), and Hurmuz (Ormuz, Hormuz) have remained unanswered.(2) fn. 2 The place names and trade routes provided in the maps have been drawn from G. LeStrange, The Lands of the Eastern Caliphate (London, 1905), 248; and J . Aubin, "La Survie de Shilau et la route du Khunj -o-Fal, Iran, VII (1969), 37. » #1196 Ricks, Thomas M., Persian Gulf Seafaring and East Africa: Ninth-Twelfth Centuries, African Historical Studies, Boston, 1970 ~ #1196 Ricks, Thomas M., Persian Gulf Seafaring and East Africa: Ninth-Twelfth Centuries, African Historical Studies, Boston, 1970 ~ p. 339
SOURCE for Qais ben Umaira
« … 1055, the city began to decay. Ibn al Balkhi, writing in the twelfth century, gives the reasons for its decline in such clearness of detail that he is worth quoting in full. He says:
‘Siraf in old times was a great city, very populous and full of merchandise, being the port of call for caravans and ships. Thus in the days of the (Abbasid) Caliphs it was a great emporium, for here might be found stores of attar and aromatics such as camphor, aloes, sandalwood and the like. (For its merchants) immense sums of money were to be gained here, and so matters continued till the last days of the Buyid supremacy. Then, however, the ancestors of the present Amir Kaysh (1) attained to power, and they got into their possession the island of Qais with the neighbouring islands, whereby the revenue that had formerly been taken by Siraf was cut off and fell into the hands of the Amir Kaysh. Further, the Atabeg Rukn ad Dawlah Khumartagin (when he had first been appointed governor of Fars) lacked power and statesmanship to provide a remedy for this state of affairs. None the less he did truly on one or two occasions proceed to Siraf with a view of building ships of war that should invade the island of Qais and the other isles, but each time that he did so the Amir Kaysh sent presents to him and gave bribes to those persons who were about him, so that they dissuaded him from accomplishing his project. Next it came to pass that a certain one of the khans (of Qais Island), named Abul Qasim, succeeded finally in getting possession of Siraf also, and then every year or two (Khumartagin) would dispatch an army thither with great effort (to make him evacuate Siraf), but he could accomplish nothing against him. Thus, therefore, as matters now stood, no merchant would bring his ship into the port of Siraf to refit, nor for shelter would any anchor there on the voyage to Kirman from Mahruban or Dawraq or Basra, wherefore no goods but leatherware and pots, and things that the people of Fars alone have need of, now passed by the road of Siraf, and thus the town fell to complete ruin.’ (2)
This account suggests the middle of the eleventh century as the date of its decline. At all events, by Yaqut's time (early thirteenth century) its ruin appears to have been complete, for he states: 3 I have visited it and seen the remains of remarkable edifices as well as of a fine mosque adorned with columns of teak wood.... But since the island of Qais ben Umaira has been colonized, and has become the entrepôt of Indian trade, Siraf has lost its ancient splendour; I saw there only some very poor families who retained the love of their native soil.' Yaqut, further, implies polite disbelief on his part of the description of the splendour of Siraf given by writers who had preceded him: "Without wishing', he says, to contradict Istakhri's account, I would observe that Siraf is so cramped between the sea and the mountains, that there is between them only an arrow shot; it is thus difficult to accept the truth of his statement.'
fn. 1 ‘Kaysh’ appears to have been the family name of the Amir of Qais Island
fn. 2 Ibn al Balkhi (2).
fn. 3 Mujam al Buldan. » #187 Wilson, Sir Arnold T., The Persian Gulf, an Historical Sketch from the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century, George Allen and Unwin, London, 1928 ~ p. 95-6
SOURCE for Qays
« L’Édrisi ajoûte le même espace de cinquante-deux milles entre l’isle de Ben-Caûan, ou Kismis, et Keish [Qays]’ (d’Anville 1764:137).m » #2840 D Potts, The tools of an Enlightenment geographer: Unmasking the sources in Bourguignon d’Anville’s1758 treatise on the Persian Gulf, in: Edited by Jebrael Nokandeh and Abdolreza Dashtizadeh, The Persian Gulf, an Archaeological Perspective, National Museum of Iran, Qeshm, 2019, ~ p. 348
SOURCE for Qeis
« Les Persans appellent l'île Kish, et les Arabes, Qeis ; chacun d'eux donne une étymologie différente. » #233 Faroughy, Abbas, Histoire du Royaume de Hormuz depuis son origine jusqu'a son incorporation dans l'empire persan des Safavis en 1622, Bruxelles, 1949 ~ p. 133
SOURCE for Qeys
Gnase of Kenn? See#482 Razik, Salil-Ibn, History of the Imâms and Seyyids of ’Omân ... from A.D. 661-1856. Translated from the original Arabic and edited, with notes, appendices, and an introduction, continuing the history down to 1870, by G. P. Badger, Darf Publishers Limited, London, 1871/1986 ~ p. 409 et seq
SOURCE for Syes
« Syes» in {map#997 [Carte anglaise du golfe Persique] / Made by John Thornton at the Signe of the Platt in the Minories, John Thornton, 1699, Bibliothèque nationale de France, département Cartes et plans, CPL GE SH 18E PF 209 DIV 2 P 5 RES} see AHduGP map 87

R101-003 Qais I. : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: ISL UFI: -3071685 coordinate: lat 26.5374 long 53.9682
NIMA/GNS names: Jazireh-ye Kish , Jazireh-ye Qeys , Kais Island , Kish Island , Qais Island , جزيره كيش ,

R101-004 Lar : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Lar , Larestan , Shahr-e Qadim-e Lar , شهر قدیم لار , لار ,
VARIANT names: Laar , Laer , Lar , Lara , Larr , Lhaar , Lhor ,
SOURCE for Laar
« et après m'être remis enchemin, et avoir passé bien des caravanserais,de petites citernes, des canaux d'eau souterrains,quantité de masures et de ruines d'édifices, cnapprochant de la ville de Laar, j'y entrai sur lesonze heures du matin, [and after getting back on my way, and having passed many caravans, small cisterns, underground water channels, a number of hovels and ruins of buildings, approaching the town of Laar, I entered it on eleven o'clock in the morning,] » #3213 Sir John Chardin, ed. Louis Langlès, Voyages du Chevalier Chardin en Perse et autres lieux de l’Orient, Nouvelle édition, Le Normant, Imprimeur-Libraire, Paris, 1811 ~ vol. 8 p. 479
« Le 27, j'arrivai à Laar, au point du jour, car on ne me portoit que de nuit, à cause de la chaleur; [On the 27th, I arrived at Laar, at daybreak, because they only took me at night, because of the heat;] » #3213 Sir John Chardin, ed. Louis Langlès, Voyages du Chevalier Chardin en Perse et autres lieux de l’Orient, Nouvelle édition, Le Normant, Imprimeur-Libraire, Paris, 1811 ~ vol. 9 p. 80
« The tenth I had very ill way along the mountain: I preferred this before another fairer way, which I might have taken by the Plains, but more about by four Leagues: Late at night I came to the City of Laar. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 4
SOURCE for Laer
« Le chemin delà juſques à Laer eft rempli de maifons de campagnede jardins. Nous traverfämes cette villeallåmes loger de l'autre côté, après une traite de 4. lieuës [The path beyond to Laer is filled with country houses and gardens. We crossed this town and went to stay on the other side, after a journey of 4 leagues] » #3227 LeBrun, Corneille, Voyages de Corneille Le Brun par la Moscovie, en Perse, et aux Indes Orientales., Wetstein, Amsterdam, 1718 ~ p. 316
« 15 Nov 1645 » #3230 Dagh Register gehouden bij den oppercoopman Leonard Winninx ‘tsindert den 6 Julij anno 1645 dat uijt Gamron naer Spahan vertreckt, tot den 24e November, daeraen volgende, als wanneer in gemelte Gamron wederom gearriveert is." inventory number 1152 catalogue reference number 1.04.02, Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, ~ f. 385
« Laer (Lar) for each carga half a mahmudi for rahdāri, in the case of silk one mahmūdi. If nothing has been paid in Küristan tolls have to be paid here. » #3297 John Emerson, Rahdars and Their Tolls in Safavid and Afsharid Iran, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 1987 vol. 30:no. 3:pp. 318-327 ~ p. 321
SOURCE for Lar
« The invasion of Persia by the Afghans in 1721-22 was accompanied by an incursion of Baluchis from Makran into Kirman and Lar, where they committed serious depredations. In November 1721 the Baluchi hordes attacked the town of Lar, and in particular a caravansarai occupied by twelve Dutchmen who were escorting treasure of the Dutch East India Company; but the Hollanders beat off the attack with great loss to their assailants and with none to themselves, and subsequently, having removed into the Lår fort, defended that also with success. » #660 Lorimer, John Gordon, Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, Oman and Central Arabia, Superintendent Government Printing, India, 1915, ~ vol. 1 pt. 1 p. 63
« In a detailed article published in 1979,1 Heinz Gaube made an important contribution to our knowledge of the various stages of the important trade route which connected Bandar `Abbas with Lar, and onwards with Shiraz and Isfahan. In addition, Gaube gave us detailed information on the three types of khans or caravanserais which provided the traveler with shelter and often with food and fodder supplies on this route. By comparing the description of this trade route by Wilson in 1907 with those of some seventeenth century travelers Gaube concluded that very little had changed in 300 years. He » #3002 Willem Floor, Persian Gulf: Links with the Hinterland, Bushehr, Borazjan, Kazerun, Banu Ka`b and Bandar Abbas, Mage Publishers, Washington, 2015 ~ p. 251
« 23rd March, Lar, 6 farsakhs ; 6.30 a.m. to
2 p.m. The Iwaz plain is twenty miles long, and little more than a mile wide. ... Lar has a garrison of thirty artillerymen, with six guns. The guns were stowed in the verandah of the Bagh-i- Nishat, so I had opportunities of inspecting them. They are one 12-pounder, one 9-pounder, and four 6-pounders ; all bronze guns. Four were cast in Tabriz, and two in Enzeli by a Tabriz workman. ... Lar has trade with Bombay through the three ports of Linga, Bandar Abbas, and Tahiri. » #3078 Stack, Edward, Six months in Persia, Sampson Low, Marston, Searle and Rivington, London, 1882 ~ vol. 1 p. 132 and 141-2
« [fol. 204r] The city of Lār, the capital of Carmania Deserta, is most ancient and is greatly esteemed by all the local Arabs. It is situated at the end of a large plain where the mountains, which run continously to this point, withdraw on both sides, and the terrain flattens out and opens up, creating an area more than three leagues wide. The mountains draw closer together again a little way past the city, creating a narrow pass or gorge through which the road leads to Shirāz. Lār is a little smaller than Hormuz, though its streets are not quite as narrow, nor are the houses as nicely built. The houses of Lār all have mud walls, plastered on the inside with that mud mixed with small bits of straw that was mentioned in the description of the fortress of Bandel. »#2651 trans. and ed; Jeffrey S. Turley and George Bryan Souza, The Commentaries of D. García de Silva y Figueroa on his Embassy to Shah ʿAbbās I of Persia on Behalf of Philip III, King of Spain, Brill, Leiden, 2017, ~ p. 304
« Della Valle succumbed to the same fever, sensibly decided to leave the wretched Minab and somehow, in a state of semi-consciousness, survived the long, agonizing journey to Lar, an old town on the main route from Gamrf to Shiraz and a summer retreat for the coastal towns.(47) There he remained from January to June 1622, slowly recovering, readjusting his life and finding the determination to continue his travels. fn. 47 For Lår, its earlier history, contemporary seventeenth century accounts and an excellent bibliography, see Jean Calmard, Lär, Laristan', Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.), v, 665-76; Jacqueline Calmard, Les routes de Chiraz au Golfe Persique vues par les voyageurs européens (1640-1720), Paris, 1978; J. Aubin, Références pour Lar médiévale', Journal Asiatique, CCXLIII, 1955, 491-505. » #3215 J. D. Gurney, Pietro della Valle: The Limits of Perception, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, London, Vol. 49:No. 1,:pp. 103-116 ~ p. 111
« Im Jahre 1960 erschütterte ein schweres Erdbeben die Altstadt von Lar und ver- nichtete oder beschädigte zahlreiche historische Bauten. Die Stadt wurde an anderer Stelle etwa sechs Kilometer südlich wieder aufgebaut, das eigentliche Zentrum bildet aber die heute wieder instandgesetzte Altstadt mit der Bezeichnung Shahr-e qadim. Das Ortsbild von Lar läßt heute nur noch teilweise den mittelalterlichen oder safavidi- schen Zustand erkennen. [In 1960, a severe earthquake shook the old town of Lar and destroyed or damaged numerous historical buildings. The city was rebuilt at another location about six kilometers south, forming the actual center but the old town, which has been restored today and is called Shahr-e qadim. The townscape of Lar today only partially shows its medieval or Safavid condition.] » #3205 R. Pohanka, The historical buildings of the city of Lar., Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran, 1983 vol. 16:pp. 347-48. ~ p.327
« Il n'y a que deux carvanseras à Lar, l'un dans la ville qui n'est pas trop bon, et l'autre au bout de la ville, du côté d'Ormus, qui serait assez commode, n'était qu'il se remplit d'eau quand les grandes pluies viennent à tomber, et il faut attendre quelquefois des jours entiers que les eaux soient écoulées. [There are only two carvanseras in Lar, one in the town which is not too good, and the other at the end of town, on the Ormus side, which would be quite convenient, was only It fills with water when the heavy rains fall, and you sometimes have to wait for whole days for the water to drain.] » #3144 Jean-Baptiste Tavernier, Pascal Pia, Voyages en Perse et description de ce royaume par Jean-Babtiste Tavernier Marchand Francais, E´d. du Carrefour, Paris, 1930 ~ pp. 317-8
« 12 July 1645 » #3230 Dagh Register gehouden bij den oppercoopman Leonard Winninx ‘tsindert den 6 Julij anno 1645 dat uijt Gamron naer Spahan vertreckt, tot den 24e November, daeraen volgende, als wanneer in gemelte Gamron wederom gearriveert is." inventory number 1152 catalogue reference number 1.04.02, Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, ~ f. 360
« Après l'avoir passé, nous arrivons enfin à Lâr, où nous descendons chez le gouverneur, qui nous avait fait préparer un logement dans son palais. [After passing it, we finally arrive at Lâr, where we stay at the governor's, who had prepared accommodation for us in his palace.] » #3179 Adrien Dupré, Voyage en Perse, fait dans les années 1807, 1808 et 1809, en traversant la Natolie et la Mésopotamie, 1819 ~ vol. 1 p. 433
« And from Tarum I journeyed to Lar (27), and from Lar to Bandar fn. 25 Kashan, Nain, Sirjan and Tarum, Iranian towns. fn. 26 Batman, a weight varying locally.fn. 27 Lar, a town in southern Iran. Nikitin visited it twice. » #623 Nikitin, Athanasy, Khozhenie za tri moria Afanasiia Nikitina, 1466-1472 gg. (Afansy Nikitin's Voyage beyond the Three Seas, 1466-1472), Moskva, 1960, ~ p. 109
« Retornando su la riva preditta a l'incontro de Ormuos se ritrova una terra chiamata Lar; 323) è terra grossa e bona; fa fogi .2000.; è mercadantesca e di passo, imperhochè quelli che vanno e vengono per questo colpho sempre danno di capo a questa terra. fn. 323. Lär è oggi, come ai tempi del Barbaro, la principale città dell'omonimo distretto del Fürs. Sorgeva su una delle strade carovaniere che congiungevano Shiraz con Hurmuz e in tempi più recenti con Bandar-Abbas. Il mercante e viaggiatore russo Afanasii Nikitin la visitò nel 1469, e poi di nuovo nel 1472, ma ha poco da raccontarne. Pietro della Valle soggiorno qualche tempo Lar al principio del 1622; cfr. i suoi Viaggi, ed. Torino (Brighton), 1843, III, pp. 301-326 0 332336. Per una breve descrizione della città, ed una incisione che ne mostra una parte, cfr. C. DE BRUYN, Travels into Muscovy, Persia and Part of the East-Indies, cit., II, p. 69. (Lo.) [Returning to the aforementioned shore at the meeting of Ormuos, one finds a land called Lar; 323) it is large and good land; it has 2000 leaves; it is a merchant and a transit land, because those who come and go by this river always end up at this land. fn. 323. Lär is today, as in the time of Barbaro, the principal city of the homonymous district of the Fürs. It arose on one of the caravan routes that connected Shiraz with Hurmuz and in more recent times with Bandar-Abbas. The Russian merchant and traveler Afanasii Nikitin visited it in 1469, and then again in 1472, but has little to say about it. Pietro della Valle stayed for some time in Lar at the beginning of 1622; cf. his Travels, ed. Turin (Brighton), 1843, III, pp. 301-326 0 332336. For a brief description of the city, and an engraving showing part of it, see C. DE BRUYN, Travels into Muscovy, Persia and Part of the East-Indies, cit., II, p. 69. (Lo.)] » #3310 Lockhart,L. Morozzo Della Rocca,R. Tiepolo,M.F., I viaggi in Persia degli ambasciatori veneti Barbaro e Contarini, Ist. Poligrafico dello Stato, 1973 ~ p. 148
« From there we continued our march for three days through [another] desert like the former, and came to the city of Lar, a large city with many springs and perennial streams and gardens, and with fine bazaars. (133) We stayed there in the hospice of the ascetic shaikh Abū Dulaf Muhammad (134) he was the person that we had in mind to visit at Khunju Pal.fn. 131764 This is the earliest mention of a town of Lar; the contemporary Persian geographer Mustawff (138) mentions Lär only as a district near the seacoast (adding, strangely, 'Its population are Muslims'), but twice men- tions the town of Laghir, on the main road to Shiraz, twelve farsakhs north- west of Khunj (176, n. 2).fn. 134 Not identified » #357 Ibn Baṭu¯ṭah, Muh?ammad ibn ʿAbd Alla¯h, The Travels of Ibn Battuta translated with revisions and notes, from the Arabic text edited by C. Defre´mery and B. R. Sanguinetti, by H. A. R. Gibb., Hakluyt Society:Munshiram Manohardal Publishers Pvt Ltd, Cambridge:New Delhi, 1958- :1993, ~ vol. 2 p. 405
SOURCE for Lara
« Per monti e ſaſſi dirupati cammi nammo 7. ore il Sabato 2. ed a fine di 20-miglia giugnemmo in Lara Città capitale del Regno di tal nome. [We walked for 7 hours on Saturday 2nd through mountains and steep cliffs and at the end of 20 miles we reached Lara, the capital city of the Kingdom of that name.] » #3239 Giovanni Francesco Gemelli Careri, Giro del mondo, del dottor D. Gio. Francesco Gemelli Careri.., stamp. di G. Roselli, Napoli, 1699 ~ pt. 2 p. 272
« Nous n'entråmes donc à Lara que le lendemain matin, et y trouvámes quatre Portugais résidents, qui attendaient là avec leurs marchandises de pouvoir se rendre à Ormuz. En effet, si l'on pouvait venir d'Ormuz en Perse, la route était coupée dans l'autre sens en raison de la guerre entre le Sofi et le roi d'Ormuz. [We therefore only entered Lara the next morning, and found there four Portuguese residents, who were waiting there with their goods to be able to go to Ormuz. Indeed, if one could come from Hormuz to Persia, the road was cut in the other direction due to the war between the Sofi and the king of Hormuz.] » #3268 Joaquim Verissimo Serrao, Un Voyageur Portugais en Perse au début du XVIIe siècle Nicolau De Orta Rebelo, Comité National Portugais, Lisbonne, 1972 ~ p. 103
« From here they set out, and on their journeys they went to the city of Lara, » #2516 Afonso de Albuquerque, ed.Raymundo Antonio de Bulhão Pato, Henrique Lopes de Mendonça, Cartas de Affonso de Albuquerque, seguidas de documentos que as elucidam, Academia Real Das Sciencias de Lisboa, 1884, 1898 ~ vol. 2 p. 250
SOURCE for Larr
« we sett forward and came to the citie of Larr [Lar] , where we were curteously entertayned by the darago, and a howse apoynted for vs to ly in, wth our provissions according to the quanti tie of the formaund sent in for three dayes together. Here we picht, hauing traveled 5 1ges. of a resonable waye but somthing stonie. » #3214 Stodart, Robert; introduction and notes by Sir. E. Denison Ross, The Journal of Robert Stodart: Being an account of his experiences as a member of Sir Dodmore Cotton's Mission in Persia in 1628-29. Published from the unique manuscript preserved in the Bodleian Library, Luzac and Co, London, 1935 ~ pp. 82-3
« [28th February]. About 4 afternoon sett out for Larr, 5 farsangs; the first two very good way till come to Picataw, a good caravensaroy lyeing at the foot of a great mountain which must clime over to goe the other three farsangs to Laar. Stoney way.
note:Diary of 28 February 1707/8.
Laar. Lâr. Here again where one would expect a description of the city, Scattergood passes it over without remark. See Fryer (II, 190) and Le Bruyn (II, 69), who has an illustration of "Laer." » #3248 Bernard P. Scattergood, Ed. Temple, Carnac Rihard, The Scattergoods and the East India Company, A Collection of Mss., Indian Antiquary, Bernard Quaritch, London, 1930 vol. LIX:pt DCCXXXVI-A:pp. 33-74 ~ pp. 43 and 49
SOURCE for Lhaar
« (die uyt Chiras, om met sijn wijn- caffila naer Bandhaar Gamron te verreysen twee dagen voorleden in Lhaar gecomen was [(who had arrived in Lhaar from Chiras two days before with his wine caffila to go to Bandhaar Gamron] » #3226 Cornelis Janszoon Speelman Ed. A. Hotz, Journaal der reis van den gezant der O.I. Compagnie Joan Cunaeus naar perzië in 1651-1652, J. Müller, 1908 ~ p. 45
« Deze ftad Lhaar legt op en tufſchen het gebergte, is tamelyk bebouwd, en vertoond zig door 't geboomte zeer vermakelyk. Het Kasteel legt op een berg, en is vry groot. De Wazier woond op een andren berg in cen treffelyk gebouw. Hier heeft men een uitnemende fchoone Balaar, of markt, met zeer nette gewelfzelen overdekt. Hier zyn ook veel Jooden. [This town of Lhaar lies on top of the mountains, is fairly built up, and is very attractive because of the trees. The Castle is located on a mountain, and is quite large. De Wazier lived on another mountain in a beautiful building. Here there is an excellent beautiful Balaar, or market, covered with very neat vaults. There are also many Jews here.] » #2655 Francois Valentyn, Oud en nieuw Oost-Indien vervattende een naaukeurige en uitvoerige verhandelinge van Nederlands mogentheyd in die gewesten, benevens eene wydlustige beschryvinge der Moluccos ...,, Joannes van Braam, 1726, ~ vol. 5 p. 265
« Den 20. dito ten 2 uuren des 's nagts uyt Lhaar vertrokken zynde: quam zyn Ed: ten 7 uuren in het dorp Dehikoe [On the 20th of the same day, having left Lhaar at 2 o'clock in the morning, his Ed arrived at the village of Dehikoe at 7 o'clock.] » #2655 Francois Valentyn, Oud en nieuw Oost-Indien vervattende een naaukeurige en uitvoerige verhandelinge van Nederlands mogentheyd in die gewesten, benevens eene wydlustige beschryvinge der Moluccos ...,, Joannes van Braam, 1726, ~ vol. 5 p. 273
« Den 31. dito na 4 mylen dito ontrent 1 myl van Lhaar, bezoekende ondertufichen malkandren over en weder. [The 31st ditto after 4 miles ditto about 1 mile from Lhaar, meanwhile visiting each other.] » #2655 Francois Valentyn, Oud en nieuw Oost-Indien vervattende een naaukeurige en uitvoerige verhandelinge van Nederlands mogentheyd in die gewesten, benevens eene wydlustige beschryvinge der Moluccos ...,, Joannes van Braam, 1726, ~ vol. 5 p. 285
SOURCE for Lhor
« Lhor is a City of an Ancient Date, and still retains its Name, which for that it was so guarded by Nature that it could not easily be conquered, held many Ages the Majesty of a Kingdom; but now it is governed by a Puritanical Caun (for that he has visited Ma/iomefs Tomb) under the Persian Emperor » #1591 Fryer, John M. D., A New Account of East-India and Persia in eight letters being nine years travel (Edited, with notes and an introduction, by William Crooke), Hakluyt Society:Kraus Reprint, 1909:1967, 3 vols. ~ p. 191

R101-005 Jahrom
R101-005 Jahrom : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Do , Jahrom , Jahrum , جهرم , دو ,
VARIANT names: Dgiaroun , Djahrom , Djahroum , Djarom , Djaroûn , Djarroun , Djarum (Djabrom) , Gaarrom , Gahram , Gahrum , Gearon , Gerom , Giron , Gowaym , Guwaim , Isharum , Jaharan , Jahrom , Jahrum , Jaram , Jaraon , Jaron , Jaroon , Jaroone , Jarron , Jehram , Jehrum , Jowaym , Scharim , Sharon , Stadt Sharon ,
SOURCE for Dgiaroun
« we arrived at a large Kervanʃeray, which is about an hundred paces from a little Town called Dgiaroun, and is hardly worth a good Village; however there is a fair Bazar in it. » #1574 Thévenot, Jean de, The travels of Monsieur de Thévenot into the Levant : in three parts, viz. into I. Turkey, II. Persia, III. The East-Indies / newly done out of French., Printed by H. Clark for H. Faithorne [etc.], 1687 ~ vol. 2 p. 128
SOURCE for Djahrom
« Eine neuere Route führt heute von Benaru über Djuyom und Mansurabad nördlich des Kuh-e Alburs durch die Tang-e Kulin und Tang-e Khatiz nach Djahrom. [A newer route today leads from Benaru via Djuyom and Mansurabad north of the Kuh-e Albur through the Tang-e Kulin and Tang-e Khatiz to Djahrom.] » #3206 Pohanka, R, Karawanenwege und Karavanserails in Laristan: Die Strassenabschnitte Lar-Djahrom, Lar-Khundj and Lae-Bastak., Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran, 1984 vol. 17:pp. 285-308 ~ p. 296
« Djahrom » in {map#1180 in #3079 Kleiss, Wolfram, Karawanenbauten in Iran. Materialien zur iranischen Archäologie, Materialien zur iranischen Archa¨ologie, D. Reimer, Berlin, 2000 Band 6:Teil 4: ~ fig. Abb. 5 Kartenausschnitt der Provinzen Bushehr und Fars}
« Djahrom, welches man über die nördliche der beiden möglichen Routen bei km 210 erreicht, ist heute noch wie in safavidischer Zeit für seine Dattelproduktion berühmt, vom alten Kern der Stadt und besonders von den Kara- vanserails hat sich allerdings bis heute nichts erhalten. Besonders bedauerlich ist das Ver- schwinden des alten Basars von Djahrom, der nach Orta Rebelo genauso schön und groß wie der Basar von Lar gewesen sein soll. Dabei muß noch 1850 eine ganze Anzahl von Kara- vanserails in Djahrom existiert haben, Abbott nennt nicht weniger als sechs Stück für dieses Jahr, Kaempfer nennt ein großes Karavan- serail Shah Hossein", ebenso erwähnen Taver- nier, Chardin und Dupré mehrere Kara- vanserails in Djahrom, wobei auffällt, daß fast alle Reisenden darauf hinweisen, daß sich diese Bauten ein wenig westlich und aufßerhalb der eigentlichen Siedlung befinden. [Djahrom, which can be reached via the northern of the two possible routes at km 210, is still famous for its date production today, as it was in Safavid times, but nothing of the old core of the city and especially of the caravanserails has survived to this day. The disappearance of the old bazaar of Djahrom, which according to Orta Rebelo was just as beautiful and large as the bazaar of Lar, is particularly regrettable. In 1850, a large number of caravanserails must have existed in Djahrom; Abbott mentions no fewer than six for that year, Kaempfer mentions a large caravanserail "Shah Hossein", and Tavernier, Chardin and Dupré also mention several caravanserails in Djahrom, and it is striking that almost all travelers point out that these buildings are located a little to the west and outside the actual settlement.] » #3206 Pohanka, R, Karawanenwege und Karavanserails in Laristan: Die Strassenabschnitte Lar-Djahrom, Lar-Khundj and Lae-Bastak., Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran, 1984 vol. 17:pp. 285-308 ~ p. 297
SOURCE for Djahroum
« Je partis de Mouchek le vingt-et-unième de mars à deux heures du matin, et ayant marché jusqu'à huit par un pays plat et pierreux, j'arrivai à la petite ville de Djahroum, [I left Mouchek on the twenty-first of March at two o'clock in the morning, and having walked until eight through a flat and stony country, I arrived at the small town of Djahroum,] » #3144 Jean-Baptiste Tavernier, Pascal Pia, Voyages en Perse et description de ce royaume par Jean-Babtiste Tavernier Marchand Francais, E´d. du Carrefour, Paris, 1930 ~ p. 315
SOURCE for Djarom
« Djarom » in {map#1132 Abb. 1 Karte von Iranmit Eintragung der Routen und Karawanenbauten, , , #1814 Kleiss, Wolfram, Karawanenbauten in Iran. Materialien zur iranischen Archäologie, Materialien zur iranischen Archa¨ologie, D. Reimer, Berlin, 2000 Band 7:Teil 5: ~}
SOURCE for Djaroûn
« En tournant une montagne à droite, on découvre une forêt de palmiers, au milieu de laquelle est bâtie la ville de Djaroûn. Sur la pente de ce / mont est le tombeau d'un imam appelé Kha- demga. Plus loin nous laissons sur la gauche un grand caravansérail, à côté duquel est une vaste citerne, et le mausolée d'un autre saint / musulman nommé Cháh - Zadè - Hussein. Avant d'entrer dans la ville, on passe auprès de deux arches en briques, qui servent de digue contre le débordement des eaux. ... Elle avait éprouvé, dans la jour- née du 23 février, plusieurs secousses qui fi- nirent par l'écroulement de diverses maisons. La population peut être de quatre mille habi- tans, parmi lesquels on compte trente familles juives. Il y a quatre caravansérails et un petit bazard qui renferme une vingtaine de 'boutiques. [Turning a mountain to the right, we discover a forest of palm trees, in the middle of which is built the city of Djaroûn. On the slope of this / mountain is the tomb of an imam called Kha-demga. Further on we leave on the left a large caravanserai, next to which is a vast cistern, and the mausoleum of another / Muslim saint named Cháh - Zadè - Hussein. Before entering the city, we pass by two brick arches, which serve as a dike against the overflow of water. ... It had experienced, during the day of February 23, several tremors which ended with the collapse of various houses. The population may be four thousand inhabitants, among whom there are thirty Jewish families. There are four caravanserais and a small bazaar which contains about twenty shops.] » #3179 Adrien Dupré, Voyage en Perse, fait dans les années 1807, 1808 et 1809, en traversant la Natolie et la Mésopotamie, 1819 ~ vol. 1 p. 452
SOURCE for Djarroun
« et, un farsang après, Djarroun, petite ville avec un bazar et deux caravansérails, l'un en bon état, mais où il n'y avait pas de place, et l'autre en ruine, où il fallut cependant bien nous fourrer dans un coin, [and, a farsang later, Djarroun, a small town with a bazaar and two caravanserais, one in good condition, but where there was no room, and the other in ruins, where we nevertheless had to be stuffed into a corner,] » ##3241 Aucher-Eloy, Relations de voyages en Orient de 1830 à 1838., Librairie Encyclopédique De Roret, Paris, 1843 ~ pt.2 p. 523
SOURCE for Djarum (Djabrom)
« den 12. Dez. gereist zu dem berühmten Tamerfleck (Tamar oder Tamr ist die Dattelpalme) Djarum (Djabrom) 6 Farsach. [December 12th traveled to the famous Tamerfleck (Tamar or Tamr is the date palm) Djarum (Djabrom) 6 Farsach.] » #3220 Engelbert Kaempfer, ed. Karl Meier-Lemgo, Die Reisetagebu¨cher, F. Steiner, Weisbaden, 1968 ~ p. 114
SOURCE for Gaarrom
« The first of September in the morning, wee came to a Citie, called Gaarrom: and the same day, to a Casal, called Demonder, where standeth an high Columne alone. About Gaarrom is great store of Rice and Cotton wooll growing. And here the Sheepe have Lambs twice every yeere. » #3292 John Newberry, Two Voyages of John Newberry, in: Purchas, Samuel, Hakluytus posthumus, or Purchas his pilgrimes : contayning a history of the world in sea voyages and lande travells by Englishmen and others in 20 vols., Glasgow : J. Maclehose, , 1905, vol. 8 pp. 449-481 ~ p. 461
SOURCE for Gahram
« Gahram VI C4 Gahrum Iran
CIte de la cIrconscnptIOn (kura) d' Ardasir Hurra 107, 134, 135, 139, 153, H 263,268,286,299 Hur 46, F 203 ' - Yaq II, 167, LS 254, Schw 103, DKI 173 »#2912 Georgette Cornu, Atlas du monde arabo-islamique a l'epoque classique IXe-Xe siecles, E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1985, ~ p. 49
« Gahram (3) mit gleichnamiger Stadt (4), heute Jahrum. Von der Stadt selbst wird nichts berichtet, von den Einwohnern rühmt Ibn Haukal Wohlstand) und Istahri erzählt, daß sie vorwiegend der mutalizitischen Sekte angehörten). fn. 3) Hord. 46, 7; Fak. 203, 4 (at Idrisi, Janbert 391, Gühram!). fn. 4) Is 107, 5. 4 [Gahram (3) with the town of the same name (4), today Jahrum. Nothing is reported about the town itself, Ibn Haukal praises the inhabitants as being wealthy) and Istahri reports that they mainly belonged to the Mutalizite sect). fn. 3) Hord. 46, 7; Fak. 203, 4 (at Idrisi, Janbert 391, Gühram!). fn. 4) Is 107, 5. 4] » #1717 Schwarz, Paul, Iran im Mittelalter nach arabischen Geographen, O. Harrassowitz, Leipzig, 1896 ~ p. 103
SOURCE for Gahrum
SOURCE for Gearon
« Il Sabato 25.partimmo a mezzodi per una comoda ſtrada; e dopo 10. ore fatte 30. miglia, per le quali paſſammo alcuni piccioli ruſcelli, giugnemmo nella Città di Gearon. Queſta Città ha più toſto ſembianza di foreſta, perche le fue cafe ſono ſparſe tra folti alberi di palme, che apportano non poca rendita coloro dat- tili, che ſono de' migliori della Perfia. [On Saturday the 25th we left at midday by a convenient route; and after 10 hours, having traveled 30 miles, over which we crossed some small streams, we reached the City of Gearon. This city has more of the appearance of a forest, because the trees are scattered among thick palm trees, which bring no small income from the palm trees, which are among the best in Persia.] » #3239 Giovanni Francesco Gemelli Careri, Giro del mondo, del dottor D. Gio. Francesco Gemelli Careri.., stamp. di G. Roselli, Napoli, 1699 ~ pt. 2 p.267
SOURCE for Gerom
« for which, when we had traveil’d One and twenty Miles, we found at Gerom (1) a ready Medicine of the Butter of the Seed of Gourds made into an Ointment, which appeased the Inflammation by its cooling Virtue, and immediately asswaged' the Pain by Basting our selves herewith, being half Roasted. We refreshed our selves one entire Day at Geroniy where a small White Grape, without any Stone, was an excellent Cordial; fn. 1 Jahrum : the larrown of Herbert (129). "The little city of Jarron, which is rather to be called a Forrest of Palm-trees" (Tavernier, 252). The road is dangerous : "the steep mountain of Jarra, which is very high and very long : but the descent is the most dangerous that ever I saw in all my Travels" {Ibid. 252). Hedges {Diary, i, 206) speaks of "divers steep scraged Hills." The other route is also difficult (Wilson, 162). » #1591 Fryer, John M. D., A New Account of East-India and Persia in eight letters being nine years travel (Edited, with notes and an introduction, by William Crooke), Hakluyt Society:Kraus Reprint, 1909:1967, 3 vols. ~ vol. 2 p. 202
SOURCE for Giron
« barely got out of the way of the horses. When the mountains ended, I rested a little by a cistern, and after another one and a half hours I arrived at the caravanserai where they were. This was not a nice one, and it was located a pistol shot away from the city of Jahrom. (23)On the morning of the 16th I entered the city. It is located in a rather beautiful plain. fn. 23. Jahrom (Bembo's "Giron") was a major center of textile production. » #3299 trans. Clara Bargellini ed. Anthony Welch Ambrosio Bembo, The Travels and Journal of Ambrosio Bembo, University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 2007 ~ p. 296
SOURCE for Gowaym
« Gowaym - Attestations: The mint signature GW/GWDMY is thought to be representative of the town of Gowaym in Fars (40). Although the location of the mint with this signature in Fars has been confirmed through die linkages, the question of its identification with Gowaym has not yet been proven. On the other hand, two localities with this name are located in Fars, one in Ardashir Khurrah, northeast of Shiraz, which is called Guyom today, and the other one in Darabgerd, now referred to as Jowaym. However, based upon its importance in the early Islamic period, as well as its location along the major caravan routes, Mochiri has suggested that the Jowaym of Darabgerd was the mint town with the GW signature (41).- Identification: The modern town of Jowaym (Jowaym of Darabgerd Khurrah) is located 69 km southeast of Jahrom (42). Remains of a Sasanian fire temple, pointing to the existence of a Sasanian settlement in this area, are located about 40-50 km from Jowaymnear the village of Fishur (43).
#2877 Negin Miri, Historical Geography of Fars during the Sasanian Period, e-Sasanika, 2009, 10: ~ p. 13
SOURCE for Guwaim
« Die Straße von Däräbegird nach Siräf führte über Guwaim ²). fn. 2) Muk. 454, 6. [The road from Däräbegird to Siräf led via Guwaim²). fn. 2) Muk. 454, 6.] » #1717 Schwarz, Paul, Iran im Mittelalter nach arabischen Geographen, O. Harrassowitz, Leipzig, 1896 ~ p. 103
SOURCE for Isharum
« Isharum ist eine feine Stadt und Nahrs haffter Orth: deren Innwohner Behau funge seynd fast alle viereckig erbauet von denen in der Sonnenhik gebackenen Steis nen/ haben durchaus ihre Altanen: Jes de zu vier Seiten aufgeführte Mauer hat ein einziges Dach Loch [Isharum is a fine city and a peaceful place: the dwellings of the inhabitants are almost all built square from stones baked in the sun, and have their own balconies: each wall built on four sides has a single roof hole.] » #1609 Schillinger, Franz Caspar, Persianische und Ost-Indianische Reis, Nu¨rnberg, 1707 ~ pp. 263-4
« SCHILLINGER (1700) | Isharum LEBRUN (1705) | Jaron WILSON (1908) | Jahrum » #3206 Pohanka, R, Karawanenwege und Karavanserails in Laristan: Die Strassenabschnitte Lar-Djahrom, Lar-Khundj and Lar-Bastak., original manuscript, Österreichisches Archäologisches Institut, 1984 ~ table p. 14
SOURCE for Jaharan
« Les mêmes renseignements avaient apparemment été donnés aussi à Colvill, cet auteur écrivant à ce sujet:De Taherie il y a une très bonne route par la plaine de Gillodar (Gallehdar) menant à Chiraz en passant par le village de Jaharan (Djahrom). Une caravane met 8 ou 9 jours. [The same information had apparently been given to Colvill as well, this author writing on this subject:From Taherie there is a very good road through the plain of Gillodar (Gallehdar) leading to Shiraz by way of the village of Jaharan (Djahrom). A caravan takes 8 or 9 days.] » #3059 K Lindberg, Voyage dans le Sud de l'Iran : carnet de route d'un me´dicin, a` la poursuite du ver de Me´dine., C.W.K. Gleerup, Lund, 1955 ~ p. 239
SOURCE for Jahrom
SOURCE for Jahrum
« Jahrum » in {map#1182 1000k Maps of South Asia, Survey of India in the India and Adjacent Countries series, Sheet No 010 Persia Arabia and Turkey (1915)}
SOURCE for Jaram
« Partis au lever du jour //, nous y parvinmes bientôt. II y fait très frais. Il a donné son nom de Jaram à la montagne voisine. [Leaving at daybreak //, we soon reached there. It's very cool there. He gave his name Jaram to the neighboring mountain.] » #3268 Joaquim Verissimo Serrao, Un Voyageur Portugais en Perse au début du XVIIe siècle Nicolau De Orta Rebelo, Comité National Portugais, Lisbonne, 1972 ~ p. 113
SOURCE for Jaraon
« Desen wegh met backsteenen en keyen als ge- vloert ten eynde, ende 't dorp Jaraon (2)fn. 2 Djahrüm. De reeds aangehaalde reizigers zijn eenstemmig in hun lof omtrent dit stadje, welks huizen (Chardin telde er 350, Dupré be- groot het getal inwoners op 4000) ... [This road with backstones and keys as if laid at the end, and the village of Jaraon (2) fn. 2 Jahrum. The travelers already mentioned are unanimous in their praise of this town, whose houses (Chardin counted 350, Dupré estimated the population at 4000) ...] » #3226 Cornelis Janszoon Speelman Ed. A. Hotz, Journaal der reis van den gezant der O.I. Compagnie Joan Cunaeus naar perzië in 1651-1652, J. Müller, 1908 ~ p. 65
SOURCE for Jaron
« Le dix-neuvième, nous en partimes far le foir, pour nous rendre à Jaron, qui n'en eſt qu'à une lieuë,nous y arrivámes à 9. heures,allâmes à un Caravanserai proche de la ville, où nous trouvames un bon puits, couvert d'une eſpece de dôme de pierre. [On the nineteenth, we left at night to go to Jaron, which is only a league away. We arrived there at 9 o'clock, went to a Caravanserai near the town, where we found a good well, covered with a kind of stone dome.] » #3227 LeBrun, Corneille, Voyages de Corneille Le Brun par la Moscovie, en Perse, et aux Indes Orientales., Wetstein, Amsterdam, 1718 ~ pp. 313-4
« Den 23. dito na 5 mylen in de Karrawaanfera.Den 24.dito na 5 mylen ruym in Jarôn. Mogag-zoekte. [The 23rd said on the 5th of March in Karrawaanfera.The 24th said on the 5th of March in Jarôn. Mogag-zoekte.] » #2655 Francois Valentyn, Oud en nieuw Oost-Indien vervattende een naaukeurige en uitvoerige verhandelinge van Nederlands mogentheyd in die gewesten, benevens eene wydlustige beschryvinge der Moluccos ...,, Joannes van Braam, 1726, ~ vol. 5 p. 285
SOURCE for Jaroon
« Drie broeders, van den Hertog van Lhaar, die te Jaroon woonden, quamien zyn Ed: wel een halve myl van die plaats inhaalen geleidden zyn Ed tot het Moors Tempeltje Sjaſada Hoſſein, en beſchonken hem net eenige, mondkoit. [Three brothers of the Duke of Lhaar, who lived at Jaroon, came to overtake his son: about half a mile from that place, they led his son to the Moorish temple of Shazada Hozain, and gave him some drink.] » #2655 Francois Valentyn, Oud en nieuw Oost-Indien vervattende een naaukeurige en uitvoerige verhandelinge van Nederlands mogentheyd in die gewesten, benevens eene wydlustige beschryvinge der Moluccos ...,, Joannes van Braam, 1726, ~ vol. 5 p. 274
SOURCE for Jaroone
« Att 4 In the Evening the 24th Sett out for Jaroone, 5 farsangs: the first two farsangs bad stoney way till you come to a small caravensaroy with a tanck of water before it; the other 3 farsangs good smooth way. Jaroone is a large pleasant town full of Date trees; good caravensaroy, may have all things needfull for travellers.
Diary of 24 February 1707/8.
Jaroone. Jahrûm. The Dgiarum of Thévenot (pp. 128-9), the Jarron of Tavernier (p. 252), the Gerom of Fryer (II, 202), the Scharim of Struys (p. 342) and the Jarroon of Hedges (p. 206). Thévenot remarks on the "large Karvanseray" and the town "on all hands encompassed with gardens full of palm-trees, which there are so numerous and grow so near one another, that they make a great forrest." Struys says of "Scharim" that it stood in the middle of a grove "altogether of date-trees," and was "a town of consider- able traffic in cotton goods, "there being very many weavers." Hedges also found that "Jarroon affords plenty of all things for the use of a traveller in these parts." Le Bruyn who stayed at Jahrûm two days in 1705 (II, 66), has an illustration of the city, "which is very mean and looks more like a village, the houses being all built of earth, and separate from one another. I saw two or three poor little mosques, in which they were performing service. As this city is full of palm-trees, it looks at a distance like a wood. This, of all the trees in that country, is what is esteemed most, both for its beauty and the goodness of the fruit, which is the best in all Persia." » #3248 Bernard P. Scattergood, Ed. Temple, Carnac Rihard, The Scattergoods and the East India Company, A Collection of Mss., Indian Antiquary, Bernard Quaritch, London, 1930 vol. LIX:pt DCCXXXVI-A:pp. 33-74 ~ pp. 42 and 48
SOURCE for Jarron
« Le 28, je fis cinq lieues, la route étant, partie par des sentiers fort rudes, partie par un pays plain et uni, le long duquel on trouve plusieurs canaux profonds, et des ponts de pierre, pour passer des ruisseaux qui, dans l'hiver et au printemps, se grossissent si fort qu'on les prendroit pour des rivières. Ma traite se termina à Jarron, petite ville de trois cent cinquante maisons, [On the 28th, I traveled five leagues, the route being, part by very rough paths, part by a plain and level country, along which we find several deep canals, and stone bridges, to cross streams which, in the In winter and spring, they swell so much that they were mistaken for rivers. My trade ended in Jarron, a small town of three hundred and fifty houses,] » #3213 Sir John Chardin, ed. Louis Langlès, Voyages du Chevalier Chardin en Perse et autres lieux de l’Orient, Nouvelle édition, Le Normant, Imprimeur-Libraire, Paris, 1811 ~ vol. 8 pp. 464-5
SOURCE for Jehram
« MOGU BAY to SHIRAZ 12. JEHRAM | 180 | 219Six hours. The road is stony with some passes over hill ridges. Water is obtained from a spring led by a kanát or underground tunnel. Camp in an open desert near the village. All ordinary supplies of life obtainable. » #3334 Routes in Asia: Routes in Persia and Balochistan, Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta, 1878 ~ p. 389
SOURCE for Jehrum
« JEHRUM, vide JAHRUM. » #2878 Gazetteer of Persia vol. III., Government of India Press, Simla, 1924, ~ vol. 3 pt. 1 p. 460
SOURCE for Jowaym
« Identification: The modern town of Jowaym (Jowaym of Darabgerd Khurrah) is located69 km southeast of Jahrom (42). Remains of a Sasanian fire temple, pointing to theexistence of a Sasanian settlement in this area, are located about 40-50 km from Jowaymnear the village of Fishur (43).
SOURCE for Scharim
« Struys called Jahrom a small town, without walls, located in a date grove. The town’s trade consisted of cotton textiles and there were many weavers. The bazaar was quite pleasant, where all kinds of Indian and Persian goods were for sale, while twice a week there was a market when farmers from the neighboring villages came to town. (92) fn. 92. Winninx, 18 July (Sjaron); Thevenot 1971, vol. 2, pp. 128-29 (Dgiaroun); Kaempfer 1968, p. 115 (Djarum); Valentijn 1726, vol. 5, p. 263 (Sjaron); Herbert 1929, p. 65 (Goyoom); Strauszens 1678, p. 193 (Scharim); KA 1793, f. 994 (Jharoen); Tavernier 1930, p. 315 (Djahroum); Chardin 1811, vol. 8, pp. 465-66 (Harron) and plate LXXVII with a map of the caravanserai of Jahrum; » #3002 Willem Floor, Persian Gulf: Links with the Hinterland, Bushehr, Borazjan, Kazerun, Banu Ka`b and Bandar Abbas, Mage Publishers, Washington, 2015 ~ p. 273
« On the 6th of December we arrived / and in the afternoon we met a fellow named Stedelten/or Olek/Scharim/laying without any Red Light Districts/in the middle of a date forest. The trade of this Stebeken/and the few inhabitants of Handteeringe/contains most of the fabrics/being a star of Weavers there. It has a beautiful Bafar, or Markt, where one finds statues of merchandise with Indian and Persian handicrafts/fabrics/and precious items, except that there is a large influx of the passing Borren twice here. I stayed here for three hectic days / for us / and ours » #3243 Jan Janszoon Struys, Drie aanmerkelijke en seer rampspoedige Reysen, Meurs, 1677 ~ p. 356
« The seventh I passed by one of these Caravanseras, and got that day ten Leagues, taking up my quarters in the little City of Scharim, in the middle of a Forrest of Date-trees. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 4
SOURCE for Sharon
« Hier staan eenige huizen by, voorts is het al te maal klippig gebergte. Wy quamen in een plaats genaamd Sjaron, een vermakelyk geweit, vol dadelboomen, hebbende een zeer groote Karrawaniera; ook heb ik 'er op de geheele reize geen grooter gezien, als mede een groote Tank en water-put. Hier heeft men veel begraafplaatzen van groote Heeren. [There are a few houses here, furthermore it is a very rocky mountain range. We came to a place called Sjaron, a pleasant area full of date trees, having a very large Karrawaniera; nor have I seen a larger one during the entire journey, as well as a large tank and water well. There are many cemeteries of great lords here.] » #2655 Francois Valentyn, Oud en nieuw Oost-Indien vervattende een naaukeurige en uitvoerige verhandelinge van Nederlands mogentheyd in die gewesten, benevens eene wydlustige beschryvinge der Moluccos ...,, Joannes van Braam, 1726, ~ bk. 5 p. 264
SOURCE for Stadt Sharon
« 18 July 1645 » #3230 Dagh Register gehouden bij den oppercoopman Leonard Winninx ‘tsindert den 6 Julij anno 1645 dat uijt Gamron naer Spahan vertreckt, tot den 24e November, daeraen volgende, als wanneer in gemelte Gamron wederom gearriveert is." inventory number 1152 catalogue reference number 1.04.02, Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, ~ f. 361

R101-006 Fasa : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Fasa , Fassa , فسا ,
VARIANT names: Fasa , Fazza , Fessa , Paça , Passà ,
SOURCE for Fasa
« This route passed Tarom, Forgh, Rustak, Darab, Darakan, Fasa, Sarvestan and then Shiraz, and from there onwards to Isfahan. This was the normal trade route prior the reign of Shah `Abbas I (1587-1629) . » #3002 Willem Floor, Persian Gulf: Links with the Hinterland, Bushehr, Borazjan, Kazerun, Banu Ka`b and Bandar Abbas, Mage Publishers, Washington, 2015 ~ p. 252 and #1169 Floor, Willem, The Bandar Abbas-Isfahan Route in the Late Safavid era, Iran, Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies, London, 1999, 37:67-94 ~ p. 67
« 25 mai. Nous traversâmes une basse montagne, puis une plaine bien arrosée, où il y a des cultures assez nombreuses en céréales, et çà et là plusieurs petits villages. Nous en trouvâmes un, aux trois quarts ruiné, puis nous arrivâmes à Fása, ville de moyenne grandeur. A Darap, on voyait encore quelques Palmiers; ici ils ont entièrement disparu. [May 25. We crossed a low mountain, then a well-watered plain, where there are quite numerous cereal crops, and here and there several small villages. We found one, three-quarters ruined, then we arrived at Fása, a medium-sized town. In Darap, we still saw a few palm trees; here they have completely disappeared. ] » #3241 Aucher-Eloy, Relations de voyages en Orient de 1830 à 1838. Part 2, 1843 ~ p. 600
SOURCE for Fazza
« Nous voyons un chemin qui conduit à Fazza, bourg à douze farsengs N. E. de Djaroûn, et chef-lieu d'un district de ce nom. [We see a path leading to Fazza, a town twelve farsengs NE of Djaroûn, and capital of a district of that name.] » #3179 Adrien Dupré, Voyage en Perse, fait dans les années 1807, 1808 et 1809, en traversant la Natolie et la Mésopotamie, 1819 ~ vol. 1 p. 456
SOURCE for Fessa
« We reached Fessa, after performing what is called 11 fursacks, or 38½ miles, but which, I think, does not exceed 9 fursacks, or 31½ miles. The plain extends in length E. and W., and may be about 7 miles in breadth. Fessa itself, which is merely a large village of some 900 families, with a detached mud fort and some pleasant gardens, stands in the midst of it towards its western extremity » #3038 Keith E. Abbott, Notes Taken on a Journey Eastwards from Shiráz to Fessá and Darab, Thence Westwards by Jehrúm to Kazerún, in 1850, The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, London, 1857 ~ p. 153
SOURCE for Paça
« On the 3rd of June (3) they set out and went to sleep two leagues a day, and the next day they walked eight leagues and the next day they walked six, and they arrived at a large place called Paça, with many crops; and following their path through these places they arrived at a field by a river with salt water, where the wife of Braym Beça was staying: the » #3565 Smith, Ronald Bishop, The First Age of the Portuguese Embassies, Navigations and Peregrinations in Persia (1507-1524), Decatur Press, Bethesda, Maryland, 1970 ~ pp. 41-2
SOURCE for Passà
« Il venerdi poi, che era il diciassette di giugno, uscito già il sole, avendo camminato quattro leghe di lontananza, ma più assai di giro, per gli errori della notte, arrivammo alla terra grossa Passà, da me un'altra volta nell'andare in giù,[Then on Friday, which was the seventeenth of June, when the sun had already come out, having walked four leagues away, but much more around, due to the mistakes of the night, we arrived at the large land Passà, from me once again on the way down,] » #1530 Pietro Della Valle, Viaggi di Pietro della Valle: il pellegrino, G. Gancia, Brighton, 1843, ~ pt. 2 p. 355

R101-007 Laghar
R101-007 Laghar : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: PPL UFI: 10391241 coordinate: lat 28.202915 long 53.139388
NIMA/GNS names: Laghar , لاغر ,
VARIANT names: Laghar , Laghir , Laurghur ,
SOURCE for Laghar
« Crossing the Kîr plain, the Qara Agach runs southwards through a break in the Kuh-i- Jaala, which form the southern boundary of the plain, and past the following villages:- Nimdeh farsakh from the bridge, Abgarm (hot springs) 1 farsakh from Nimdeh, Kirda 1½ farsakh, Maku 1, Laghar farsakh, Takhta 1 farsakh, Qala Shahzari 1 farsakh, Bakir 5 farsakhs: all, except Maku and Kirda, on the left bank.
The whole route from Kîr to Lar is in a south-easterly direction. » #3078 Stack, Edward, Six months in Persia, Sampson Low, Marston, Searle and Rivington, London, 1882 ~ vol. 2 p. 233
SOURCE for Laghir
« the fifth stage is 8 leagues to Simkan, the sixth stage is 7 leagues to Habrak [or Hirak], the seventh stage is 5 leagues to Kārzin, the eighth stage is of 8 leagues to Laghir, the ninth stage is 8 leagues to Kuran, » #3077 G. Le Strange, Description of the Province of Fars, in Persia, at the Beginning of the Twelfth Century A.D. from the MS. of Ibn-al-Balkhi, in the British Museum Asiatic Society Monographs XIV, Royal Asiatic Society, London, 1912 ~ p. 82
« The most important of these towns were Qir, Karzin, Abzar, and Laghir. It would appear that Karzin was an important Sasanian town and that it continued as a small town producing large harvests of dates, which were exported to Iraq, according to Istakhri (154, 10). This, with the other towns mentioned, was strongly fortified, but declined in the twelfth century as Laghir grew to dominate the region. » #3094 Donald Whitcomb, Trade and Tradition In Medieval Southern Iran - Thesis, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 1979 ~ p. 64
The stages on the road down from Laghir to Huzû are given by Mustawfi (p. 200), but as no modern traveller has followed this route the names are not to be found on the map, and are most uncertain;
« From Khunj, the route leads to the major city Kārzin via Lāghir and Faryāb. (45) fn. 45 Present-day Lāghir is a small village containing a Sassanian mountain fort. Faryāb is a vacant village, in which we located abandoned buildings, possibly a caravansaray, when we visited in 2016. See Map 4. » #3344 Yasuhiro Yokkaichi, The Maritime and Continental Networks of Kish Merchants under Mongol Rule: The Role of the Indian Ocean, Fārs and Iraq, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 2019 ~ p. 447
SOURCE for Laurghur
« Laurghur 5 farsakhs. On river. Large village. » #3331 Routes in Persia, Section 1, British Library: India Office Records and Private Papers, Mss Eur F111/369, in Qatar Digital Library, ~ p. 128

R101-008 Sarvistan
R101-008 Sarvistan : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Sarvestan , Sarvistan , سروستان ,
VARIANT names: Burzu , Sarvestan , Sarvistan , Selvissoûn , Servistan ,
SOURCE for Burzu
« passing Rebat a mile to our left, we reached Burzu, called also Servistan, the chief village of the district, situated at 7 fursacks, or 247½miles from Mahullu, aild containing, it was said, 800 families. » #3038 Keith E. Abbott, Notes Taken on a Journey Eastwards from Shiráz to Fessá and Darab, Thence Westwards by Jehrúm to Kazerún, in 1850, The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, London, 1857 ~ p. 152
« Burzu » in {map#1234 , , , 'Persia, Afghanistan an Beluchistan' [?26r] (1/2), British Library: India Office Records and Private Papers, Mss Eur F112/623, f 26, in Qatar Digital Library}
SOURCE for Sarvestan
« This route passed Tarom, Forgh, Rustak, Darab, Darakan, Fasa, Sarvestan and then Shiraz, and from there onwards to Isfahan. This was the normal trade route prior the reign of Shah `Abbas I (1587-1629) . » #3002 Willem Floor, Persian Gulf: Links with the Hinterland, Bushehr, Borazjan, Kazerun, Banu Ka`b and Bandar Abbas, Mage Publishers, Washington, 2015 ~ p. 252 and #1169 Floor, Willem, The Bandar Abbas-Isfahan Route in the Late Safavid era, Iran, Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies, London, 1999, 37:67-94 ~ p. 67
« Sarvistan and Kübanjan. (3) These are two towns that lie between Shiraz and Pasā. Their climate is like that of Shiraz. Thero are running streams and some few gardens, producing grapes and other fruits of the cold region. The hunting-grounds here are famous, especially the mountain … region of Kübanjān. Near here is the Salt Lake [Namakistān] (1), where no fish or creature can exist for its saltness. fn. 3 Sarvistën exists and Kübanjän is presumably equivalent to the modern Kühinjän (FNN. 221, 223). Yaqut (iv, 316) gives Kabanjän as "a village of the Shiraz (District)". Probably it is identical with al-Usbanjan, which Istakhri (p. 136) mentions, coupling it with Sarvistan.
fn. 1 Not marked on the map. » #3047 G. Le Strange, Description of the Province of Fars, in Persia, at the Beginning of the Twelfth Century A.D. Translated from the MS. of Ibn-al-Balkhi, in the British Museum, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1912 pp. 1-30, pp. 311-339, pp. 865-889 ~ pp. 327-8
« alternatives routes Route No. 1 Bandar Abbas to Shiraz(d). Via Jährüm, Khānch Kahdan, and Mahārlū; about equal in length and regularly used by Sarvistin Jährümb caravans; well supplied with provisions, easy, and in good lateral communication with the main route here described. » #3080 Simla Drawing Office, General Staff, India, Mobilisation Routes In Persia (Vol. IV, Part II) (Fars, Laristan, Kerman And Yazd) British Library: India Office Records and Private Papers, IOR/L/MIL/17/15/12/10, in Qatar Digital Library, ~ p. 161
SOURCE for Sarvistan
« After leaving this village came into country which was well cultivated, chiefly with tobacco; a small canal of running water ran close beside the road the whole way to Sarvistán, where we arrived at 5-45 P.M. » #3120 John Richard Preece, Notes of a journey made between Shiraz and Jashk, via Fassa, Darab, Bandar Abbas, and Minab, Superintendent Government Printing, India, Calcutta, 1884 ~ p. 3
SOURCE for Selvissoûn
« Après avoir marché cinq heures , nous trouvons le caravansérail d'Ali-Abâd . Plus loin est le grand village de Mino , riche en vergers . Un ruisseau venant des monts de l'E. , par un canal souterrain , répand la fécondité dans les champs environnans . Nous aperçûmes , peu après , le village de Selvissoûn , placé presqu'an pied d'une montagne .Nous y étions à trois heures un quart . [After walking for five hours, we found the caravanserai of Ali-Abâd. Further away is the large village of Mino, rich in orchards. A stream coming from the E mountains. , through an underground canal, spreads fertility in the surrounding fields. We saw, shortly after, the village of Selvissoûn, located almost at the foot of a mountain. We were there at a quarter past three.] » #3179 Adrien Dupré, Voyage en Perse, fait dans les années 1807, 1808 et 1809, en traversant la Natolie et la Mésopotamie, 1819 ~ vol. 1 p. 342
« Nous arrivâmes vers midi à Salvissoun, petit village avec de magnifiques vergers. Nous campâmes sous de grands mûriers, et près d'un ruisseau de fort belle eau. Comme le village est à une certaine distance, je fus peu importuné. [We arrived around noon in Salvissoun, a small village with magnificent orchards. We camped under large mulberry trees, and near a stream of very beautiful water. As the village is some distance away, I was not bothered much.] » #3241 Aucher-Eloy, Relations de voyages en Orient de 1830 à 1838. Part 2, 1843 ~ p. 602
SOURCE for Servistan

R101-009 Darab : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Darab , Darab-e Do , داراب , داراب ? ,
VARIANT names: Darab , Darabegird , Darabghierd , Darabgird , Darap ,
SOURCE for Darab
« Darab » in {map#1180 in #3079 Kleiss, Wolfram, Karawanenbauten in Iran. Materialien zur iranischen Archäologie, Materialien zur iranischen Archa¨ologie, D. Reimer, Berlin, 2000 Band 6:Teil 4: ~ fig. Abb. 5 Kartenausschnitt der Provinzen Bushehr und Fars}
« Après avoir eu long-temps , à quelque distance de nous , un nombre infini de ruines , parmi lesquelles est une colonne en briques , qui paraît avoir été un minaret , nous marchons entre des terres ensemencées pour arriver à Darâb . Cette ville , bâtie dans une vallée , est bornée au S. par deux collines que sépare un vallon [After having had for a long time, at some distance from us, an infinite number of ruins, among which is a brick column, which seems to have been a minaret, we walk between sown lands to arrive at Darâb. This town, built in a valley, is bounded to the S. by two hills separated by a valley.] » #3179 Adrien Dupré, Voyage en Perse, fait dans les années 1807, 1808 et 1809, en traversant la Natolie et la Mésopotamie, 1819 ~ vol. 1 p. 354
SOURCE for Darabegird
« Darābegird-Siraf. Darābegird 1 Tag Hasū » #1717 Schwarz, Paul, Iran im Mittelalter nach arabischen Geographen, O. Harrassowitz, Leipzig, 1896 ~ p. 201
SOURCE for Darabghierd
« Tra le altre ville che si passarono, si lascio anche addietro di lontano la città di Darabghierd, che ritiene infin oggi il nome di Dario, da costoro detto Darab, da cui è fama che fosse fabbricata. [Among the other villas that passed by, the city of Darabghierd was also left far behind, which to this day retains the name of Darius, called by them Darab, by whom it is said that it was built.] » #1530 Pietro Della Valle, Viaggi di Pietro della Valle: il pellegrino, G. Gancia, Brighton, 1843, ~ vol. 2 p. 278
SOURCE for Darabgird
« In the central and comparatively well-watered portion of the Darab district circular ramparts, still imposing in their decay and adjoined by a great fosse, guard the site of Darabgird, measuring fully a mile in diameter. Surface remains within clearly proved occupation extending from late pre-Muhammadan to mediaeval times. The view from a rocky hill in the centre indicated »#886 Stein, Sir M. Aurel, An Archaeological Tour in the Ancient Persis.The Persian province of Fars, The Geographical Journal, London, 1935 (Dec.), 86:6:489-97 ~ p. 495
« Darabagird VI D4
Ruines à 5 km au Sud de Darab Iran
Capitale (gasaba) de la circonscription du même
#2912 Georgette Cornu, Atlas du monde arabo-islamique a l'epoque classique IXe-Xe siecles, E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1985, ~ p. 48
« In Fars, a series of large, royal cities at Firuzabad, Bishapur, and Darabgird provide most of our archaeological evidence for settlement patterns in the heart of the empire. »#2357 Editor(s):D. T. Potts, A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2012, ~ p. 1079
« The town of Daráb, or rather Darábgird, as it should be written, is not so well built as Fassa: the houses are mostly built of mud and stones; very few of kiln-burnt bricks were to be seen. The main street is long and straggling, and there is not a proper bazar; but owing to the gardens, which are numerous and apparently thriv-ing, it appears to cover a lot of ground. » #3120 John Richard Preece, Notes of a journey made between Shiraz and Jashk, via Fassa, Darab, Bandar Abbas, and Minab, Superintendent Government Printing, India, Calcutta, 1884 ~ p. 9
SOURCE for Darap
« 20 mai. Nous partimes de grand matin, et arrivâmes à Darap vers midi.Darap est dans une belle situation; les eaux y sont abondantes; la plaine et les montagnes couvertes de végétation. Le Palmier y croît encore, mais n'y forme plus d'épaisses forêts; la chaleur n'étant plus trop ardente, il ne faut pas, comme dans les pays très-chauds, chercher à leur procurer de la fraîcheur par des irrigations [May 20. We left early in the morning, and arrived at Darap around noon.Darap is in a good situation; the waters are abundant there; the plain and the mountains covered with vegetation. The palm tree still grows there, but no longer forms thick forests; the heat no longer being too intense, we must not, as in very hot countries, try to provide them with coolness by irrigation. ] » #3241 Aucher-Eloy, Relations de voyages en Orient de 1830 à 1838. Part 2, 1843 ~ p. 598

R101-010 Furg : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Farak , Forg , Furg , Furk , فرگ ,
VARIANT names: Burj , Burk , Chuerch , Forg , Forgh , Furg , Porcam , Porcão [Furg] , Porg , Purg , Purg or Furg ,
SOURCE for Burj
« No longer remarkable are the two towns, or more exactly villages, of Darabjird, whose creation tradition ascribes to Darius I, and Furg or Furj, Arabic Burj, both also situated on the main road from Färs to Kirman. In the tenth century, there were fortified towns of commerce and industry here, and the main market was in Fasa. » #975 Barthold, W, An Historical Geography of Iran … translated By Svat Soucek, Edited with an Introduction By C.E. Bosworth, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, ~ p. 161
SOURCE for Burk
« and thence 3 leagues to Burk (Purg or Forg); from here it is 6 leagues to Tashlu, » #1764 trans. G. Le Strange, The Geographical Part of the Nuzhat-al-qulub¯ Composed by Hamd-Allāh Mustawfi of Qazwin in 740 (1340), Brill, Leiden, 1919 ~ p. 177
SOURCE for Chuerch
« Primo nui ritroviamo una città la qual se chiama Chuerch, 311) lassando certi castelli li quali se vedeno prima che s se ariva in ditta città, di quali non habbiamo cosa alcuna memorabile da dir; in questa città è una fossa d'aqua nel modo di una fontana, fn. 311. Chuerch. Termine evidentemente corrotto. Sembra probabile che si intenda la cittadina di Furg (anticamente Purg), sulla carovaniera da Shiraz a Bandar-'Abbās, via Däräbgird, a 160 km. da quest'ultima località. Muqaddasi, che scrive Furj, afferma che vi erano due città gemelle, Furj e Burk; la prima era dotata di numerose terme, poichè l'acqua vi abbondava, come del resto nella città vicina. Nulla egli dice però del pozzo descritto dal Barbaro. Non si trovano riferimenti a tale pozzo neppure nelle altre fonti da noi consultate, come il Fars-Nama di IBN AL-BALKHI (pp. 128, 130, 159 e 161) e la Nuzhat-al-Qulub del MUSTAUFI, cit., p. 37. Pietro della Valle attraverserà Purg (così egli scrive) viaggiando da Shiraz al Golfo Persico, ma non ne lascierà alcuna descrizione. E assai improbabile che il nome sia corruzione di Khärg o Kharak, perchè questa è un'isola, ciò che quasi certamente il Barbaro avrebbe fatto notare. (Lo.) [First we find a city called Chuerch, 311) leaving behind certain castles which are seen before one arrives in the said city, of which we have nothing memorable to say; in this city there is a ditch of water in the manner of a fountain, fn. 311. Chuerch. Evidently a corrupt term. It seems probable that the town of Furg (anciently Purg) is meant, on the caravan route from Shiraz to Bandar-'Abbās, via Däräbgird, 160 km. from the latter locality. Muqaddasi, who writes Furj, states that there were two twin cities, Furj and Burk; the first was equipped with numerous thermal baths, since water was abundant there, as in the neighbouring city. He says nothing, however, of the well described by Barbaro. There are no references to this well even in the other sources we consulted, such as the Fars-Nama of IBN AL-BALKHI (pp. 128, 130, 159 and 161) and the Nuzhat-al-Qulub of MUSTAUFI, cit., p. 37. Pietro della Valle will cross Purg (so he writes) traveling from Shiraz to the Persian Gulf, but will not leave any description of it. It is very unlikely that the name is a corruption of Khärg or Kharak, because this is an island, which is what the Barbaro would almost certainly have pointed out. (Lo.)] » #3310 Lockhart,L. Morozzo Della Rocca,R. Tiepolo,M.F., I viaggi in Persia degli ambasciatori veneti Barbaro e Contarini, Ist. Poligrafico dello Stato, 1973 ~ p. 146
SOURCE for Forg
« The town of Forg, so to call it, is surrounded by a mud wall in the form of a square, with a side of perhaps 400 yards, armed with round towers at regular intervals. It had four tall gates, and a governor's residence inside; but these are all ruined and deserted now. » #3078 Stack, Edward, Six months in Persia, Sampson Low, Marston, Searle and Rivington, London, 1882 ~ vol. 1 p. 156
« and at about 3 miles off had Forg before us; an easy hour's ride took us in.The plain is nearly circular, with several date topes about. We also saw two blue-domed Imamzadehs in the distance. The village of Forg is square, walled in by mud walls, with flanking towers, a gate with flanking towers, on its east and west faces. The houses are all built of mud or else sun-dried bricks; the best of them seem to be but a broken down concern.The place is in anything but a prosperous condition. The ople, however, were very civil and obliging. Water seems very plentiful, several small but good streams running through the streets. Provisions also in abundance and cheap. Distance 14 miles. » #3120 John Richard Preece, Notes of a journey made between Shiraz and Jashk, via Fassa, Darab, Bandar Abbas, and Minab, Superintendent Government Printing, India, Calcutta, 1884 ~ p. 15
« En nous dirigeant toujours vers l'ouest , nous arrivons à Forg à deux heures après - midi . On entre dans cette ville par un pont de pierre délabré . Elle est murée en partie , et de mauvais fossés sont creusés à l'entour . [Still heading west, we arrive at Forg at two o'clock in the afternoon. You enter this town via a dilapidated stone bridge. It is partly walled, and bad ditches are dug around it.] » #3179 Adrien Dupré, Voyage en Perse, fait dans les années 1807, 1808 et 1809, en traversant la Natolie et la Mésopotamie, 1819 ~ vol. 1 p. 363
« 17 mai. Forg. Comme nous nous sommes passablement élevés, la nuit fut très-froide. Forg est un peu en meilleur état que Taroun. Je croyais y trouver quelque chose à manger, mais il fallut me contenter de dattes, quoiqu'elles me fissent mal. Les mules qu'on m'avait annoncées étaient parties depuis quelques jours: il fallut encore avoir recours aux ânes, que je payai extrêmement cher. [May 17. Forg. As we rose quite a bit, the night was very cold. Forg is in slightly better shape than Taroun. I thought I would find something to eat there, but I had to make do with dates, although they hurt me. The mules that I had been told had left a few days ago: I still had to resort to donkeys, for which I paid extremely dearly.] » #3241 Aucher-Eloy, Relations de voyages en Orient de 1830 à 1838. Part 2, 1843 ~ p. 597
« At 9 miles it passes through the grass huts of Kohima, and at 10 miles enters the town of Forg. » #3269 H. B. Vaughan, Report of a journey through Persia., Superintendent of Government Printing in Calcutta, 1890 ~ p. 15
SOURCE for Forgh
SOURCE for Furg
« Furg is a town surrounded by a high mud wall, flanked at intervals of 75 yards by round mud towers. There is no ditch, but the defences are in a most ruinous state; a large tower in the centre of the town is used as a keep. » #3080 Simla Drawing Office, General Staff, India, Mobilisation Routes In Persia (Vol. IV, Part II) (Fars, Laristan, Kerman And Yazd) British Library: India Office Records and Private Papers, IOR/L/MIL/17/15/12/10, in Qatar Digital Library, ~ p. 218
« At 19½ miles the town of Furg is reached -vide stage 4, Route No. 2 (A). » #3080 Simla Drawing Office, General Staff, India, Mobilisation Routes In Persia (Vol. IV, Part II) (Fars, Laristan, Kerman And Yazd) British Library: India Office Records and Private Papers, IOR/L/MIL/17/15/12/10, in Qatar Digital Library, ~ p. 495
SOURCE for Porcam
« PorcamOn the Saturday of May they set out from Taurom on their way, and on Sunday they arrived at Porcam, a place of Braim Beça, and they lodged in a large orange grove that had two houses and a large vineyard and dates and others belonging to the governor » #2516 Afonso de Albuquerque, ed.Raymundo Antonio de Bulhão Pato, Henrique Lopes de Mendonça, Cartas de Affonso de Albuquerque, seguidas de documentos que as elucidam, Academia Real Das Sciencias de Lisboa, 1884, 1898 ~ vol. 2 p. 236
SOURCE for Porcão [Furg]
« They departed from Taurom on Saturday the 19th of May, [and] following their way, they arrived at Porcão [Furg] on Sunday, [a] place of Braym Beça, and they were lodged in a great orange grove of his, which had two places with houses and a great vineyard and dates and other [*] fruits and great rearing of horses and livestock. It has forty inhabitants, and around it many of his places greater than this. Here they were until Tuesday [May 22, 1515 » #3565 Smith, Ronald Bishop, The First Age of the Portuguese Embassies, Navigations and Peregrinations in Persia (1507-1524), Decatur Press, Bethesda, Maryland, 1970 ~ p. 41
SOURCE for Porg
Porg
- Attestations: The mint signature PW/PWRGY has been attached to a location in Fars
based on die linkages between coins with this signature and other editions produced in
Fars by Bahram IV and Yazdgerd I. Mochiri has identified this mint signature with
Forg (112).
- Identification: Forg was a town and district in Darabgerd Khurrah. The modern town of
Forg is located to the southeast of Darab. Remains of a fire temple known as Chak Chak
are located to the east of Forg (113), providing confirmation of the existence of a Sasanian
settlement in this area.
SOURCE for Purg
« Purg- Attestations: The mint signature PW/PWRGY has been attached to a location in Pars based on die linkages between coins with this signature and other editions produced in Pārs by Wahram IV and Yazdegird I. Mochiri has identified this mint signature with 97 Purg- Identification: Purg was a town and district in Darabgerd. The modern town of Forg is located to the southeast of Darab. Remains of a fire temple known as Cak-Cak are located to the east of Forg, providing confirmation of the existence of a Sasanian set- tlement in this area. » #3092 Negin Miri, Sasanian Pars: Historical Geography and Administrative Organization, Mazda Publishers, Costa Mesa, California, 2012 ~ p. 64
SOURCE for Purg or Furg
« Il venerdi, al far del giorno, dopo aver fatto cinque leghe, arrivammo a posarci in una villa molto grossa, di forse duemila case, sparse tuttavia in confuso tra gli alberi de' dattili, sotto ai quali son rozzamente fabbricate, e la chiamano Purg, ovvero Furg, che così l'usano di scrivere. [On Friday, at daybreak, after having traveled five leagues, we arrived to settle in a very large villa, of perhaps two thousand houses, however scattered in confusion among the dactyl trees, under which they are rudely built, and they call it Purg , or Furg, which is how they write it.] » #1530 Pietro Della Valle, Viaggi di Pietro della Valle: il pellegrino, G. Gancia, Brighton, 1843, ~ vol. 2 p. 280

R101-011 Tarom : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Tarom , Tarum , طارم ,
VARIANT names: Tarim ou Tarum , Tarom , Taroun , Taroûn , Tarum , Taurom ,
SOURCE for Tarim ou Tarum
« Tarim ou Tarum V1 D4
Id Iran
Cité de la nahiya (territoire) de Hasü I 109, 132, 135, 136, 153, Η 262, 268, 299, 305 Hur 46, Muq 423, 429, 442, 454, 456 Yaq 1, 812, LS 292, Schw 107 » #3038 Keith E. Abbott, Notes Taken on a Journey Eastwards from Shiráz to Fessá and Darab, Thence Westwards by Jehrúm to Kazerún, in 1850, The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, London, 1857 ~
SOURCE for Tarom
SOURCE for Taroun
« On cultive dans cet abadeh quelque peu d'orge. Nous y passâmes la nuit, et le 15 au matin nous nous rendîmes à Taroun, qui n'en était éloigné que de trois heures. D'après les éloges des gens du pays et de Chardin, je croyais trouver un pays charmant, où l'on cultivait l'oranger et beaucoup d'arbres à fruits, mais je fus bien détrompé; un pays ruiné, des eaux détestables, et seulement des palmiers; le bazar n'est composé que de deux ou trois mauvaises boutiques. Les montagnes y sont basses et brûlées; je ne sais où les géographes ont trouvé la haute montagne marquée sur les cartes. [Some barley is grown in this abadeh. We spent the night there, and on the morning of the 15th we went to Taroun, which was only three hours away. According to the praises of the locals and of Chardin, I thought I found a charming country, where orange trees and many fruit trees were cultivated, but I was very much deceived; a ruined country, detestable waters, and only palm trees; the bazaar is only made up of two or three bad shops. The mountains there are low and scorched; I don't know where the geographers found the high mountain marked on the maps.] » #3241 Aucher-Eloy, Relations de voyages en Orient de 1830 à 1838. Part 2, 1843 ~ p. 596
SOURCE for Taroûn
« Nous séjournâmes le 30 à Taroûn . Le gouverneur nous fit un accueil très - gracieux . Son palais est petit , et bâti sur la porte d'entrée de la ville . [We stayed on the 30th in Taroûn. The governor gave us a very gracious welcome. His palace is small, and built on the entrance gate to the city.] » #3179 Adrien Dupré, Voyage en Perse, fait dans les années 1807, 1808 et 1809, en traversant la Natolie et la Mésopotamie, 1819 ~ vol. 1 p. 376
SOURCE for Tarum
« Leaving Shiraz this road went by Sarvistan and Fasâ to Dârâbjird, Furg, and Tarum, whence turning due south it struck the coast, in early times at Sûrû, or Shahrû, or, as Mustawfi calls it, Tûsar. » #895 Le Strange, G., The lands of the Eastern Caliphate. Mesopotamia, Persia, and Central Asia from the Moslem conquest to the time of Timur., Cambridge University Press, London, 1905, ~ p. 295
« The Village Tarum, which is the Chief of many Villages, was much decay'd Anno 1630. The Inhabitants thereof are subject to the Prince of Lar. It hath under its Jurisdiction the Village Seid Geuder, beyond which is a large Plain, and at a small distanceruns the Brook Absciur, which signifies Salt Water. » #3302 Ogilby, John, Asia. The first part being an accurate description of Persia, and the several provinces thereof : ..., Printed by the author at his house in White-friers, London, 1673 ~ p. 7
« and thence to Tarum (25), where cattle are fed with dates bought at four altins a batman (26). And from Tarum I journeyed to Lar fn. 25 Kashan, Nain, Sirjan and Tarum, Iranian towns. fn. 26 Batman, a weight varying locally. » #623 Nikitin, Athanasy, Khozhenie za tri moria Afanasiia Nikitina, 1466-1472 gg. (Afansy Nikitin's Voyage beyond the Three Seas, 1466-1472), Moskva, 1960, ~ p. 109
« At 9 miles Tarum. Road rough to half-way, thence level. Tarum is a large village with two forts. About 3 miles E. N. E.is a large village, Gakum, of 1,000 inhabitants. » #3331 Routes in Persia, Section 1, British Library: India Office Records and Private Papers, Mss Eur F111/369, in Qatar Digital Library, ~ p. 59
SOURCE for Taurom
« Partiram daly e foram ter a outro lugar grande, o senhor do qual auia nome mergiladim que lhes fez muita honra e os agasalhou e deu de comer e mantimento pera dous dias, será homem de sesenta annos bem disposto, tem tres filhos homeens, e o lugar ha nome taurom, [They left from there and went to another large place, whose lord was called Mergiladim, who did them much honor and gave them shelter and food and provisions for two days, he is a man of sixty years old, well disposed, he has three sons, and the place is called Taurom,] » #2516 Afonso de Albuquerque, ed.Raymundo Antonio de Bulhão Pato, Henrique Lopes de Mendonça, Cartas de Affonso de Albuquerque, seguidas de documentos que as elucidam, Academia Real Das Sciencias de Lisboa, 1884, 1898 ~ vol. 2 p. 236

R101-012 Suru : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Siru , Soro , Soru , Surak , Suru , سر , سرو , سورك , سورو ,
VARIANT names: Benderi du ser , Caura , Chaurú , Kahūrū , Karú , Saru , Shahru , Siru , Sourou , Suru , Tusar ,
SOURCE for Benderi du ser
« We learned in this villa that the port they call Benderi du ser, or Port of the Two Capes, where we wanted to go to embark secretly, to be the closest to Hormuz, is the least frequented by Cafile » #1530 Pietro Della Valle, Viaggi di Pietro della Valle: il pellegrino, G. Gancia, Brighton, 1843, ~ vol. 2 p. 289
SOURCE for Caura
« Au piéd de la chaîne de collines qui ferme la presqu’île, la plage de Kahūrū (“le petit kahūr”) (88), sur la côte ouest, n’était pas utilisée pour le débarquement des marchandises. Son éloignement relatif de la ville (89) en faisait un lieu de retraite ou de divertissement, et à l'occasion un point propice aux descentes ennemies (90).
fn. 88 Chaurú (Couto, VI/10-3, p. 416); Karú (Teixeira, II, p. 21, 36, etc.); Caura (doc. de 1622, dans Luciano Cordeiro, Dois capitães da India, Lisbonne 1898, p. 40). Cf. aussi Figueroa, I, p. 254, 255.
fn. 89 Nimdihi, sous 820, place Kahürü à un demi-farsah, soit environ 3 km. Les auteurs portugais ayant résidé à Ormuz donnent des distances un peu plus courtes (l'aggloméra- tion s'étant étendue ?): un tiers de lieue selon Bastião Lopez Lobato, lettre à D. Afonso de Noronha, d'Ormuz, 31.X.1552 (CC. I-89-9); deux mille passos selon Teixeira, II, p. 21. Cf. aussi note 92.
fn. 90 Les Ottomans de Piri Reis y débarquent en 1552, les Anglo-Persans en 1622. 91 Ga'fari (inédit); Titolo das remdas, p. 225.
[At the foot of the chain of hills that encloses the peninsula, Kahūrū beach (“little kahūr”) (88), on the west coast, was not used for landing goods. Its relative remoteness from the city (89) made it a place of retreat or entertainment, and on occasion a favorable point for enemy raids (90).
fn. 88 Chaurú (Couto, VI/10-3, p. 416); Karú (Teixeira, II, p. 21, 36, etc.); Caura (doc. of 1622, in Luciano Cordeiro, Dois capitães da India, Lisbon 1898, p. 40). See also Figueroa, I, p. 254, 255.
fn. 89 Nimdihi, under 820, places Kahürü at half a farsah, or about 3 km. Portuguese authors who resided in Ormuz give slightly shorter distances (the agglomeration having extended?): a third of a league according to Bastião Lopez Lobato, letter to D. Afonso de Noronha, from Ormuz, 31. X.1552 (CC.I-89-9); two thousand passos according to Teixeira, II, p. 21. See also footnote 92.
fn. 90 The Ottomans from Piri Reis landed there in 1552, the Anglo-Persians in 1622. 91 Ga'fari (unpublished); Titolo das remdas, p. 225.] » #898 Aubin, Jean, Le royaume d'Ormuz au début du XVIe siècle, Mare Luso-Indicum, Geneva, 1973 ~ pp. 93-4
SOURCE for Chaurú
« CHAURÚ, lugar de - Sirú, em 27° 10' lat. N. e 56° 15' long. E., no litoral norte do estreito de Clarence, a ocidente e próximo da ilha de Ormuz. [Diogo do Couto - Da Ásia]. .» #2603 Visconde De Lagoa, Glossario Toponimico Da Antiga Historiografia Portuguesa Ultramarina, Oficina Grafica, Casa Portuguesa Rua Das Gaveas, 1953 ~ vol. A-C p. 228
SOURCE for Kahūrū
SOURCE for Karú
« KARU, lugar de - V. Chaurú, lugar de . » #2603 Visconde De Lagoa, Glossario Toponimico Da Antiga Historiografia Portuguesa Ultramarina, Oficina Grafica, Casa Portuguesa Rua Das Gaveas, 1953 ~ vol. D-N p. 167
SOURCE for Saru
« The village of Saru is open to the sea-breeze. Its houses glancing white through the screen of trees, are apparently constructed of stone and lime. The village seems to be the garden of Bunder Abbas, and to be used by the well-to-do inhabitants. » #3208 Samuel Butcher, Persia 1888. From Rishir to Bunder Abbas, 1894 ~ p. 38
SOURCE for Shahru
« The name Djarun was transferred to the small town and port of Suru or Shahru on the mainland 17 km to the north-west, where goods in transit to or from Hormuz were transhipped; this name became corrupted to Gamru and was further corrupted by Europeans into Gambrun, Gombrun and Gombroon. » #2645 The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd Edition, Brill, Leiden, ~ vol. 3 p. 585
SOURCE for Siru
SOURCE for Sourou
« Sourou » #3179 Adrien Dupré, Voyage en Perse, fait dans les années 1807, 1808 et 1809, en traversant la Natolie et la Mésopotamie, 1819 ~ vol. 2 p. 490
SOURCE for Suru
« The name Djarun was transferred to the small town and port of Sūrū or Shahru on the mainland 17 km to the north-west, where goods in transit to or from Hormuz were transhipped; this name became corrupted to Gamru and was further corrupted by Europeans into Gambrun, Gombrun and Gombroon. » #2645 The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd Edition, Brill, Leiden, ~ vol. 3 p. 585
« From Târum the caravan road went almost due south to the coast, where lay the port of Sûrû, or Shahrû, over against the island of Hurmuz. Mustawfi names the port Tûsar, but the reading is un- certain. The Arab geographers speak of Sûrû as a village of fisher- men, having no mosque, and dependent for the water-supply on wells dug in the neighbouring hills. There was, Mukaddasî adds, much trade with 'Omân across the gulf, and the place, which he speaks of as a small town, lay exactly on the Kirmân frontier. » #895 Le Strange, G., The lands of the Eastern Caliphate. Mesopotamia, Persia, and Central Asia from the Moslem conquest to the time of Timur., Cambridge University Press, London, 1905 ~ p. 292
SOURCE for Tusar
« Mustawfî names the port Tûsar, but the reading is uncertain. The Arab geographers speak of Suru as a village of fishermen, having no mosque, and dependent for the water-supply on wells dug in the neighbouring hills. There was, Mu?addasî adds, much trade with 'Oman across the gulf, and the place, which he speaks of as a small town, lay exactly on the Kirmân border. » #895 p. 292

R101-013 Bandar Abbas
R101-013 Bandar Abbas : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Bandar `Abbas , Bandar `Abbasi , Bandar-e `Abbas , Cambarao , Gombroon , Gumrun , Port Comorao , بندر عباس , بندر عباس , بندر عباسی , گمبرن ,
VARIANT names: Bandar , Bandar Abbas , Bandar port , Bandel , Bandel do Comorão , Bander - Abassi , Bander goomroone , Bander-Abaffie , Banderabassi , Bander-Abassi , Banderabassy , Bender Abaʃʃi , Bender gomrow , Bender-Abassy , Bender-Abbassi , Camarão , Combrú , Comerão , Gambrun , Gamron , Gamru , Gamrun , Gombroon , Gombrun , Goumeron , Hurmuz or Bandar ,
SOURCE for Bandar
« so that I re|solv'd to get to Bandar, whatever it cost me, out of the confidence I had that there, among so many Merchants of several Nations who trade thither, I should find some ease. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 6
SOURCE for Bandar Abbas
« There are grounds for believing that the town is situated on or near the site of the small fishing village of Shahrū (see Iṣṭakhri, 67) or Shahruvā (see the Ḥudūd al-ʿAlam, 124 and 375). When the neighbouring island of Djarūn (or Djarrūn) ceased to be so called and was given instead the name of Hormuz at the beginning of the 8th/14th century, the former name was transferred to Shahrū. » #2645 The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd Edition, Brill, Leiden, ~ vol. 1 p. 1013
« trockensten, allerheißesten, giftigsten, ungesundesten, verfluchtesten und der Hölle schatverwande Ormusschen Seehafen und Stadt Gamron oder Bandar 'Abbas. [driest, hottest, most poisonous, unhealthy, most cursed and hell-bound Ormuz seaport and city of Gamron or Bandar 'Abbas.] » #3220 Engelbert Kaempfer, ed. Karl Meier-Lemgo, Die Reisetagebu¨cher, F. Steiner, Weisbaden, 1968 ~ p. 125
« Leaving Chahaly, immediately dropped into the wide bed of a river with high sandstone cliffs on each side. This we followed for 20 minutes, and then ascending the cliffs to the right by a sharp, short pass, got into a lot of curious sandstone hills cut up in every direction into funny forms and peaks by the effects of running water, Followed along a road in the plateau of sandstone, which was nothing but a series of narrow troughs cut by the innumerable feet of donkeys and assisted by rain, for over an hour, and then descending quickly, came on to the sands which surround Bandar Abbas. » #3120 John Richard Preece, Notes of a journey made between Shiraz and Jashk, via Fassa, Darab, Bandar Abbas, and Minab, Superintendent Government Printing, India, Calcutta, 1884 ~ p. 22
« 1614. (The Captain-major) “under orders of Dom Luis da Gama returned to succour Comorão, but found the enemy’s fleet already there and the fort surrendered.…News which was heard by Dom Luis da Gama and most of the people of Ormuz in such way as might be expected, some of the old folks of Ormuz prognosticating at once that in losing Comorão Ormuz itself would be lost before long, seeing that the former was like a barbican or outwork on which the rage of the Persian enemy spent itself, giving time to Ormuz to prepare against their coming thither.” - Bocarro, Decada, 349. » #379 Yule, Henry and Burnell A. C., Hobson-Jobson, The Anglo-Indian Dictionary, Wordsworth Editions Ltd, Ware, Hertfordshire, 1996 ~ p. 384
« from Lar to Bandar (28). And that is where the harbour of Hormuz (29) is, fn. 28 By "Bandar" (lit., harbour) Nikitin means Old Hormuz (see next note).fn. 29 Hormuz is an island and old seaport in the Persian Gulf. Old Hormuz stood on the coast. » #623 Nikitin, Athanasy, Khozhenie za tri moria Afanasiia Nikitina, 1466-1472 gg. (Afansy Nikitin's Voyage beyond the Three Seas, 1466-1472), Moskva, 1960, ~ p. 109
SOURCE for Bandar port
« Ho dominguo pela menhaam chegaram ao porto de banda que está na terra firme tres legoas d ormuz, [On Sunday morning they arrived at the port of Banda, which is on dry land three leagues from Ormuz,] » #2516 Afonso de Albuquerque, ed.Raymundo Antonio de Bulhão Pato, Henrique Lopes de Mendonça, Cartas de Affonso de Albuquerque, seguidas de documentos que as elucidam, Academia Real Das Sciencias de Lisboa, 1884, 1898 ~ vol. 2 p. 235
SOURCE for Bandel
« fn. 11 In referring to the general area of the Persian littoral, Silva y Figueroa employs the Portuguese term Bandel, based on Persian bandar (meaning “harbor city”); this region corresponds to the present-day Iranian province of Hormozgān, which faces the Persian Gulf near the Straits of Hormuz (see p. 244) » #2651 trans. and ed; Jeffrey S. Turley and George Bryan Souza, The Commentaries of D. García de Silva y Figueroa on his Embassy to Shah ʿAbbās I of Persia on Behalf of Philip III, King of Spain, Brill, Leiden, 2017 ~ p. 246
« fn. 94 The Persian word bandar, meaning “harbor city,” refers to the Persian littoral around
Gamrū [Bandar-e ʿAbbās]; see YandB, 58, s.v. “bandel.” For the province in which the Bandel
is located, see p. 246 n. 11. » #2651 trans. and ed; Jeffrey S. Turley and George Bryan Souza, The Commentaries of D. García de Silva y Figueroa on his Embassy to Shah ʿAbbās I of Persia on Behalf of Philip III, King of Spain, Brill, Leiden, 2017 ~ p. 285
The next morning the sultan of the Bandel, under whose jurisdiction [fol. 476r] falls the section of mainland between Gamrū and the island of Qeshm, » #2651 trans. and ed; Jeffrey S. Turley and George Bryan Souza, The Commentaries of D. García de Silva y Figueroa on his Embassy to Shah ʿAbbās I of Persia on Behalf of Philip III, King of Spain, Brill, Leiden, 2017 ~ p. 732
« The Portuguese were detained "some days" at the port of Bandel, taking horses (canalgaduras) to ride upon, and camels for their possessions (fato), and sundry other things for their journey. Our author, in a brief note, describes Bandel (Bandar Abbas) as a place of thatched houses, inhabited by poor people, living in a land well provided with dates. » #3255 Ronald Bishop Smith., The First Age of the Portuguese Embassies, Navigations and Peregrinations in Persia (1507-1524), Decatur Press, Bethesda, Maryland, 1970 ~ p. 64
SOURCE for Bandel do Comorão
« The origins of Bandel do Comorão lay in the period after the Portuguese took Hormuz in 1515 during ‘the time of the Kings of Lar who allowed them to stay there so they could better supply Ormuz.’ (5) The island’s hereditary rulers had traditionally claimed allegiance from parts of Mughestan and Birunat from which were derived significant revenues.(6)
fn. 5 CASA OCD 234/d, Fr Redento de la Cruz, Relación. chap. XXX, f.1
fn. 6 Aubin, Jean. 1973 ‘Le Royaume d’Ormuz au début du XVIe siècle’, Mare Luso-Indicum, vol 2, 107-8. Mughestan comprised the coastal territory east of the Strait of Hormuz between Minab in the north and the southern coast at Jask. Minab, Manujan and Vaskird, north-east of the Strait, represented three districts of Birunat from which Hormuz earned revenues. » #1698 Faridany, E. K., Signal Defeat: the Portuguese Loss of Comorão in 1614 and its Political and Commercial Consequences at Portugal, The Persian Gulf and Safavid Persia Conference, 8-9 September 2007 The Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, Washington, 2007 ~ p.2
SOURCE for Bander - Abassi
« On a à la gauche les montagnes, et la mer à la droite, mais à tant de distance qu'on ne la voit que quand on est tout proche de Bander - Abassi; on dé- couvre sur la route plusieurs bois de dattiers, qui sont les maisons d'été des gens de ces pays- là. A cinq cents pas de la ville, il y a un bureau de raalidars, ou gardes des grands chemins, qui sert de bornes au gouvernement de Laar, lequel s'étend jusqu'en ce lieu. Je fus mettre pied à terre au bureau de la compagnie des Indes orientales de France , dont un fort honnête homme de Dijon, nommé M. Perrot , ëtolt le chef. [We have the mountains on the left, and the sea on the right, but at such a distance that we only see it when we are very close to Bander - Abassi; On the road we discover several date palm groves, which are the summer homes of the people of these countries. Five hundred steps from the town, there is an office of raalidars, or guards of the highways, which serves as boundaries for the government of Laar, which extends to this place. I disembarked at the office of the French East India Company, of which a very honest man from Dijon, named M. Perrot, was the head.] » #3213 Sir John Chardin, ed. Louis Langlès, Voyages du Chevalier Chardin en Perse et autres lieux de l’Orient, Nouvelle édition, Le Normant, Imprimeur-Libraire, Paris, 1811 ~ vol. 8 pp. 505-6
SOURCE for Bander goomroone
19 The 19th daye being Fridaye we came to Bander goomroone [Gombroon], being the port,wch place we did long to see; and att lengtht the almighti God out of His bountiful merciehath brought vs safe, haueing past thorow great many misseries and troubles. This night Mr.Robert Hedges, a gentn and being a spetiall freind of mine, agreed wth my self for to ride thorow to the towne being 7 lges., and lighted att the English howse, wher we were courteousely entertayned.Here we took our lodging this night.
SOURCE for Bander-Abaffie
« « Endlich den 15, Octobr.noch fruhe mors gens bey guter Zeit langten wir vor Ban- der-Abaffie an: wurden ganz gutig und ungehindert eingelassen/ und gleich im ersten Eingang von verschiedenen Euro påern freundlichst begrússet/uud in gelegene Caravanfera eingewiesen. [Finally, on October 15th, early in the morning, we arrived at Bander-Abaffie in good time. We were let in very easily and without hindrance and were greeted very kindly by several Europeans at the first entrance and shown to the nearby caravan site.] » #1609 Schillinger, Franz Caspar, Persianische und Ost-Indianische Reis, Nu¨rnberg, 1707~ » #1609 Schillinger, Franz Caspar, Persianische und Ost-Indianische Reis, Nu¨rnberg, 1707 ~ p. 272-3
SOURCE for Banderabassi
« Banderabassi » in {map#980 Plan particulier du golfe de Perse, depuis les caps de Rosalgatte et de Jasque, jusqu'à Bassora / [d'Après de Mannevillette] ; Dheulland sculp, Anonyme, Guillaume Dheulland, Graveur, 1700-1799, Bibliothèque nationale de France, département Cartes et plans, GE DD-2987 (6746)} see AHduGP map 74
SOURCE for Bander-Abassi
« De Bend-Ali au Bander-Abassi il n'y a plus que deux grandes lieues, et la plus grande partie du chemin est un pays de palmiers. [From Bend-Ali to Bander-Abassi there are only two long leagues, and the greater part of the way is a country of palm trees.] » #3144 Jean-Baptiste Tavernier, Pascal Pia, Voyages en Perse et description de ce royaume par Jean-Babtiste Tavernier Marchand Francais, E´d. du Carrefour, Paris, 1930 ~ p. 326
« Le 20, me trouvant pressé par les médecins d'emmener mes gens hors du Bander-Abassi, [On the 20th, finding myself under pressure from the doctors to take my people out of Bander-Abassi,] » #3213 Sir John Chardin, ed. Louis Langlès, Voyages du Chevalier Chardin en Perse et autres lieux de l’Orient, Nouvelle édition, Le Normant, Imprimeur-Libraire, Paris, 1811 ~ vol. 9 p. 78
SOURCE for Banderabassy
« I left Surat on February 21, 1671, on an English ship bound for the port of Banderabassy, from where I set out by land on March 25, to go as far as Babylon. » #3606 Voyage des Indes orientales, mêlé de plusieurs histoires curieuses, par M. Carré.., Vve de C. Barbin, Paris, 1699 ~ vol. 1 p. 143
SOURCE for Bender Abaʃʃi
« us from the Fort of Bender Abaʃʃi, it we had come there in the Night time, and therefore we parted not from Bendali till next day at half an hour after two in the Morning, and a little after five a Clock we came to the Houſe of a Rhadar near the Town of Bender, » #1574 Thévenot, Jean de, The travels of Monsieur de Thévenot into the Levant : in three parts, viz. into I. Turkey, II. Persia, III. The East-Indies / newly done out of French., Printed by H. Clark for H. Faithorne [etc.], 1687 ~ pt. 2 p. 135
SOURCE for Bender gomrow
« The second of August about mid- night, I arrived at Bender gomrow, where the Portugals keepe a Castle with seven or eight Souldiers, within it. And this Bender gomrow, which is on the mayne land, was sometimes the Kings of Lar, and after that Abreham Cans, and so it came to the King of Ormus. » #3292 John Newberry, Two Voyages of John Newberry, in: Purchas, Samuel, Hakluytus posthumus, or Purchas his pilgrimes : contayning a history of the world in sea voyages and lande travells by Englishmen and others in 20 vols., Glasgow : J. Maclehose, , 1905, vol. 8 pp. 449-481 ~ p. 460
SOURCE for Bender-Abassy
« 27 avril. Les chameaux sont en effet arrivés, et j'espère enfin quitter Bender-Abassy, où la chaleur est extrême, et l'air excessivement mauvais. [April 27. The camels have indeed arrived, and I hope to finally leave Bender-Abassy, where the heat is extreme, and the air extremely bad. ] » #3241 Aucher-Eloy, Relations de voyages en Orient de 1830 à 1838. Part 2, 1843 ~ p. 585
SOURCE for Bender-Abbassi
« Nous arrivâmes à midi à Bender-Abbassi . Le commandant eut la bonté de venir nous recevoir à la porte de sa maison . [We arrived at Bender-Abbassi at noon.] » #3179 Adrien Dupré, Voyage en Perse, fait dans les années 1807, 1808 et 1809, en traversant la Natolie et la Mésopotamie, 1819 ~ vol. 1 p. 390
SOURCE for Camarão
« GOMBROON, n.p. The old name in European documents of the place on the Persian Gulf now known as Bandar ’Abbas, or ’Abbasi. The latter name was given to it when Shah ’Abbas, after the capture and destruction of the island city of Hormuz, established a port there. The site which he selected was the little town of Gambrún. This had been occupied by the Portuguese, who took it from the ‘King of Lar’ in 1612, but two years later it was taken by the Shah. The name is said (in the Geog. Magazine, i. 17) to be Turkish, meaning ‘a Custom House.’ The word alluded to is probably gumruk, which has that meaning, and which is again, through Low Greek, from the Latin commercium. But this etymology of the name seems hardly probable. That indicated in the extract from A. Hamilton below is from Pers. kamrun, ‘a shrimp,’ or Port. camarão, meaning the same. » #379 Yule, Henry and Burnell A. C., Hobson-Jobson, The Anglo-Indian Dictionary, Wordsworth Editions Ltd, Ware, Hertfordshire, 1996 ~ p. 384
SOURCE for Combrú
« 1622.—“That evening, at two hours of the night, we started from below that fine tree, and after travelling about a league and a half…we arrived here in Combrú, a place of decent size and population on the sea-shore, which the Persians now-a-days, laying aside as it were the old name, call the ‘Port of Abbas,’ because it was wrested from the Portuguese, who formerly possessed it, in the time of the present King Abbas.”—P. della Valle, ii. 413; [in Hak. Soc. i. 3, he calls it Combu]. » #379 Yule, Henry and Burnell A. C., Hobson-Jobson, The Anglo-Indian Dictionary, Wordsworth Editions Ltd, Ware, Hertfordshire, 1996 ~ p. 384
SOURCE for Comerão
« No entanto o rei da Persia tinhase já apoderado em 1614 do forte de Comerão na terra firme, a tres leguas de Ormuz e das ilhas de Baharem e de Queixome, aquella muito rica por causa da pesca das perolas, e esta porque abastecia Ormuz de agua doce e de refrescos. [However, in 1614 the king of Persia had already taken over the fort of Comerão on the mainland, three leagues from Ormuz and the islands of Baharem and Queixome, the former very rich because of pearl fishing, and the latter because it supplied Ormuz with water. candy and refreshments] » #2280 Manoel Bernardes Branco, Portugal e os estrangeiros, Livraria De A. M. Pereira, Lisboa, 1879 ~ p. 315
SOURCE for Gambrun
« Of these possibly Najiram may stand for the island of Jarm on which the later town of Hurmuz stood. Karman is the Carmon of p. 76, n. 1, and p. 77, n. 1, i.e., Gambrun, which is not far from the site of Hurmuz in Mas'udi's time. » #40 Barbosa, Duarte, The Book of Duarte Barbosa, an Account of the Countries Bordering on the Indian Ocean and Their Inhabitants. Translated by M. L. Dames, Hakluyt Society:Asian Educational Services, London:New Delhi, 1918-21:2002 ~ p.79 notes
SOURCE for Gamron
« bezitten wij min of meer uitgebreide aanteekeningen van de hand der vele Europeanen, die hunne lotgevallen hebben te boek gesteld). Sedert echter Gamron (Bender-Abbas) in de tweede helft der 18de eeuw zijn plaats als [We have more or less extensive notes by many Europeans who have recorded their adventures. However, since Gamron (Bender-Abbas) took its place in the second half of the 18th century] » #3226 Cornelis Janszoon Speelman Ed. A. Hotz, Journaal der reis van den gezant der O.I. Compagnie Joan Cunaeus naar perzië in 1651-1652, J. Müller, 1908 ~ p. V
« The path from here to Gamron extends eastward, and partly along the shore. » #3227 LeBrun, Corneille, Voyages de Corneille Le Brun par la Moscovie, en Perse, et aux Indes Orientales., Wetstein, Amsterdam, 1718 ~ p. 319
« Den 29. dito zyn wy na Bendar Abaafi vertrokken, en tot Gamron (zynde de zelve ſtad, na Abaaz Bandar Abaafi genaamd) gekomen. [On the 29th we left Bendar Abaafi and came to Gamron (the same city called Bandar Abaafi after Abaaz).] » #2655 Francois Valentyn, Oud en nieuw Oost-Indien vervattende een naaukeurige en uitvoerige verhandelinge van Nederlands mogentheyd in die gewesten, benevens eene wydlustige beschryvinge der Moluccos ...,, Joannes van Braam, 1726, ~ vol. 5 p. 267
« 23 Nov 1645 » #3230 Dagh Register gehouden bij den oppercoopman Leonard Winninx ‘tsindert den 6 Julij anno 1645 dat uijt Gamron naer Spahan vertreckt, tot den 24e November, daeraen volgende, als wanneer in gemelte Gamron wederom gearriveert is." inventory number 1152 catalogue reference number 1.04.02, Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, ~ f. 385
SOURCE for Gamru
« However, in 1622, when Hormuz changed hands, most buildings were destroyed and the Safavides decided to divert all traffic to Gamru, on the mainland opposite of Hormuz. The rise of Gamru, named Bandar 'Abbàs by their new masters, caused the final decline of Hormuz. » #2023 Ralph Kauz and Roderich Ptak, Hormuz in Yuan and Ming sources, Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient, ~ p. 29
« The tents were pitched next to the remains of the fortress of Gamrū, the same one that had been so infamously lost three years earlier,(3) the blame for which falls [margin: less heavily] on its defenders [margin: than upon those who failed to come to its aid]. [fol. 192v] The Ambassador was forced to tarry in this location for a few days in the blistering heat because horses had to be purchased for his servants and for the monks he had brought with him for the journey to Lār and Shirāz. fn 3 3 See p. 246, n. 11. » #2651 trans. and ed; Jeffrey S. Turley and George Bryan Souza, The Commentaries of D. García de Silva y Figueroa on his Embassy to Shah ʿAbbās I of Persia on Behalf of Philip III, King of Spain, Brill, Leiden, 2017, ~ p. 289
SOURCE for Gamrun
« The great depot for the produce of India, China, and Persia, was then removed to Gombroon* and Ormuz, and has ever since remained in the hands of the Persian monarch. » fn. « * Gamrún, or Gamrú.-E » #253 Kempthorne, Lieut. G.B., Notes on a Survey along the Eastern Shores of the Persian Gulf in 1828, Royal Geographical Society, 1835
SOURCE for Gombroon
« The name Djarun was transferred to the small town and port of Suru or Shahru on the mainland 17 km to the north-west, where goods in transit to or from Hormuz were transhipped; this name became corrupted to Gamru and was further corrupted by Europeans into Gambrun, Gombrun and Gombroon. » #2645 The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd Edition, Brill, Leiden, ~ vol. 3 p. 585
« they returning to Gombroon, and we going on Three Pharsangs that Night to Band Ally (1) fn. 1 Band ’All, “the embankment of ’All,” about 9 miles S.W. of Bandar ’Abbas. “The first night (from Gombroon) we rode to Bandally, sixteene English miles (and most part along the Gulph)” » #1591 Fryer, John M. D., A New Account of East-India and Persia in eight letters being nine years travel (Edited, with notes and an introduction, by William Crooke), Hakluyt Society:Kraus Reprint, 1909:1967, 3 vols. ~ vol. 2 p. 177
« Fourteene dayes are paſt ſince we entred Gombroon; the place has no fuch Magick to perfwade us to inhabit here. Our end is travell, why ftay we then? » #1608 Herbert, Thomas, Sir, Some Yeares Travels into divers parts of Asia and Afrique. Describing especially the two famous Empires, the Persian, and great Mogull: weaved with the history of these later times ... With a revivall of the first discoverer of America. Revised and enlarged by the Author., Printed by R. Bip. for Jacob Blome and Richard Bishop, London, 1638, ~ p. 124
«7th March. In the morning, about 9 in the morning, arrived at Gombroon with the Cheife, Mr. John Eaton Dodsworth, Mr. Dennis, Mr. Beavis and Batson who all came out a little way to meet me.
note: Diary of 6 March 1707/8.
Gombroon, the old name of Bandar 'Abbas. See Yule, Hobson-Jobson, s.v. Gombroon. For a description and illustration of the oity in 1705 see Le Bruyn, II, 73-75. » #3248 Bernard P. Scattergood, Ed. Temple, Carnac Rihard, The Scattergoods and the East India Company, A Collection of Mss., Indian Antiquary, Bernard Quaritch, London, 1930 vol. LIX:pt DCCXXXVI-A:pp. 33-74 ~ pp. 44 and 49-50
SOURCE for Gombrun
SOURCE for Goumeron
« Bandar Abbaffi is made of the destruction of Ormous, Portuguese call it Goumeron, There is Sultan with a small militia, who guards two small Castles: It is at twenty-eight degrees of latitude towards the Arctic Pole that, few people inhabit it in the East, because of the great. heat: The water there is bad and half salty, there is only one beach without a port, where ships arrive from all sides to negotiate. » #3465 Le Gouz de La Boullaye, Les voyages et obseruations du Sieur de La Boullaye-Le-Gouz, gentil-homme angeuin : ou` sont de´crites les religions, gouuernemens, et situations des estats et royaumes d'Italie, Grece, Natolie, Syrie, Perse, Palestine, Karamenie, Kalde´e, Assyrie, grand Mogol, Bijapour, Indes orientales des Portugais, Arabie, Egypte, Holande, grande Bretagne, Irlande, Dannemark, Pologne, isles et autres lieux d'Europe, Asie et Affrique, ou il a` seiourne´, le tout enrichy de belles figures ; et dedie´ a` l'Eminentissime Cardinal Capponi, Chez Geruais Clousier au Palais, sur les degrez de la Saincte Chapelle, Paris, 1653 ~ p. 115
SOURCE for Hurmuz or Bandar
« (35) Kishigan [? sic] to Hurmuzor Bandar (Gämbrun)-6 farsakhs. » #1570 A Chronicle of the Carmelites in Persia, and the Papal Mission of the XVIIth and XVIIIth Centuries, Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1939, 2 vol. ~ vol. 1 p. 219

R101-014 Taziyan
R101-014 Taziyan : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Parsian , Tazeyan , Tazeyan-e Zir , Tazian , Tazian-e Pa'in , Tazian-e Zir , Taziyan , پارسيان , تازيان , تازيان پائين , تازيان زير , تزيان زير , تزين ,
VARIANT names: Tazeyan , Taziyan ,
SOURCE for Tazeyan
SOURCE for Taziyan

R101-015 Khunj : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Khonj , Khunj , Khunji , خنج ,
VARIANT names: Hong , Hung , Hung-o-Fal , Khond , Khonj , Khunj , Khunju Pal , Saj (Sah, Haj, Dah) ,
SOURCE for Hong
« Bäräb VI C5 Faryab près de Hong, à 27°55' N et 53°10' E Iran Avant-dernière étape sur la route de Darābagird à Siraf, Muq 454, LS 296, Schw 201, DKI 171 sv Faryab»#2912 Georgette Cornu, Atlas du monde arabo-islamique a l'epoque classique IXe-Xe siecles, E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1985, ~ p. 47
SOURCE for Hung
« Hasakän (?) without pulpit mosque (4). The name may still be preserved by the Kuh i Gisakan east of Borazjan (5).
fn. 5 Writings such as the location would then suggest a combination of the Gage with the Gunkan mentioned in the description of the Ihsin River, which is also not mentioned by the older geographers; only Jäküt bay (2, 133, 14) probably based on the river description at Istahri: Gunkän, place in Persia. If one wanted to read Uingan based on the writing of the Persian translation (E), there are phonetic reasons against the compilation with today's Hung, place and district west of Bidshehr. »
#1717 Schwarz, Paul, Iran im Mittelalter nach arabischen Geographen, O. Harrassowitz, Leipzig, 1896 ~ p. 75
SOURCE for Hung-o-Fal
« Dans l'hiver 814/1411-1412 le timouride Iskandar b. Umar Sayh envoya plusieurs colonnes à travers le Läristän pour châtier Gurgin d'avoir offert un secours en hommes au gouverneur intérimaire de Tärum révolté. Une de ces colonnes fut dirigée sur les montagnes de Hung-o-Fal (Hung est une prononciation locale pour Hunj). Une autre colonne mit en fuite devant Lär trois fils de Gurgin, nommés Muayyad, Aršad et Amjad (30).fn. 30 Hafiz-i Abrū, Géographie, Brit. Mus., Or. 1577, fol. 133 a; ms. Melli Malek, Téhéran, fol. 120 a-120 b. » #890 Aubin, Jean, Références pour Lâr médiévale, Journal Asiatique, 1955, 491-505 ~ p. 498
SOURCE for Khond
« Khond » in {map#1180 in #3079 Kleiss, Wolfram, Karawanenbauten in Iran. Materialien zur iranischen Archäologie, Materialien zur iranischen Archa¨ologie, D. Reimer, Berlin, 2000 Band 6:Teil 4: ~ fig. Abb. 14 Karawanenwege zwischen Djahrom und Lar und Khondj und Lar sowie südlich und östlich von Lar}
SOURCE for Khonj
« Khonj » in {map#1180 in #3079 Kleiss, Wolfram, Karawanenbauten in Iran. Materialien zur iranischen Archäologie, Materialien zur iranischen Archa¨ologie, D. Reimer, Berlin, 2000 Band 6:Teil 4: ~ fig. Abb. 5 Kartenausschnitt der Provinzen Bushehr und Fars}
« Some clans of the Qashqa'i tribe of 'Amaleh, for instance, cover a distance of over 350 miles between their winter quarters, which are in the neighborhood of Afzar andKhonj, in southeastern Fars, and their summer quarters, which are within eighty miles of Esfahan. » #3169 Pierre Oberling, The Qashqā’i Nomads of Fārs, De Gruyter Mouton, The Hague, 1974 ~ p. 15
« ?خنج [Khonj] یکی از مناطق شهری مهم دوره مغول و تیموریان در مسیر بازرگانی شیراز به طرف سیراف کیش و بعدها هرموز بوده است و فعالیت های فرهنگی این منطقه در حیات فکری جنوب ایران تأثیر مهمی داشته است. در قرن هفتم شیخ رکن الدین دانیال خنجی از علمای بزرگ و از مریدان شیخ ابواسحاق کازرونی با سکونت در خنج و جذب و جلب شاگردان و مریدان بسیار این شهر را مرکز فعالیتهای فرهنگی و در همان حال ارتباط خود را با مراکز تجارت دریایی و از آن جمله هرموز نیز حفظ کرد مریدان او در نواحی نامبرده از قدرت بسیاری » [?Khonj was one of the important urban areas of the Mongol and Timurid periods on the trade route from Shiraz to Siraf Kish and later Hormuz, and the cultural activities of this area had an important impact on the intellectual life of southern Iran. In the 7th century, Sheikh Rukn al-Din Daniyal Khanji, one of the great scholars and one of the disciples of Sheikh Abu Ishaq Kazrooni, by living in Khanj and attracting many students and disciples, made this city the center of cultural activities and at the same time established his connection with maritime trade centers, including Hormuz also maintained his disciples in the mentioned areas of great power] #3263 Vathoqi, Mohammad Baqir , Takwi, Karamatullah , Rahmani, Sadiq , Abdi Rad, Manouchehr, Detailed history of Larestan, همسایه, 2006 ~
« fn. 8 Barros (op. cité) dit que, même de son temps, les rois de Hormuz payaiont "à la mosquée qui se trouvaitsüans le district Hogez Sheik Danial, près la ville de Lar". Hongez pourrait bion être soit, comme le suggère Sinclair (op. cité p. 163) une corruption du mot person khônigah (= monastère), seit simplement Hujrah (= collulo). Ou faut-il considérer ceci comme une erreur de copiste qui aurait oublié la lettre V (et), séparant les deux mots Khonj et Bal = Pal = Fal. En effet nous avons les deux villes célèbres de Khonj (persan ancion Khong (coin isolé, endroit désolé) et Pål (porsan an- cion Pal) toutes deux placées dans cette région. (Cf Fasaï op. cité p.197). [8 Barros (op. cit.) says that even in his time the kings of Hormuz paid "at the mosque which was in the district Hogez Sheik Danial, near the city of Lar". Hongez could well be either, as Sinclair suggests (op. cit. p. 163) a corruption of the word person khônigah (= monastery), or simply Hujrah (= collulo). Or should we consider this as a copyist's error who forgot the letter V (and), separating the two words Khonj and Bal = Pal = Fal. Indeed we have the two famous cities of Khonj (Persian ancion Khong (isolated corner, desolate place) and Pål (Porsan ancion Pal) both located in this region. (Cf. Fasaï op. cit. p. 197).] » #233 Faroughy, Abbas, Histoire du Royaume de Hormuz depuis son origine jusqu'a son incorporation dans l'empire persan des Safavis en 1622, Bruxelles, 1949, ~ p. 41
SOURCE for Khunj
« From 'Abbās Khan's information it became clear that no safe passage could be assured for us by the direct route leading to Lar through the valleys of 'Alamarv-dasht and Khunj. It was hence considered necessary to prepare for a move down from Galehdär via Warāwi to Ishkanān, whence Lär could be reached through tracts farther away from the disturbed area to the north-west and hence less likely to be affected by the trouble. Transport and needful protection for that move had to be sought from the influential Khān of Warāwi, reported to be well-disposed, and while awaiting his reply and the completion of the arrange- ments required, I could profitably use the welcome opportunity offered for surveying reported old sites about Galehdär. » #1693 Stein, Sir M. Aurel, Archaeological reconnaissances in north-western India and south-eastern Irān, Macmillan and Co., London, 1937, ~ p. 217
« In the course of the thirteenth century the town of Khunj, southeast of Shiraz, had an important khanagah, an outgrowth of the order of Sheikh Abu Ishaq of Kazerun (Aubin 1969, 25). The nearby town of Fal was also an important center of learning in southern Iran, and its leaders exercised an important influence in Shiraz during the period of the last Salghurid atabegs, when the Sufi order of Abdallah-i Khafif maintained a powerful center on the eastern edge of Shiraz (Aubin 1969, 24-25). The twin towns Khunj-o-Fal, situated in the mountains behind Siraf, appear to have replaced the medieval port as a population center and center of commerce. The first sheikhs of Khunj-o-Fal were active in the construction of "qanats, buildings, mosques, madrasas, bridges and ribats" (Aubin 1969, 28). This accords weIl with the fifteenth-century archaeological evidence from Siraf, where the Friday mosque was reconstructed and a large shrine and » #3143 Whitcomb, Donald S., Before the Roses and Nightingales: Excavations at Quasr-i Abu Nasr, Old Shiraz, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 1985 ~ p. 37
A village in a district of the same name in S.-E. Fars, the district is bounded on the N. by Juyum and Bidshahr, Afzar and Araba'ch, on the -E. by Laristan, on the W. by Galehdaar on the S. by Asir and 'Alämärvasht » #2878 Gazetteer of Persia vol. III., Government of India Press, Simla, 1924, ~ p. 557
« From this caravanserail, the modern road leaves the old caravan route and leads via Mahallache to Khundj, while the old caravan route leads via Fishvar and the southern slope of Kuh-e Leytu to Khundj; no caravanserails could be found on this route. One reason for this may be the fact that there are enough small towns along the route that could be used as stopping points. » #3240 Pohanka, R, Karawanenwege und Karavanserails in Laristan: Die Strassenabschnitte Lar-Djahrom, Lar-Khundj and Lar-Bastak., Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran, 1984 vol. 17:pp. 285-308 ~ p. 300
« From Khunj, the route leads to the major city Kārzin via Lāghir and Faryāb. (45) fn. 45 Present-day Lāghir is a small village containing a Sassanian mountain fort. Faryāb is a vacant village, in which we located abandoned buildings, possibly a caravansaray, when we visited in 2016. See Map 4. » #3344 Yasuhiro Yokkaichi, The Maritime and Continental Networks of Kish Merchants under Mongol Rule: The Role of the Indian Ocean, Fārs and Iraq, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 2019 ~ p. 447
SOURCE for Khunju Pal
« « We went on next to the city of Khunju Pal (sometimes pronounced Hunju Pal), (136) in which is the residence of the shaikh Abū Dulaf, whom we had set out to visit, and in whose hospice we lodged. ... I stayed with the shaikh Abū Duiaf only one day, on account of the urgency of the caravan in whose company I was travelling to press on. I heard that in this city of Khunju Pal there was a hospice in which there were a number of pious devotees, so I went to it in the evening and saluted their shaikh and them. fn. 136 Khunj-u Pal is a double name, for the towns of Khunj and Fal. Khunj lies 40 miles north-west of Lar, and is often confused with Hunj, about 50 miles south of Lar. The ruins of Fal lie 4 miles south of Gallah-Dar, some 60 miles west of Khunj, at 27° 38' N., 52° 39' E.; see Sir M. Aurel Stein, Archaeological Reconnaissances in North-West India and South-Eastern Iran (London, 1937), 220. There seems to be no explanation for Ibn Battūta's conjunction of the two names. » #357 Ibn Baṭu¯ṭah, Muh?ammad ibn ʿAbd Alla¯h, The Travels of Ibn Battuta translated with revisions and notes, from the Arabic text edited by C. Defre´mery and B. R. Sanguinetti, by H. A. R. Gibb., Hakluyt Society:Munshiram Manohardal Publishers Pvt Ltd, Cambridge:New Delhi, 1958- :1993,~ p. » #357 Ibn Baṭu¯ṭah, Muh?ammad ibn ʿAbd Alla¯h, The Travels of Ibn Battuta translated with revisions and notes, from the Arabic text edited by C. Defre´mery and B. R. Sanguinetti, by H. A. R. Gibb., Hakluyt Society:Munshiram Manohardal Publishers Pvt Ltd, Cambridge:New Delhi, 1958- :1993, ~ vol. 2 pp. 406-407
SOURCE for Saj (Sah, Haj, Dah)
« 1 Ist. 116, 140. I. H. 188. Yak. ii. 711; iv. 333, 974 F. N. 74 6. Mst. 171, 173, 180. Kaz. ii. 161. The name of the island is spelt Kays, Kaysh, and Kish (with dotted k or undotted k).The stages on the road down from Lâghir to Huzu are given by Mustawfi (p. 200), but as no modern traveller has followed this route the names are not to be found on the map, and are most uncertain; the distances are in farsakhs (leagues). From Lâghir 6 to Faryab district, thence 6 to the city of Saj (Sah, Haj, Dah, with many other variants), thence 5 to Ab-Anbár-i-Kinár, thence 5 to Haram (Siram or Marmaz), thence 6 down many steep passes to the village of Darûk (Dârzak, Ürak or Dâvrak), thence 6 to Mâhân (Hâmân or Mâyân), and thence 6 by the pass of Lardak to Huzû on the sea-shore.' The district Mustawfi calls Faryab is evidently identical with Bârâb, half-way between Kâriyân and Kurân, as given by Mukaddasi (p. 454). The city of Saj is a puzzle, none being known in this region, but possibly we should read Jamm (Ist. 106). This route, unfortunately, is not reproduced in the Jahân Numa, nor is it given by any Arab geographer. The coast of the Bani-as-Saffär would appear to have been identical with the 'Umárah coast, to judge by what Istakhri (p. 141) and Yakût (iii. 217) write. » #895 Le Strange, G., The lands of the Eastern Caliphate. Mesopotamia, Persia, and Central Asia from the Moslem conquest to the time of Timur., Cambridge University Press, London, 1905, ~ pp. 257 and 8 footnote

1 Caravan routes of C10th AD
Starting from Shîrâz all these routes went by Kavâr to Jûr or Fîrûzâbâd. Here the older road branched to the right, going down to Sîrâf. Ref895p297

2 Caravan routes of C10th AD

3 Qais route (C12th - 14th AD)
The road given in the Fårs Nâmah turned to the left at Firûzâbâd, going by Kârzin to Lâghir, whence, through Kurân, Sîrâf was reached. The route given in Mustawfî leaves the city of Fîrûzâbâd a few leagues to the eastward, and goes down like the Fars Namah road to Laghir, where, branching south-east and to the left, it passed through Faryab and the desert to Huzû, the port opposite Kays island. Unfortunately this road from Lâghir to Huzû is only found in Mustawfî, and the Mss. give most uncertain readings for the names of the various stages. Ref895p297

4 Hormuz - Khunj route (C14th - 15th )

5 Lar - Shiraz route (C14th)