R171path Anthony Sherley.kmz

R171path Anthony Sherley

R171-001 Bagadet
R171-001 Bagadet : place IRQ
NIMA/GNS feature: PPLC UFI: -3103581 coordinate: lat 33.3386111 long 44.3938889
NIMA/GNS names: Bagdad , Baghdad , Baghdad ,
VARIANT names: Bagdad , Bagdat , Bagdet , Baghdad , new Babylon , Pai-ta ,
SOURCE for Bagdad
« nous parti-mes de Bagdad le 6 de Juin [We left Baghdad on June 6th] » #2562 Jean Otter, Voyage en Turquie et en Perse, Paris, 1748, ~ vol. 1 p. 168
« Notre intention, en quittant Bagdad, était d'abord de descendre le Tigre jusqu'à Bassora, et d'aller ensuite à Bender-Bouchêhr; [Our intention, on leaving Baghdad, was first to descend the Tigris to Basra, and then to go to Bender-Bouchehr;] » #3179 Adrien Dupré, Voyage en Perse, fait dans les années 1807, 1808 et 1809, en traversant la Natolie et la Mésopotamie, 1819 ~ vol. 1 p. 218
« We quitted Bagdad by the gate of Imâm Azam, so called from its leading to the tomb of that saint, who is venerated as the chief of the Hanefies, and whose mausoleum is about an hour's ride to the north of the city. This was the gate by which I entered on my arrival here; and being in the N. E. quarter of Bagdad, it is the principal point of arrival and departure for all the great roads on the east side of the Tigris. » #1185 Buckingham, J. S., Travels in Assyria, Media, and Persia, including a journey from Bagdad by Mount Zagros, to Hamadan, the ancient Ecbatana, researches in Ispahan and the ruins of Persepolis, and journey from thence by Shiraz and Shapoor to the sea-shore, Henry Colburn: Gregg International Publishers Limited, London: London, 1829:1971, ~ p. 4
« At eight miles fromBagdad wemet a caravan of Persians, which appeared to form the suite of some woman of rank. Nine veiled females, all mounted astride on horses, were riding in aline. She who bythe superiority of dress appeared to be the principal lady, had her horse led by an eunuch. We arrived in Bagdad at half-past three in the afternoon, having suffered so much from the intense heat of the sun that our hands and faces were completely blistered. » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 1 pp. 218-9
Da Ispahan, del 17 di marzo 1617.
1. Con occasione di certe lettere, che per uomo a posta spedi-sco verso Italia, non voglio mancare di far parte a V. S. del mio viaggio dalla Babilonia in qua: ma, perchè ho poco tempo, il più brevemente che potrò, conforme le scrissi da Bagdad con le ultime mie, una de'ventitrè di decembre, e l'altra poscritta del due di gennaio; il quarto giorno del corrente anno 1617 partii da quella città nel modo che dirò. I Persiani, che sono oggi in guerra coi Turchi, fecero poco innanzi Natale una correria nel paese di Bagdad, e rovinarono una villa grossa, chiamata Mendeli. [From Ispahan, March 17, 1617.
1. On the occasion of certain letters that I am sending to Italy by post, I do not want to fail to inform Your Excellency of my journey from Babylon onwards. But, since I have little time, I will do so as briefly as possible, as I wrote to you from Baghdad with my last ones, one dated December 23rd and the other postscript dated January 2nd. On the fourth day of this year 1617, I left that city in the manner I will describe. The Persians, who are now at war with the Turks, made a raid on the country of Baghdad shortly before Christmas and destroyed a large village called Mendeli.]
SOURCE for Bagdat
« I came to Mando, eight p. a town belonging to the Turks. The 25th, eight p. to Emomester. The 26th, eight p. to Boroh, passed over a river in a boat, and came that night to Bagdat. » #1518 Kerr, Robert, A General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels arranged in systematic order: forming a complete History of the origin and progress of navigation, discovery, and commerce, by sea and land, from the earliest to the present time., W.Blackwood:T. Cadell, 1824, 18 vols ~ vol. 9 p. 219
« At Hispahan I abode thirteene dayes, and spent a moneths journey to Bagdat; which is a Citie about two English miles in compasse, seated on Tigris: neverthelesse it is very populous, and of great traffique of strangers, being the way to Persia, Turkie, and Arabia. Here I embarqued my selfe for Balsara; » #2540 Purchas, Samuel, Hakluytus posthumus, or Purchas his pilgrimes : contayning a history of the world in sea voyages and lande travells by Englishmen and others in 20 vols., Glasgow : J. Maclehose, 1905, ~ vol. 3 p. 86
« February 21. We rose from ye Caravansarai, and arrived about 12 o'clock this day at Bagdat (God be praised), all in good health, having been 71 dayes on our Journey from Spahan to this place. » #3146 Yule, Henry Colonel, The Diary Of William Hedges, The Hakluyt Society, London, 1889 ~ p. 218
« D'Anna à Bagdat, jours. 4 » #3632 Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste, Les six voyages de Jean Baptiste Tavernier, Ecuyer Baron d'Aubonne, qu'il a fait en Turquie, en Perse, et aux Indes,, Chez Gervais Clouzier et Claude Barbin, 1676 ~ p. 286
« Cette eſcorte ne marcha que deux jours avec nous, et ils ſe retirerent le cinquième dés que les troupes à pied et à cheval du Bacha de Bagdat parurent.Aprés avoir un peu côtoyé le Tygre, le ſeptiéme au matin nous fùmes loger à Bagdat chez les Capucins qui occupent une maiſon du Roy, [This escort only marched with us for two days, and they withdrew on the fifth as soon as the Pasha of Baghdad's troops, both on foot and horseback, appeared.After skirting the Tigris for a while, on the morning of the seventh we were lodged in Baghdat with the Capuchins, who occupy a house belonging to the King.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 p. 136
SOURCE for Bagdet
« The sixth day wee trauelled eightéene forsongs to the great City of Bagdet, or Babylon, where we staied vntill the twentie two day of October following.This City standeth vpon the great Riuer Euphrates, and is a great, rich, and strong City, with mighty strong wals, whereon are planted 100. and twenty péeces of brasse ordinance. » #3515 Robert Coverte, ed. Boies Penrose, The travels of Captain Robert Coverte, Wm. F. Fell co., printers, for Mr. Boies Penrose, 1931 ~ p. 85
SOURCE for Baghdad
« Parties of irregular horse were stationed at the caravanserais which have been built at regular distances on the much-frequented road between Hillah and Baghdad. » #2941 Austen Henry Layard, Early Adventures in Persia, Susiana, and Babylonia, John Murray, London, 1887, ~ vol. 2 p. 200
« thence 8 to Baghdad. Total (from Qasr-i-Shirin) to Baghdad 30 leagues, » #1764 ed. Le Strange, G., The geographical part of the Nuzhat-al-qulub composed by Hamd-Alla¯h Mustawfi¯ of Qazwi¯n in 740 (1340), E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1919 ~ p. 162
« From Baghdad to Asadābād in the direction of Hamadān: » #3044 Kātib Çelebi ed: Gottfried Hagen and Robert Danko, An Ottoman Cosmography, Translation of Cihānnümā, Brill, Leiden, 2021 ~ pt. 2 p. 375
SOURCE for new Babylon
« e finalmente dopo 41. giorni di pericoloſo, e rincrefcevole viaggio fopra il Chilech, giungemmo alla nuova Babilonia, nella di cui dogana trovai il Padre Emanuelle [and finally after 41 days of dangerous and unpleasant journey across Chile, we arrived at the new Babylon, in whose customs house I found Father Emanuelle.] » #3643 Leandro : di Santa Cecilia, Persia ovvero secondo viaggio di f. Leandro di Santa Cecilia carmelitano scalzo dell'oriente. Scritto dal medesimo,, nella stamperia di Angelo Rotilj nel palazzo de Massimi, Roma, 1757 ~ p. 17
« In ſedeci giorni dopo la noſtra partenza da Sufa arrivammo in Babilonia, dove trovai il Padre mio-Compagno, che di già ritornato era da Baffora ammalato. [Sixteen days after our departure from Sufa we arrived in Babylon, where I found my Companion Father, who had already returned from Baffora and was ill.] » #3643 Leandro : di Santa Cecilia, Persia ovvero secondo viaggio di f. Leandro di Santa Cecilia carmelitano scalzo dell'oriente. Scritto dal medesimo,, nella stamperia di Angelo Rotilj nel palazzo de Massimi, Roma, 1757 ~ p. 191
SOURCE for Pai-ta
#326 Chau Ju-kua (trans. Hirth, F and Rockhill, W W), His work on the Chinese and Arab Trade in the twelth and thriteenth centuries entitled Chu-fan-chi, Office of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 1911 pp. 117, 122 note 13

R171-002 Dochala
R171-002 Dochala : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: PPL UFI: 85357 coordinate: lat 33.7044444 long 44.4491667
NIMA/GNS names: Dukhayla , Duk-hela ,
VARIANT names: Dokheileh , Dukhayla ,
SOURCE for Dokheileh
« 22 Dokheileh, among date gardens, between the walls of which the road passes. Ground to r. very marshy for 2 m » #3590 A Handbook of Mesopotamia, Volume III, Central Mesopotamia with Southern Kurdistan and the Syrian desert, Admiralty and War Office, London, 1917 ~ p. 145
SOURCE for Dukhayla

R171-003 Chasania
R171-003 Chasania : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: none independent coordinate: lat 34.052793 long 44.24724 † basis (p)
Supplement: unknown location coordinates based on distance apprximate only
VARIANT names: Chasania ,
SOURCE for Chasania

R171-005 Samarra
R171-005 Samarra : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: PPL UFI: -3110403 coordinate: lat 34.1958333 long 43.8758333
NIMA/GNS names: Saimarreh , Samarra' , Samarrah ,
VARIANT names: Samarra ,
SOURCE for Samarra

R171-006 Scherschersene
R171-006 Scherschersene : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: none independent coordinate: lat 34.262389 long 44.185066 † basis (p)
VARIANT names: Sheikh Mohammed Mosque ,
SOURCE for Sheikh Mohammed Mosque

R171-007 Seirp : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: PPL UFI: -3102640 coordinate: lat 34.07 long 44.8613889
NIMA/GNS names: Al Mansuriyah , Dalli `Abbas , Delli Abbas ,
VARIANT names: Delli Abbas , Sarwina , Seirp ,
SOURCE for Delli Abbas
« Delli Abbas » in {map#1329 Persia with part of the Ottoman Empire, Walker, John, 1831, David Rumsey Map Collection list no: 11298.018}
« Delli Abbas » in {map#1400 in 'Handbook of Mesopotamia. Vol. III. 1917' [?421] (430/432), British Library: India Office Records and Private Papers, IOR/L/MIL/17/15/41/4, in Qatar Digital Library}
SOURCE for Sarwina
« Sarwina 7—via this road Shahribān is two parasangs to the right » #3044 Kātib Çelebi ed: Gottfried Hagen and Robert Danko, An Ottoman Cosmography, Translation of Cihānnümā, Brill, Leiden, 2021 ~ pt. 2 p. 375
SOURCE for Seirp
« Nous partifmes delà auffi-toft apres midy, et cheminans la nuict, nous trouuaſmes le grand chemin qui va droit de Bagadet en Perfe, et demeuraſmes cette nuict en vne grande plaine, proche de certaines montagnes fort fafcheuſes, leſquelles nous paſſaſmes le lendemain matin, qui fut le vnzieſme iour, et arriuafmes deux heures auant iour en vn grand bourg, qui n'eſtoit que de terre aupres d'vne petite riuiere. Le lieu s'appelle SEIRP, où nous demeuraſmes tout le reſte du iour, et de la nuict, iuſques au fuiuant, qui fut le douzieſme auquel nousmoururent de froid vn chameau, et vn mulet; car les nuits commençoient à eſtre froides en ces quar-tiers-là. [We left there early in the afternoon, and traveling through the night, we found the great road which goes straight from Bagadet to Perfe, and remained that night in a large plain, near certain very unpleasant mountains, which we passed the next morning, which was the twelfth day, and arrived two hours before in a large town, which was only earth near a small river. The place is called SEIRP, where we remained all the rest of the day, and of the night, until the last, which was the twelfth, when a camel and a mule died of cold. because the nights were beginning to get cold in those quarters.] » #3614 unknown ed. M. Morisot, Relations veritables et curieuses de l'isle de Madagascar, et du Bresil. : Auec l'histoire de la derniere guerre faite au Bresil, entre les Portugais et les Hollandois. ; Trois relations d'Egypte, et vne du royaume de Perse, Chez Augustin Courbé, Paris, 1651 ~ p. 117
« Europeans began giving accounts of travel through the Hamrin Basin in the 16th Cen-tury. In 1598, Sir Anthony Sherley, on his way to Iran, passed along the Baghdad-Kermanshah road. One of his companions, a Frenchman named Abel Pinçon, has left the best account of the journey. Having attached themselves to a large group of Persian pilgrims for protection, the group was obliged to detour from the main route and visit Samarra. From here, rather than return to the main road and cross the Hamrin at the Kurdaruz, the caravan went through another pass, probably the Sakaltutan, and arrived at a '... large market-town built of earth near a small river. The place is called Seirp...', which has been identified tentatively as Qara Tepe. (10) The following section of the account tells of walking for most of the night through '... very pleasant country where there are many ditches and streams' until they reached another spot which '... is charming on account of the bushes and date-palms which grow there and because it is surrounded on nearly all sides by low hills. ' (11) This second town, called Steroban, might be identified as Qizil Rabat (Sa'adiya), but the description more closely fits Khanaqin. (12) The next leg of the journey was clearly in the mountains beyond Khana-qin, so it seems that the caravan passed through the Basin without stopping, except in Qara Tepe.
fn. 10 Identification by E.D. Ross, Sir Anthony Sherley, p. 146, n. 3.
fn. 12 Ibid., p. 147, n. 1, suggests Shahraban (modern Muqdadiyah) as the identity for Steroban, but since this would entail recrossing the Hamrin from Qara Tepe, the identification is not sound. »
#3603 McGuire Gibson, Uch Tepe I: Tell Razuk, Tell Ahmed Al-Mughir, Tell Ajamat, The Oriental Institute, University Of Chicago, 1981 ~ p. 16

R171-008 Steroban
R171-008 Steroban : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: PPL UFI: -3102666 coordinate: lat 33.9786111 long 44.9369444
NIMA/GNS names: Al Miqdadiyah , Muqdadiyah , Shahraban , Shahroban ,
VARIANT names: Apollonia , Charaban , Chehr-Abad , Chehreban , Muqdadiyah , Nushirwan ? , Sabbercam , Sabbercam , Sabbercawn , Scehravan , Schehraban , Shahr Reban , Shahraban , Shahrevan , Shehrban , Shehreban , Sheraban , Shuburgan , Steroban ,
SOURCE for Apollonia
« Shahraban Apollonia » in {map#1120 in #1185 Buckingham, J. S., Travels in Assyria, Media, and Persia, including a journey from Bagdad by Mount Zagros, to Hamadan, the ancient Ecbatana, researches in Ispahan and the ruins of Persepolis, and journey from thence by Shiraz and Shapoor to the sea-shore, Henry Colburn: Gregg International Publishers Limited, London: London, 1829:1971 ~ fig. General Map of Persia}
SOURCE for Charaban
« De Bourons à Charaban, jours. 1 » #3632 Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste, Les six voyages de Jean Baptiste Tavernier, Ecuyer Baron d'Aubonne, qu'il a fait en Turquie, en Perse, et aux Indes,, Chez Gervais Clouzier et Claude Barbin, 1676 ~ p. 286
SOURCE for Chehr-Abad
« Nous arrivames à midi et demi à Chehr-Abâd, où nous joignimes la caravane. Ce village assez considérable est à moitié ruiné. Situé sur un canal formé par la Diala, il est environné d'arbres, et renferme un bazar et un caravansérail. [We arrived at half past twelve at Chehr-Abâd, where we joined the caravan. This fairly large village is half ruined. Situated on a canal formed by the Diala, it is surrounded by trees and contains a bazaar and a caravanserai.] » #3179 Adrien Dupré, Voyage en Perse, fait dans les années 1807, 1808 et 1809, en traversant la Natolie et la Mésopotamie, 1819 ~ vol. 1 p. 221
SOURCE for Chehreban
« Nous partimes donc le matin du 10, et après avoir marché pendant. neuf heures par un ſoleil très-ardent, nous arrivames à une heure après midi à Chehreban, gros bourg au Nord-Eft de Bagdad, ſitué ſur le bord oriental de la Diala, qui lui four-nit de l'eau par un canal. » #2562 Jean Otter, Voyage en Turquie et en Perse, Paris, 1748, ~ vol. 1 p. 171
SOURCE for Muqdadiyah
SOURCE for Nushirwan ?
« We rode over the same flat , parched , and uninteresting country , and soon after sunrise sought shade and repose for the day in the gardens of the village of Nushirwan. During the following night we crossed the Hamrin, a range of low crumbling sandstone hills which extend , parallel to the great mountains of Kurdistan , almost from the river Zab near Mosul to far below Baghdad . » #2941 Austen Henry Layard, Early Adventures in Persia, Susiana, and Babylonia, John Murray, London, 1887, ~ vol. 1 p. 209
SOURCE for Sabbercam
« The first day of September, wée trauelled twelue forsongs to a great Towne called Sabbercam, being the first towne that wée came to in Arabia, where are growing great store of Pomgranats, which the Ara|bians doe call Anarres. This is a Towne of Garrison of the Arabians, and héere wée staied a day and a night. » #3515 Robert Coverte, ed. Boies Penrose, The travels of Captain Robert Coverte, Wm. F. Fell co., printers, for Mr. Boies Penrose, 1931 ~ p. 84
SOURCE for Sabbercawn
« Whence to Baghdad the first day is to Corranda, and then successively to Deachow, Miscarroon, Corryn, Laccary, Corbet, Naza-reil, Sabbercawn (near which is Pully-shaw [Pul-i-Shah], and Caromoon-shahoon [Kirmanshah], formerly called Coon-sha,(3) where was decided that famous contest for the Persian crown 'twixt Artaxerxes and Cyrus recorded by Xenophon, and in memory whereof in the concave of the adjacent mountain is engraven portraits resembling those I mentioned of Rustam near the ruins of Persepolis; only here are added the figures of elephants and other beasts, such as are well worth a traveller's observing). Bagdad is next to Sabbercawn, whence is but one day's journey to Baghdad upon Tigris,
fn. 3 See p. 112. Herbert seems to refer to Cunaxa, where the famous battle was fought in 401 B.c.; but that place is on the Euphrates. As regards some of the places mentioned on the route, Sir Denison Ross writes that either Corranda or Corryn may stand for Karind, and Sabber-cawn is Shuburgan. »
#3211 ed Foster, William, Thomas Herbert, Travels in Persia (1627-1629), George Routledge and Sons, Ltd, London, 1928 ~ p. 220
SOURCE for Scehravan
« Il giorno del sei passammo prima una villa chia-mata Techiè, poi un'altra grande, alla quale, benchè rustica, per la grandezza danno nome città, e si chiama Scehravan. [On the sixth day we first passed a village called Techiè, then another large one, which, although rustic, because of its size they call a city, and is called Scehravan.] » #1530 Pietro Della Valle, Viaggi di Pietro della Valle: il pellegrino, G. Gancia, Brighton, 1843, ~ vol. 1 p. 428
SOURCE for Schehraban
« Schehraban » in {map#1343 Reisen im Orient. von H. Petermann ; Nebst Einer Karte, Entworfen Von H. Kiepert. 2. Band, p. 243, 1861, }
SOURCE for Shahr Reban
« I picked up rapidly (this was my third sunstroke), and next day we marched slowly on to Shahr Reban. I have many notes here, but they are undecipherable excepting the figures of the meteorological readings, which I evidently spared no pains to make clear. From Shahr Reban to Yakubabad was rich fertile ground. » #1097 Floyer, Ernest Ayscoghe, Unexplored Baluchistan. A Survey, with Observations Astronomical, Geographical, Botanical, etc., of a Route through Mekran, Bashkurd, Persia, Kurdistan, and Turkey, Griffith and Farran, 1882, ~ p. 457
SOURCE for Shahraban
« At 10 miles Shahraban is reached, where there is a telegraph office and post office, several caravansarais, and a roofed bāzār. » #3485 Routes in Persia Volume II. (North-Western Persia), Printed at the government monotype press, Simla, 1923 ~ p. 146
« hence-with Shahraban lying 2 leagues distant to the right of the road-in 7 leagues to Ba?qübā city » #1764 ed. Le Strange, G., The geographical part of the Nuzhat-al-qulub composed by Hamd-Alla¯h Mustawfi¯ of Qazwi¯n in 740 (1340), E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1919 ~ p. 162
« Sharaban (or Shahr- e-Van) is a small town or village, which the inhabitants say, was in former times a large city more magnificent than Bagdad. Not a vestige of this past grandeur remains , though, according to D'Anville, it stands on the site of the ancient Apollonia ; an opinion certainly corroborated by the tradition on the spot. » #3184 Sir Robert Ker Porter, Travels in Georgia, Persia, Armenia, Ancient Babylonia, Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, London, 1821 ~ vol. 2 p. 237
« Shahraban » in {map#1393 Map of Ancient sites of Iraq, Directorate General of Antiquities, Baghdad, 1954, }
« After a stay in Baghdad, he went on to Persia, by way of Shahraban (Muqdadiya), Kesrabad (Qizil Rabat) and Khanaqin. He described Kesrabad as being surrounded by fields and canals, with maize, cotton, melons, gourds, palm trees and pomegranates. At that time, the town had two mosques and a mixed population of Arabs and Turks. While there, he vi-sited some ruins northeast of the town (Gauri, No. 27 on Pl. 2). (17)fn. 17 Travels in Assyria, Media and Persia... (London: Henry Colburn, 1829), pp. 11-29, esp. p. 18. »
#3603 McGuire Gibson, Uch Tepe I: Tell Razuk, Tell Ahmed Al-Mughir, Tell Ajamat, The Oriental Institute, University Of Chicago, 1981 ~ p. 16
« From the bridge, our course went again north-easterly, and in about an hour from thence we reached the town of Shahraban, which we entered through mud-walled lanes and dusty roads, just as the moon was setting; and with some difficulty, at this unsea-sonable hour, found our way to a khan.SEPT. 5th. The village of Shahraban is composed, like that of Bakouba, of scattered brick dwellings, some few regular streets, and mud-walled gardens and palm-grounds. It has one mosque with a well-built minaret, and two khans, but nothing else worthy of notice. » #1185 Buckingham, J. S., Travels in Assyria, Media, and Persia, including a journey from Bagdad by Mount Zagros, to Hamadan, the ancient Ecbatana, researches in Ispahan and the ruins of Persepolis, and journey from thence by Shiraz and Shapoor to the sea-shore, Henry Colburn: Gregg International Publishers Limited, London: London, 1829:1971, ~ p. 11
SOURCE for Shahrevan
« Shahrevan » #3070 James Justinian Morier, A Journey Through Persia, Armenia, and Asia Minor, to Constantinople, in the Years 1808 and 1809, Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, London, 1812 ~ p. 415
SOURCE for Shehrban
« The extent of Apolloniatis, more anciently called Sittacene, according to Strabo and others, is stated as thirty-three schœni, or eighty-two and a half miles, and this distance, estimating from Seleucia, would bring us exactly to Kizil Robat of the modern route, which it will be seen is eighty miles distant from Baghdad. In its immediate neighbourhood, therefore, was the boundary line between Apolloniatis and the next province or district. Between Bakuba and Kizil Robat at the present day is Shehrban, with numerous vestiges of ancient civilization in its environs, some of them of sufficient importance to arrest attention, especially the vast mounds and ruinous walls of Eski Baghdad, or Old Baghdad, about three miles to the north of the village. » #3577 C. Masson, Illustration of the Route from Seleucia to Apobatana, as Given by Isidorus of Charax, The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1850 ~ p. 102
SOURCE for Shehreban
« We reached Shehreban at eleven o'clock P. M., and found it almost entirely deserted. It is a place of considerable extent. We wandered through the desolate streets some time, without finding any house with inhabitants, till we came to a caravanserai, where we met a man who told us that all the inhabitants had left the place, which had been sacked and ruined by the Coords.We pitched our tents a quarter of a mile from the town; and remained the following day at Shehreban, to enable us to examine some ruins in the neighbourhood. » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 1 p. 273
SOURCE for Sheraban
« Some large graveyards, with brick graves, a crumbling imamzada, a pointed arch of brick over the Nahrud canal, a few ass caravans, with a live fowl tied by one leg on the back of each ass, and struggling painfully to keep its uneasy seat, some cultivation and much waste, and then we reached the walled village of Sheraban, once a town, but now only possessing 300 houses. » #3644 Bishop, Isabella L., Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan, John Murray, London, 1891 ~ vol. 1 p. 57
SOURCE for Shuburgan
« fn. 3 See p. 112. Herbert seems to refer to Cunaxa, where the famous battle was fought in 401 B.c.; but that place is on the Euphrates. As regards some of the places mentioned on the route, Sir Denison Ross writes that either Corranda or Corryn may stand for Karind, and Sabbercawn is Shuburgan. »
#3211 ed. Foster, William, Thomas Herbert travels in Persia (1627-1629), George Routledge and Sons, Ltd, London, 1928 ~ notes to page 220 p. 327
SOURCE for Steroban
« Delà paſſant outre, and cheminant la plus grande partie de la nuict par vn tres bon pays, où nous trouuafmes force foſſez et ruiffeaux, nous arriuaſmes en vn autre licu fort plaiſant, à cause des arbriffeaux, et datiers qui y font, et pource auſſi qu'il eſt en-uironné quafi de tous coſtez de collines mediocres. Le lieu s'appelle STEROBAN, tout autour le pays eft fort fertile, et non gueres loing delà, il nous fallut paffer fix bras d'vne riuiere, et beaucoup de foſſez pleins d'eau, [From there, passing on, and traveling the greater part of the night through a very good country, where we found many ditches and streams, we arrived at another very pleasant place, because of the shrubs and date trees which grow there, and also because it is surrounded on all sides by moderate hills. The place is called STEROBAN, all around the country is very fertile, and not far beyond, we had to cross several branches of a river, and many ditches full of water,] » #3614 unknown ed. M. Morisot, Relations veritables et curieuses de l'isle de Madagascar, et du Bresil. : Auec l'histoire de la derniere guerre faite au Bresil, entre les Portugais et les Hollandois. ; Trois relations d'Egypte, et vne du royaume de Perse, Chez Augustin Courbé, Paris, 1651 ~ pp. 117-8
« The place is called Stéroban, (1) and the neighbouring country is very fertile;
fn. 1 ? Shāhraban, a village near Daskara. See le Strange, Lands of the Eastern Caliphate, p. 62. » #3613 ed. E. Denison Ross, Sir Anthony Sherley and His Persian Adventure, The Broadway Travellers; RoutledgeCurzon, 1933; 2005 ~ p. 158/238 pdf
« 11/11 Steroban (Shahraban) » #3620 Stefanos Yerasimos, Les voyageurs dans l'Empire Ottoman (XIV - XVI siecles). Bibliographie, itineraires et inventaire des lieux habites., Imprimerie De La Sociêtê Turquie D'histoire,, Ankara, 1991 ~ p. 429

R171-009 Farhatserin
R171-009 Farhatserin : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Kanaqin , Khanaqin , Khanikin , Khaniqin ,
VARIANT names: artemita , Canaquin , Chanekin , Ciai-chanaghi , Conaguy , Farhatserin , Hadji-Kara , Hanikin , Haniqin , Kanaqin , Khanakee , Khanaki , Khan-e-Keen , Khan-el-Keen , Khanikin , Khaniqin , Khannikin , Old Khaniqi ,
SOURCE for artemita
« to, mention is made of a city called Artemita, of which, from the correspondence of relative distance and local feature, I should conceive this place of Khan-e-Keen to be the site.Strabo speaks of Artemita as a celebrated city. Isidore of Charax says, that it was seated on a river called the Silla. ... M. D'Anville says, "Artemita was a Greek city, on a stream whose name, which is sometimes written Silla, should rather be M. D'Anville says, "Artemita was a Greek city, on a stream whose name, which is sometimes written Silla, should rather be called Delas, the modern form whereof is Diala." (3)
fn.3 Compendium of Ancient Geography. English Edit. 8vo. vol. 2, p. 469. »
#1185 Buckingham, J. S., Travels in Assyria, Media, and Persia, including a journey from Bagdad by Mount Zagros, to Hamadan, the ancient Ecbatana, researches in Ispahan and the ruins of Persepolis, and journey from thence by Shiraz and Shapoor to the sea-shore, Henry Colburn: Gregg International Publishers Limited, London: London, 1829:1971, ~ p. 35
SOURCE for Canaquin
« Le vingt-cinquiéme nous partînaes avant le jour, et nous arrivâmes Canaquin Village fort gros, où l'on cravaille beaucoup en foye. [On the twenty-fifth we left before daybreak, and we arrived at Canaquin Village, a very large village, where they work a lot in the village.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 p. 136
SOURCE for Chanekin
« Chanekin » in {map#1343 Reisen im Orient. von H. Petermann ; Nebst Einer Karte, Entworfen Von H. Kiepert. 2. Band, p. 243, 1861, }
SOURCE for Ciai-chanaghi
« Sopra la ripa vi trovai le reliquie di una grossa terra, alla quale adesso non resta altro che il nome di Ciai-chanaghi; cioè, cor-rottamente un poco, [On the bank I found the remains of a large land, of which now nothing remains but the name of Ciai-chanaghi; that is, somewhat corrupted,] » #1530 Pietro Della Valle, Viaggi di Pietro della Valle: il pellegrino, G. Gancia, Brighton, 1843, ~ vol. 1 p. 431
SOURCE for Conaguy
« De Cafered à Conaguy, jours. 1 » #3632 Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste, Les six voyages de Jean Baptiste Tavernier, Ecuyer Baron d'Aubonne, qu'il a fait en Turquie, en Perse, et aux Indes,, Chez Gervais Clouzier et Claude Barbin, 1676 ~ p. 286
SOURCE for Farhatserin
« Or ayant paffé beaucoup de montagnes, nous arriuafmes aux ruines fort memorables de FARHATSERIN, qui fut iadis vne tref-grande ville, aupres deſquelles nous nous ar-reſtaſmes à coſté d'vn petit fleuue. [Now having crossed many mountains, we arrived at the very memorable ruins of FARHATSERIN, which was formerly a very large city, near which we stopped beside a small river.] » #3614 unknown ed. M. Morisot, Relations veritables et curieuses de l'isle de Madagascar, et du Bresil. : Auec l'histoire de la derniere guerre faite au Bresil, entre les Portugais et les Hollandois. ; Trois relations d'Egypte, et vne du royaume de Perse, Chez Augustin Courbé, Paris, 1651 ~ p. 118
« 14/11 Farhatserin (Khanaquin) » #3620 Stefanos Yerasimos, Les voyageurs dans l'Empire Ottoman (XIV - XVI siecles). Bibliographie, itineraires et inventaire des lieux habites., Imprimerie De La Sociêtê Turquie D'histoire,, Ankara, 1991 ~ p. 429
SOURCE for Hadji-Kara
« Nous fimes halte dans le village de Hadjy-Kara, situé sur la rive droite de cette rivière. Il y a un caravansérail nouvellement bâti. C'est le dernier en-droit où l'on trouve des dattiers sur cette route. [We stopped in the village of Hadjy-Kara, located on the right bank of this river. There is a newly built caravanserai. It is the last place where date palms can be found on this route.] » #3179 Adrien Dupré, Voyage en Perse, fait dans les années 1807, 1808 et 1809, en traversant la Natolie et la Mésopotamie, 1819 ~ vol. 1 p. 223
SOURCE for Hanikin
« Describing the population of such towns as Qizil Robat and ?āni?in, Herzfeld noted that in 1905 they were overwhelmingly Persophone (Herzfeld 1907: 51). Moreover, he noted that at this time ?āni?in, which is today c. 11–12 km. from the Iran-Iraq border, was the last town on Ottoman soil, housing the quarantine station in a large caravanserai, an important stopping point for Persian pilgrims en route to Kerbelā and Najaf. » #3576 D. T. Potts, On Cultural Boundaries and Languages in Western Iran: The Case of the Zagros Gates, in: ed. Ali Hozhabri, Archaeology of Iran in the Historical Period, University of Tehran and Springer, , 2020, pp. 55-63 ~ p. 59
SOURCE for Haniqin
« HäniqinIII D2Id. Iraq.Cité de la circonscription (kūra) de Hulwan.I 172; Η 233, 234; Hur 6, 19; Qud 198, 235; Y 270;R 164; M 53, 355; Muq 25, 53, 115, 121, 135. Yaq II, 393; LS 61-62, 80; DKI 484-85; EI2 IV 1056-57. [Häniqin III D2 Id. Iraq. City of the constituency (kūra) of Hulwan. I 172; Η 233, 234; Hur 6:19; Qud 198, 235; Y 270; R 164; M 53, 355; Muq 25, 53, 115, 121, 135. Jac II, 393; LS 61-62, 80; DKI 484-85; EI2 IV 1056-57.] » #2912 Georgette Cornu, Atlas du monde arabo-islamique a l'epoque classique IXe-Xe siecles, E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1985, ~ p. 28
SOURCE for Kanaqin
« city of Khāniqin 5 » #3044 Kātib Çelebi ed: Gottfried Hagen and Robert Danko, An Ottoman Cosmography, Translation of Cihānnümā, Brill, Leiden, 2021 ~ pt. 2 p. 375
SOURCE for Khanakee
« Khanakee » #3070 James Justinian Morier, A Journey Through Persia, Armenia, and Asia Minor, to Constantinople, in the Years 1808 and 1809, Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, London, 1812 ~ p. 415
SOURCE for Khanaki
« and reached Khanaki at nine in the morning. We crossed the Diala, which washes the northern walls of the town, over a handsome bridge, built by the Persians to facilitate their pilgrimage to Meshed Ali. About a mile to the N. we pitched our tents in the neighbourhood of some gardens.Khanaki, which is of reputed antiquity, defines the frontier of the Pashalick of Bag-dad, and has met with a fate natural to its unfortunate position between two rival pow-ers. About two years ago it was taken by Mohummud Ali Meerza, and must at that time have had its share of the calamities of war. Upon the retreat of the Prince into Kermanshah, he left behind him a garrison of three hundred Coords, who were surprised by the Pasha of Bagdad, and, without ex-ception, put to the sword. This catastrophe occurred only six months back. » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 1 p. 294
SOURCE for Khan-e-Keen
« It will be seen that Khan-e-Keen is seated on the river Silwund, which may well be the Silla of antiquity; that its distance corresponds, with sufficient accuracy, to that assigned to Artemita from Seleucia and Ctesiphon. (1)
fn. 1 There is no measuring off the exact distance of this place on Kinnier's Map, as in it its name is altogether omitted. In a route from Sennah by Kermanshah to Bagdad, by Mr. Webb, attached to the geographical memoir for the illustration of this map, Khanakee is stated to be eighteen miles from Kuzzelroobaut (or Kesrabad) and this measures exactly sixty miles, the distance of Dastagherd from Ctesiphon, making the whole seventy-eight. »
SOURCE for Khan-el-Keen
« Khan-el-Keen » in {map#1120 in #1185 Buckingham, J. S., Travels in Assyria, Media, and Persia, including a journey from Bagdad by Mount Zagros, to Hamadan, the ancient Ecbatana, researches in Ispahan and the ruins of Persepolis, and journey from thence by Shiraz and Shapoor to the sea-shore, Henry Colburn: Gregg International Publishers Limited, London: London, 1829:1971 ~ fig. General Map of Persia}
SOURCE for Khanikin
« At 18½ miles, crossing a stream, walled gardens are reached passing between which, stony streets are traversed, and the bridge over the rapid stream of the Hulvan crossed at 19 miles. The river bed is 100 yards wide, and the bridge is solid brick and stone; roadway 25 feet. The stream, 60 yards wide, is fordable. Khānikin is situated on both banks of the Hulvän river amongst gardens, and possesses a telegraph and post office. » #3485 Routes in Persia Volume II. (North-Western Persia), Printed at the government monotype press, Simla, 1923 ~ p. 148
« Le lendemain après avoir paſſé la rivière à gué, nous fimes cinq heu-res de chemin, et campames à Khanikin, gros bourg ſitué ſur le bord de la rivière de Halvan, [The next day, after fording the river, we traveled for five hours and camped at Khanikin, a large town situated on the banks of the Halvan River.] » #2562 Jean Otter, Voyage en Turquie et en Perse, Paris, 1748, ~ vol. 1 p. 173
« As the day broke we found ourselves approaching the foot of the great Zagros range, and soon after sunrise reached another large caravanserai at the picturesque but half- ruined village of Khanikin , embedded in palms and watered by the small river Holwan , here crossed by a large and well- built bridge . » #2941 Austen Henry Layard, Early Adventures in Persia, Susiana, and Babylonia, John Murray, London, 1887, ~ vol. 1 p. 210
SOURCE for Khaniqin
« it is 5 leagues to Khaniqin city, » #1764 ed. Le Strange, G., The geographical part of the Nuzhat-al-qulub composed by Hamd-Alla¯h Mustawfi¯ of Qazwi¯n in 740 (1340), E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1919 ~ p. 162
« Of the towns of Hulwan are:- Khāniqin; Zabūjān; Shalāshilan; (3) al-Jamid; (4) al-Hurr; as-Sirawan; (5) Bandanijān.(6)
fn. 6 The town called in Yaqūt al-Bandanijain (I.745). The original Persian name of the town was Wandanikān. It is, he says, a well-known place on the far side of an-Nahrawan towards the Jabal (Persian Iraq). It is a dependency of Baghdad, but might also be reckoned among the townships of Mihrijangadhaq. One of its inhabitants thus describes it: al-Bandanijain is a collection of hamlets, separate one from the other and each not visible from the others but of which the palm-trees continue with no interval. The largest hamlet was called Baqutnāyā, where there was a market and where the Governor's house and the residence of the Qadhi stood. The other hamlets were Buwaiqiyā, Sūq Jamil and Filisht. »
#3135 Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad Muqaddasi ed. George Speirs Alexander Ranking, Ahsānu-t-taqāsim Fi Ma?rifati-l-aqālim Volume 1, Parts 1–4, Asiatic Society of Bengal, New Series, No. 899, Calcutta, 1897 ~ p. 174
SOURCE for Khannikin
« From the top of the next slope there was a view of Khannikin, a considerable-looking town among groves of palms and other trees. Then came a worse sea of mud, and a rudely cobbled causeway, so horrible that it diverted us back into the mud, which was so bottomless that it drove us back to the causeway, and the causeway back to the mud, the rain all the time coming down in sheets. This causeway, without improvement, is carried through Khannikin, a town with narrow blind alleys, » #3644 Bishop, Isabella L., Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan, John Murray, London, 1891 ~ vol. 1 p. 62
SOURCE for Old Khaniqi
« village of Old Khāniqi 8 parasangs—a large river flows in front of it » #3044 Kātib Çelebi ed: Gottfried Hagen and Robert Danko, An Ottoman Cosmography, Translation of Cihānnümā, Brill, Leiden, 2021 ~ pt. 2 p. 375

R171-000 Faluge
R171-000 Faluge : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Al Falluja , Al Fallujah , Falluja , Fallujah , Feludja , Feluja ,
VARIANT names: Falluja , Faluge ,
SOURCE for Falluja
SOURCE for Faluge
« Le vingt-huictieſme nous arriuaſmes à FALVGE, où nous feiournaſmes deuxiours, attendant commodité de chameaux pour no-ftre bagage, et d'autres montures pour nous monter, et puis en vn iour nous arriuafmes à Babylone. [On the twenty-eighth we arrived at FALVGE, where we stayed for two days, waiting for the convenience of camels for our luggage, and other mounts to ride on, and then on the next day we arrived at Babylon.] » #3614 unknown ed. M. Morisot, Relations veritables et curieuses de l'isle de Madagascar, et du Bresil. : Auec l'histoire de la derniere guerre faite au Bresil, entre les Portugais et les Hollandois. ; Trois relations d'Egypte, et vne du royaume de Perse, Chez Augustin Courbé, Paris, 1651 ~ pp. 110-1

R171-010 Calacherin
R171-010 Calacherin : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Ghasr-i-shirin , Ghasr-shirin , Qasr-e Shirin , Qasr-i-Shirin , قصر شيرين ,
VARIANT names: Cachacherin , Calacherin , Casri-Chirin , Casr-i-Scirin , Cassiscirin , Chefdra Sherin , Depegoz , Kafri-Chirin , Kasr-e- Sheree , Kasr-i-Shirin , Kasri-Shirin , Kassr-Shirine , Kusra Shireen , Qasr-e Shirin , Qasr-i-Shirin ,
SOURCE for Cachacherin
Peu éloignez de ces beaux en droits, nous campames en un Lieu nommé Cachacherin. [Not far from these beautiful places, we camped in a place called Cachacherin.]
SOURCE for Calacherin
« Nous ſeiournaſmes laiuſques au dix-feptiefme iour, et en partif-mes auant Soleil leué. Le dix-huictiefme iour du mois nous vinſmesà CALACHERIN, lieu duquel les maiſons eftoient baſties dans vn eſcueil, et de meſme façon que font les trous des pigeons dans les coulombiers. Il y avn chaſteau baſti ſur le coupeau dudit eſcucil: lequel eſt vn lieu de fi difficile accez, que c'eſt merueille. [We turned to the seventeenth day, and left before sunrise. On the eighteenth day of the month we came to CALACHERIN, where the houses were built on a reef, in the same way as pigeon holes are made in dovecotes. There was a castle built on the top of the said reef: which is a place of such difficult access that it is marvelous.] » #3614 unknown ed. M. Morisot, Relations veritables et curieuses de l'isle de Madagascar, et du Bresil. : Auec l'histoire de la derniere guerre faite au Bresil, entre les Portugais et les Hollandois. ; Trois relations d'Egypte, et vne du royaume de Perse, Chez Augustin Courbé, Paris, 1651 ~ p. 120
« 18/11 Calacherin (Qasr-i Shirin) » #3620 Stefanos Yerasimos, Les voyageurs dans l'Empire Ottoman (XIV - XVI siecles). Bibliographie, itineraires et inventaire des lieux habites., Imprimerie De La Sociêtê Turquie D'histoire,, Ankara, 1991 ~ p. 429
SOURCE for Casri-Chirin
« Nous parvinmes' à neuf heures et un quart près d'un chétif hameau, nommé Casri-Chirin, entouré de collines calcaites, dont la cou-leur est verdâtre. On n'y voit qu'un petit nombre de mauvaises mazures voisines de quelques plantations de riz, et un beau cavaransérail, où nous couchâmes. [At a quarter past nine we arrived near a small hamlet called Casri-Chirin, surrounded by limestone hills of a greenish color. There are only a few poor huts near a few rice plantations, and a beautiful cavaranserai, where we slept.] » #3179 Adrien Dupré, Voyage en Perse, fait dans les années 1807, 1808 et 1809, en traversant la Natolie et la Mésopotamie, 1819 ~ vol. 1 p. 224
SOURCE for Casr-i-Scirin
« Il giorno appresso trovammo una gran terra pur distrutta ed abbandonata, che la chiamano ancora Casr-i-Scirin, cioè Palazzo di Scirin. Scirin, in persiano, significa dolce, ma è anche nome proprio d'uomini e di donne, ed in particolare di una gran signora, in queste parti padrona, al creder mio, di quel palazzo o terra che fu dama di un Chosrou re di Persia, e degli amori loro ce ne è fra' Persiani un poema famosissimo. [The next day we found a large, yet destroyed and abandoned, town that they still call Casr-i-Scirin, meaning Palace of Scirin. Scirin, in Persian, means sweet, but it is also a proper name for men and women, and in particular for a great lady, in these parts mistress, I believe, of that palace or town that was the lady of a certain Chosrou, king of Persia, and about their love affairs there is a very famous poem among the Persians.] » #1530 Pietro Della Valle, Viaggi di Pietro della Valle: il pellegrino, G. Gancia, Brighton, 1843, ~ vol. 1 p. 431
SOURCE for Cassiscirin
« De Conaguy à Callifcirin, jours. 1 » #3632 Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste, Les six voyages de Jean Baptiste Tavernier, Ecuyer Baron d'Aubonne, qu'il a fait en Turquie, en Perse, et aux Indes,, Chez Gervais Clouzier et Claude Barbin, 1676 ~ p. 286
SOURCE for Chefdra Sherin
« Provvedutomi pertanto di un buon giumento, paflai per Chefdra Scerin Città affatto diruta, e che dicono eſſer ſtata edificata anticamente ad onore del Sole [Having therefore provided myself with a good donkey, I set out for Chefdra Scerin, a city which was completely ruined, and which they say had been built in ancient times in honour of the Sun.] » #3643 Leandro : di Santa Cecilia, Persia ovvero secondo viaggio di f. Leandro di Santa Cecilia carmelitano scalzo dell'oriente. Scritto dal medesimo,, nella stamperia di Angelo Rotilj nel palazzo de Massimi, Roma, 1757 ~ p. 191
SOURCE for Depegoz
« Qaṣr-i Shirin, also called Depegöz 7—it is a ruined fortress » #3044 Kātib Çelebi ed: Gottfried Hagen and Robert Danko, An Ottoman Cosmography, Translation of Cihānnümā, Brill, Leiden, 2021 ~ pt. 2 p. 375
SOURCE for Kafri-Chirin
« d'où nous allames le furlendemain en cinq heu-res à Kafri-Chirin (1), que l'Idriſi place à ſept lieues de Khanikin, à cinq de Halvan et à 20 de Chehre-zour. Kafri-Chirin eſt une fortereſſe que Khofrew Pervis fit autrefois bâ-tir pour loger ſa maîtreſſe Chirin. Elle a mille pas de circonférence; la rivière de Halvan paſſe tout au-près; l'air y eſt mal ſain, et le Semoum que les Turcs appellent Sam-yeli, y fouffe quelquefois.
fn. 1 Kafri-Chirin eſt à 71 d. 30 m. de long. fur 33 d. 40 m. de lat ſuiyant le Canon, et à 71 d. 4 m. de long. fur 33 d. 55 m. de lat. fuivant le Kias, [From where we went the next day in five hours to Kafri-Chirin (1), which the Idrisi places seven leagues from Khanikin, five from Halvan and 20 from Chehre-zour. Kafri-Chirin is a fortress that Khofrew Pervis once had built to house his mistress Chirin. It has a circumference of a thousand paces; the Halvan River passes very close by; the air there is unhealthy, and the Semoum, which the Turks call Sam-yeli, sometimes flows there.
fn. 1 Kafri-Chirin is 71 d. 30 m. long, 33 d. 40 m. wide following the Canon, and 71 d. 4 m. long. 33 d. 55 m. lat. following the Kias,] »
#2562 Jean Otter, Voyage en Turquie et en Perse, Paris, 1748, ~ vol. 1 p. 173
SOURCE for Kasr-e- Sheree
« Kasr-e- Sheree » #3070 James Justinian Morier, A Journey Through Persia, Armenia, and Asia Minor, to Constantinople, in the Years 1808 and 1809, Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, London, 1812 ~ p. 414
SOURCE for Kasr-i-Shirin
« A six hours' march ended at the wildly-situated village of Kasr-i-Shirin, high on the right bank of the Holwan, with a plantation of dates on the left bank and considerable cultivation in the valley. It has only eighty houses of the most wretched construction, rivalled in height and size by middens, the drainage of which wastes itself on the wretched roadway. A caravanserai of the most miserable description, a square fort with a small garrison, and some large graveyards with domed tombs and curious obelisks, are the salient features of this village. » #3644 Bishop, Isabella L., Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan, John Murray, London, 1891 ~ vol. 1 p. 79
SOURCE for Kasri-Shirin
« We again made a short journey through a rocky and hilly country to Kasri-Shirin , a village in ruins and deserted on account of the depredations of the robber tribes dwelling on the Persian frontier, which were perpetually making forays in the plain, pillaging the villages and plundering caravans . » #2941 Austen Henry Layard, Early Adventures in Persia, Susiana, and Babylonia, John Murray, London, 1887, ~ vol. 1 p. 212
SOURCE for Kassr-Shirine
« The modern town of Kassr-Shirine consists of about fifty dwellings, enclosed within a wall of mud and stone, between the ruins of the old palace and the river. The khan, however, which is outside this enclosure, is large and commodious ; in its construction were used a large quantity of square red bricks, similar to those seen at Modain, and taken pro1)ably from the ruins above. The river Alwund flows by the spot, in a valley running from east to west ; and after passing the town about half a mile, it makes a bend to the south-westward : its stream is narrow, but rapid and clear, and its banks are generally covered with rushes. » #1185 Buckingham, J. S., Travels in Assyria, Media, and Persia, including a journey from Bagdad by Mount Zagros, to Hamadan, the ancient Ecbatana, researches in Ispahan and the ruins of Persepolis, and journey from thence by Shiraz and Shapoor to the sea-shore, Henry Colburn: Gregg International Publishers Limited, London: London, 1829:1971, ~ p. 41
SOURCE for Kusra Shireen
« Kusra Shireen, a small village of twenty-eight houses, with a caravanserai-shah in pretty good condition, is situated on the side of a mountain, at the foot of which flows the Dialla. This is an abominable place, and the inhabitants, a rascally set, form part of the rabble who lie in wait for travellers at Kanaki. ... This village is situated at the western extremity of a large town in ruins, and the enceinte, which is clearly to be traced, forms a long square of at least a league in length on the shortest front. » #3433 Ferrier, J. P., Caravan journeys and wanderings in Persia, Afghanistan, Turkistan, and Beloochistan; with historical notices of the countries lying between Russia and India, J. Murray, London, 1857 ~ p. 12
SOURCE for Qasr-e Shirin
SOURCE for Qasr-i-Shirin
« following up the right bank of the river, at 18 miles the road passes under a hill crowned by by a stone fort and reaches Qasr-i-Shirin. » #3485 Routes in Persia Volume II. (North-Western Persia), Printed at the government monotype press, Simla, 1923 ~ p. 149
« From Qasr-i-Shirin, on the road to Baghdad » #1764 ed. Le Strange, G., The geographical part of the Nuzhat-al-qulub composed by Hamd-Alla¯h Mustawfi¯ of Qazwi¯n in 740 (1340), E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1919 ~ p. 162
« Qaṣr-i Shirin 5 » #3044 Kātib Çelebi ed: Gottfried Hagen and Robert Danko, An Ottoman Cosmography, Translation of Cihānnümā, Brill, Leiden, 2021 ~ pt. 2 p. 375

R171-011b near Heiderberg castle
R171-011b near Heiderberg castle : place IRN (castle)
NIMA/GNS feature: none independent coordinate: lat 34.53849 long 45.967424 † basis (p)
VARIANT names: Ban Zardah , Heiderberg castle , Kalahi-Yezdijird ,
SOURCE for Ban Zardah
« Immediately overhanging the town of Zoháb to the east is the fortress of Bán Zardah (1), or, as it is sometimes called, Kalahi-Yezdijird. This is the stronghold of Holwán, to which Yezdi-jird, the last of the Sasanian kings, retreated after the capture of Ctesiphon by the Arabs, and it is a noble specimen of the labour which the monarchs of those ages bestowed upon their royal buildings. It is formed by a shoulder projecting westward from the mountain of Dáláhú, girt upon three sides by an inaccessible scarp, and defended upon the other, where alone it admits of attack, by a wall and dry ditch of colossal dimensions, drawn right across from one scarp to the other, a distance of above 2 miles: the wall is now in ruins, and the debris have fallen down into the ditch at its foot, but it still presents a line of defence of no ordinary description.
fn. 1 Bán, in Kurdish, signifies "above," and is very commonly applied to hills; it is, perhaps, the same word as the Scotch Ben. »
#1766 Rawlinson, H. G., Notes on a March from Zoháb, at the Foot of Zagros, along the Mountains to Khúzistán (Susiana), and from Thence Through the Province of Luristan to Kirmánsháh, in the Year 1836, Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, London, 1839, 9:26-116 ~ p. 32
SOURCE for Heiderberg castle
« Ce iour-là qui fut le vingt- et vnieſme nous ne puſmes pas faire grand chemin à cauſe des pluyes: et demeuraſmes le reſte du iour à cinq ou fix loing mille du chaſteau de Heiderberg. Toute cette eſtenduë de chemin eft vne belle plaine abondante en beſtail, et là on voit les maſures d'vn chaſteau ruiné. [That day, which was the twenty-first, we could not travel far because of the rains: and we remained the rest of the day five or six miles from the castle of Heiderberg. This whole stretch of road is a beautiful plain abundant in cattle, and there one sees the hovels of a ruined castle.] » #3614 unknown ed. M. Morisot, Relations veritables et curieuses de l'isle de Madagascar, et du Bresil. : Auec l'histoire de la derniere guerre faite au Bresil, entre les Portugais et les Hollandois. ; Trois relations d'Egypte, et vne du royaume de Perse, Chez Augustin Courbé, Paris, 1651 ~ pp. 121-2
SOURCE for Kalahi-Yezdijird

R171-013 foot of mountain
R171-013 foot of mountain : place IRN
VARIANT names: foot of mountain of 22nd ,
SOURCE for foot of mountain of 22nd
« Nous partifmes delà à midy le vingt-deuxieſme du mois, et paffant chemin par l'eſpace d'enuiron huict mille, nous trauerfaſmes vne plaine belle àmerueille, au bout de laquelle nous paffaſmes vne montagne, montans et defcendans, et nous arreſtaſmes au pied d'icelle cette nuit là. [We left there at noon on the twenty-second of the month, and traveling for about eight miles, we crossed a marvelous plain, at the end of which we crossed a mountain, going up and down, and we stopped at the foot of it that night.] » #3614 unknown ed. M. Morisot, Relations veritables et curieuses de l'isle de Madagascar, et du Bresil. : Auec l'histoire de la derniere guerre faite au Bresil, entre les Portugais et les Hollandois. ; Trois relations d'Egypte, et vne du royaume de Perse, Chez Augustin Courbé, Paris, 1651 ~ pp. 122-3

R171-013a Abmorradan torrent
R171-013a Abmorradan torrent : place IRN
VARIANT names: Abmorradan torrent ,
SOURCE for Abmorradan torrent
« Au matin qui eſtoit le vingt-troiſieſme auant Soleil leué nous partiſmes, et marchaf-mes tout le iour fans trouuer maiſon quelcon-queny couuertiuſques ſur l'entrée de la nuit que nous montaſmes vne autre montagne, et veinſmesà deſcendre dans vne vallée fort graffe et fertile. Ce iour nous laiſſaſmes la carauane aupres d'vn pont rompu, et d'vn torrent bien dangereux appellé ABMORRADAN, loing duquel enuiron cinq ou fix mille nous nous arreſtaſmes la nuict; [In the morning, which was the twenty-third, before the sun had risen, we left, and walked all day without finding any house. At the onset of night, we climbed another mountain, and came to descend into a very steep and fertile valley. That day we left the caravan near a broken bridge and a very dangerous torrent called ABMORRADAN, far from which, about five or six thousand meters away, we stopped for the night;] » #3614 unknown ed. M. Morisot, Relations veritables et curieuses de l'isle de Madagascar, et du Bresil. : Auec l'histoire de la derniere guerre faite au Bresil, entre les Portugais et les Hollandois. ; Trois relations d'Egypte, et vne du royaume de Perse, Chez Augustin Courbé, Paris, 1651 ~ p. 123

R171-016 Han at Brisseton
R171-016 Han at Brisseton : place IRN (caravanserai) NIMA/GNS feature: none independent coordinate: lat 34.384453 long 47.434977 † basis (p) VARIANT names: beautiful caravanserai , Bisotun caravanserai , Das Safavidische Karavanserail , large caravanserai , Scehr-neu , SOURCE for beautiful caravanserai « L'onziéme nous loger-mes dans un beau Caravanſeraid qui eſt au pied d'une montagne, où je vis quantité d'inſcriptions fur des tombeaux. On juge par les ruines qu'il y a eu là une grande Ville. Il y reste encore une grande porte bâtie de fort groſſes pierres de taille contre lefquelles on voit des figures toutes armées. [On the eleventh, we lodged in a beautiful caravanserai at the foot of a mountain, where I saw many inscriptions on tombs. The ruins suggest that a large city once stood there. A large gate, built of very large hewn stones, still remains, against which armed figures are depicted.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 p. 131 SOURCE for Bisotun caravanserai «1668-032 Bisotūn Iran (Islamic Republic of) N34 23 04.32 E47 26 05.76 0.81 ha 35.36 ha» [accessed 10 Jan 2026] SOURCE for Das Safavidische Karavanserail « Die Karavanserails von Bisutun (Abb. 121 und 137) (101)Im Bereich von Bisutun sind folgende Anlagen an der alten Karawanenstraße zu unterscheiden:1. Ein Erdwall-Qal'eh südlich des safavidischen Karavanse rails, Alter unbestimmbar (102).2. Ein Bruchstein-Kastell neben der safavidischen Brücke Größe 95 × 79 m, mit Türmen und 2,50 m Mauerstärke, auf gehendes Mauerwerk aus Lehmmaterial. Wahrscheinlich vorsafavidisch (103).3. Das Alte Karavanserail.4. Das Safavidische Karavanserail.Das Alte Karavanserail (Taf. 12.3.4)Lage: Im Bereich des Dorfes Bisutun, unterhalb der großen, unvollendeten Felsabarbeitung.Typ: Aus einer frühislamischen Straßenstation durch Einbauten im 12.-13. Jahrhundert entwickeltes Hofkaravan- fn. 101 Das Alte Karavanserail siehe W. Kleiss/H. Luschey et al. Bisutun... (im Druck). Das Safavidische Karavanserail: AMIN. F. 3, 1970, 289 ff. fn. 102 AMI 21, 1989, 24.fn. 103 Ebenda 25. [The Caravanserai of Bisutun (Figs. 121 and 137) (101)In the area of ??Bisutun, the following structures can be distinguished along the old caravan route:1. An earthwork qal'eh south of the Safavid caravanserai, of undetermined age (102).2. A rubblestone fort next to the Safavid bridge, measuring 95 × 79 m, with towers and 2.50 m thick walls, with standing masonry made of clay material. Probably pre-Safavid (103).3. The Old Caravanserai.4. The Safavid Caravanserai.The Old Caravanserai (Plate 12.3.4)Location: In the area of ??the village of Bisutun, below the large, unfinished rock carving.Type: Court caravan developed from an early Islamic road station through additions in the 12th-13th centuries. 101 For the Old Caravanserai, see W. Kleiss/H. Luschey et al. Bisutun... (in press). The Safavid Caravanserai: AMIN. F. 3, 1970, 289 ff. fn. 102 AMI 21, 1989, 24.fn. 103 Ibid. 25.] » #3474 Kleiss, Wolfram, Karawanenbauten in Iran. Materialien zur iranischen Archäologie, Materialien zur iranischen Archa¨ologie, D. Reimer, Berlin, 1996 Band 2:Teil 1: ~ pp. 83-86 Nous arrivâmes à dix heures du soir dans un vaste caravansé-rail, près d'un chétif hameau, à peu de dis-tance du mont Bi-sutoun, dont il prend le nom. Un ruisseau qui a sa source au pied de la montagne, baigne à l'E. les murs de ce ca-ravansérail, et va fertiliser la plaine. [We arrived at ten o'clock in the evening at a vast caravanserai, near a small hamlet, a short distance from Mount Bi-sutoun, from which it takes its name. A stream which has its source at the foot of the mountain, bathes the walls of this caravanserai to the east, and goes to fertilize the plain.] SOURCE for large caravanserai « Dà queſto luogo proſeguendo il viaggio in lontananza di quattr' ore, ritrovali a piedi del monte un fuperbo Caravanserai, capace di dar alloggio a due mila Cavalli, ed altrettante perſone, e quando pallai, eraſi fatto riaggiuſtar da Kulikam; [From this place, continuing the journey for four hours, he found at the foot of the mountain a large caravanserai, capable of giving accommodation to two thousand horses and as many people, and when he arrived, he had been readjusted by Kulikam.] » #3643 Leandro : di Santa Cecilia, Persia ovvero secondo viaggio di f. Leandro di Santa Cecilia carmelitano scalzo dell'oriente. Scritto dal medesimo,, nella stamperia di Angelo Rotilj nel palazzo de Massimi, Roma, 1757 ~ p. 20 SOURCE for Scehr-neu « Speravamo riposar la notte in un grande alloggiamento pubblico di quelli che non più chan come in Arabia, ma si chiamano in questi paesi, come anche in Turchia, chieruan-serai, cioè palazzo o casa di carovana, ed è fabbricato nel fin della giornata insieme con certe altre poche case fatte di nuovo a piè di un'altissima montagna, e sopra il chieruan-serai tanto ripida, che par quasi tagliata a posta perpendicolare come muro. Chiamano il luogo in persiano Scehr-neu, cioè Città nuova, perchè di poco si è cominciata a fabbricare: ma noi restammo ingannati del riposo che vi speravamo, perchè veniva appunto da Ispahan una gros-sissima carovana di più di duemila e settecento camelli, la quale benchè andasse spartita in diverse ville, era nondimeno parte di essa (che in Scehr-neu trovammo alloggiata) con tanta gente; che non solo noi che venimmo da poi, ma gran parte anche di loro non avevano luogo nel chieruan-serai, e stavano attendati di fuori. [We hoped to rest the night in a large public lodging of the kind no longer known as chan as in Arabia, but called in these countries, as in Turkey, chieruan-serai, that is, palace or caravan house, and which was built at the end of the day, together with a few other newly constructed houses, at the foot of a very high mountain, and above the chieruan-serai so steep that it almost seems to have been cut perpendicularly like a wall. They call the place in Persian Scehr-neu, meaning New City, because construction has only recently begun. But we were deceived in the rest we hoped for, for a very large caravan of more than two thousand seven hundred camels was coming from Ispahan, which, although it was divided among several villages, was nevertheless part of it (which we found lodged in Scehr-neu) with so many people. that not only we who came from later, but also a large part of them had no place in the chieruan-serai, and were camped outside.] » #1530 Pietro Della Valle, Viaggi di Pietro della Valle: il pellegrino, G. Gancia, Brighton, 1843, ~ vol. 1 pp. 437-8

R171-016a Brisseton
R171-016a Brisseton : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Bisitan , Bisitun , Bisotun , بیستون ,
VARIANT names: Bagistana , Baptana , Beesitoon , Behistan , Be-sitoon , Be-Sitoon mountain , Besitun , Bisetoon , Bisitan , Bisitun , Bistoun , Bisutun , Takht-i Rustam , terrace of the horse Shabdiz , Vastan ,
SOURCE for Bagistana
« C2 Bisutun/Bagistana/Vastan?/Baptana ACHRL RE Bagistana; Herzfeld 1968, 13-14;Gyselen 1989 » #846 Talbert, Richard (ed.), Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 2000, ~ p. 1316
SOURCE for Baptana
SOURCE for Beesitoon
« Beesitoon » #3070 James Justinian Morier, A Journey Through Persia, Armenia, and Asia Minor, to Constantinople, in the Years 1808 and 1809, Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, London, 1812 ~ p. 413
SOURCE for Behistan
« The main road continues on for another couple of kilometres to Bisitun (Behistan) whose great cliff, the 'Baghistanon Oros' or 'Mountain of the Gods' of the ancients, rises dramatically from the plain, with the old Royal road skirting its foot. » #888 Matheson, S., Persia. An Archaeological Guide, Faber and Faber Limited, 1976 ~ p. 126
SOURCE for Be-sitoon
« Six miles from Be-sitoon, at a short distance on our right, we saw the capitals and bases of some pillars, which may be well worthy the attention of any traveller following the same track: indeed it was much to be regretted that our time did not permit us to examine them » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 p. 71
SOURCE for Be-Sitoon mountain
« As we rode on, I observed one of these crested heights standing considerably higher than the others, and of a peculiarly shattered, and therefore pinnacled brow, as if it had first received the thunderbolt which had scathed its humbler brethren. This, I learnt, was the celebrated Be- Sitoon mountain. » #3184 Sir Robert Ker Porter, Travels in Georgia, Persia, Armenia, Ancient Babylonia, Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, London, 1821 ~ vol. 2 p. 146
SOURCE for Besitun
« I halted on the brow 121of a slope under the imposing rock front of Besitun to wait for orders. It was wildly magnificent: the huge precipice of Piru, rising 1700 feet from the level, the mountains on both sides of the valley approaching each other, and behind Piru a craggy ravine, glorified here and there by touches of amber and pink upon the clouds which boiled furiously out of its depths. In the foreground were a huge caravanserai with a noble portal, a solitary thing upon the snow, not a dwelling, but offering its frigid hospitality to all comers; a river with many windings, and the ruinous hovels of Besitun huddled in the mud behind. » #3644 Bishop, Isabella L., Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan, John Murray, London, 1891 ~ vol. 1 p.120-1
SOURCE for Bisetoon
« January 8. We rose from Sahana and lay at Bisetoon, y best Caravan-sarai I have seen in Persia, near a very fine large fountaine issuing out of a Rock: 5 hours riding. » #3146 Yule, Henry Colonel, The Diary Of William Hedges, The Hakluyt Society, London, 1889 ~ p. 215
SOURCE for Bisitan
SOURCE for Bisitun
« Bisitön is a miserable village of 400 houses with a good water supply from an excellent spring under the Bisitün Rock. The supply is unlimited. It would be a bad halting place in summer as there is no shade. » #3485 Routes in Persia Volume II. (North-Western Persia), Printed at the government monotype press, Simla, 1923 ~ p. 155
SOURCE for Bistoun
« Bistoûn » #3179 Adrien Dupré, Voyage en Perse, fait dans les années 1807, 1808 et 1809, en traversant la Natolie et la Mésopotamie, 1819 ~ vol. 2 p. 490
SOURCE for Bisutun
« BISUTÜN, (BIHISTON of the Arabic geographers, Bistün in present local parlance), a mountain ca. 30 km. E. of Kirmanshah on the main road from Baghdad to Hamadan.The name is found in Greek sources (Diodorus 2.13 and Isidore of Charax) τὸ βαγίστανον όρος, and in early Islamic authors (as al-Khwarizmi and Hamza al-Isfahani) where we find the archaic form Baghistan, Old Persian bagastāna "place of the gods", (or one divinity in particular). Later Islamic authors have the form Bihistün (Bahistūn) which in modern times became Bisutün (Bistün). The site is mentioned many times in Arabic literature since it lay on the main road from 'Irak to Khurasan.High above the road is the famous bas-relief of Darius the Great with cuneiform inscriptions in three languages, Old Persian, Accadian, and Elamite. Beside the road below was the relief of the Parthian king Gotarzes, unfortunately now almost obliterated by a modern New Persian inscription.Bisutûn was regarded as a world wonder by the Muslims. In the books of those authors who follow Abú Zayd al-Balkhi appears a short description of the sculptures which is fanciful since the Bisutün sculptures are confused with those of nearby Tak-i Bustan (considered Khusraw II Parwiz with his horse, a work of Kattüs b. Sinimmar). Ibn Hawkal gives the curious explanation of the Darius relief with his captives as a teacher and pupils. Most Islamic authors thought the sculptures depicted Shirin and Khusraw II.The trilingual inscription of Darius provided the key to the decipherment of all cuneiform inscriptions.Bibliography: Le Strange, 187; al-Khwarizmi (ed. Vloten), 111; the Arab geographers are summarised in Schwarz, Iran im Mittelalter, iv, Leipzig 1921, 487 f. For the O.P. inscriptions, cf. R. G. Kent, Old Persian, New Haven, Conn. 1953.108. For photographs see F. Sarre and E. Herzfeld, Iranische Felsreliefs, 189-198, plates 33-5.(E. HERZFELD-[R. N. FRYE]) » #2645 The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd Edition, Brill, Leiden, ~ vol. 1 p. 1248
« Á las doce atravesé por un puentecillo el riachulo Shamshemal, y tomando á la izquierda, llegué al pueblo de Bisutun, situado al pié de la desnuda roca del mismo nombre; la tan celebrada mole, roca cuarzosa de color gris, y extraordinariamente dura, tiene un centenar de metros de alto; y sin variacion en ella, se prolonga hácia Occidente, más allá del meridiano de Kermanshah. [At twelve o'clock I crossed the Shamshemal stream by a small bridge, and turning left, I arrived at the village of Bisutun, situated at the foot of the bare rock of the same name; the much celebrated mass, a quartz rock of gray color, and extraordinarily hard, is a hundred meters high; and without variation in it, it extends towards the West, beyond the meridian of Kermanshah.] » #3180 Adolfo Rivadeneyra, Viaje Al Interior De Persia, ~ vol. 2 pp. 89-90
SOURCE for Takht-i Rustam
« Takht-i Rustam, also called the city of Noah, 3—it is Mt. Bisutūn, a high place like the mountain of Farhād » #3044 Kātib Çelebi ed: Gottfried Hagen and Robert Danko, An Ottoman Cosmography, Translation of Cihānnümā, Brill, Leiden, 2021 ~ p. 375
SOURCE for terrace of the horse Shabdiz
« leagues the terrace of the horse Shabdiz lying one league to the right of the road, with the portraits of King Khusraw and Queen Shirin carved on the rocks at a place where two springs gush out that turn two mills » #1764 ed. Le Strange, G., The geographical part of the Nuzhat-al-qulub composed by Hamd-Alla¯h Mustawfi¯ of Qazwi¯n in 740 (1340), E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1919 ~ pp. 161-2
SOURCE for Vastan

R171-017 Chengagiur
R171-017 Chengagiur : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: PPLA2 UFI: 15360297 coordinate: lat 34.50195101 long 47.96660413
NIMA/GNS names: Kangavar , کنگاور ,
VARIANT names: Chienghicuer , Concobar , Concovar , Jeniara , Kandavar , Kangavar , Kangawar , Kangowar , Kangur , Kanguvar , Kengauar , Kengavar , Kengawar , Kienghevar , Kingawar , Konkobar , Kungavar , Quingavar ,
SOURCE for Chienghicuer
« Il venerdì al 20 di gennaio andammo ad allog-giare in un' altra grossa terra chiamata Chienghicuer; e già cominciai a conoscere il vantaggio grande che tiene il paese della Persia a quel della Turchia, di bontà, di popolazione, di coltura e d'ogni altra circostanza; [On Friday the 20th of January we went to lodge in another large town called Chienghicuer; and I already began to perceive the great advantage that the country of Persia has over that of Turkey, in kindness, population, culture and every other circumstance;] » #1530 Pietro Della Valle, Viaggi di Pietro della Valle: il pellegrino, G. Gancia, Brighton, 1843, ~ vol. 1 p. 440
SOURCE for Concobar
« C2 [Kangavar]/ConcobarHRL Kangavar RE Κογκοβ?ρ; cf. RE Bagistana;Azarnoush 1981, 82-94 » #846 Talbert, Richard (ed.), Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 2000, ~ p. 1318
SOURCE for Concovar
« We commenced our march to Concovar, another sixteen mile stage, at half-past three in the afternoon ; » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 p. 80
SOURCE for Jeniara
« On paſſe par la Ville de Jeniara fort grande, mais fort pleine de ruines, et P'on trouve aprés pluſieurs Villages. [We pass through the City of Jeniara, very large, but very full of ruins, and afterwards we find several villages.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 p. 131
SOURCE for Kandavar
« We reached the vale in six hours, having travelled as many farsangs from Sahadabad; and this place was to be our menzil.Kandavar, the ancient Κογκαβάρ, reduced to a village, maintains something of prolonged existence, by preserving a name so near in sound to its venerable appellation of antiquity, and shewing a few human habitations, still mingling with the ruins of the past. The village consists of about three hundred houses, most of which occupy the lofty eminence, so long celebrated as having been the site of a superb temple of Diana. » #3184 Sir Robert Ker Porter, Travels in Georgia, Persia, Armenia, Ancient Babylonia, Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, London, 1821 ~ vol. 2 p. 140
SOURCE for Kangavar
SOURCE for Kangawar
« The road to Kangawar lies through a broad valley, which has many streams. Among the mountains which encompass it are the Kuh-i-Hassan, Boka, the Kuh-i-Paran, and the Kuh-i-Bozah. ... Seeing a caravan of asses approaching, I rode on as fast as I could to the well-situated little town of Kangawar, expecting him to follow shortly. At present the entrance into Kangawar is up the bed of a stream. » #3644 Bishop, Isabella L., Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan, John Murray, London, 1891 ~ vol. 1 pp. 129-130
SOURCE for Kangowar
« Early next morning we arrived at Kangowar, a large town situated on a hill- side . » #2941 Austen Henry Layard, Early Adventures in Persia, Susiana, and Babylonia, John Murray, London, 1887, ~ vol. 1 p. 243
SOURCE for Kangur
« Kaylūr 7 [Kangūr 75] parasangs » #3044 Kātib Çelebi ed: Gottfried Hagen and Robert Danko, An Ottoman Cosmography, Translation of Cihānnümā, Brill, Leiden, 2021 ~ pt. 2 p. 375
SOURCE for Kanguvar
« Then from Kanguvar it is 5 leagues to Bidastan » #1764 ed. Le Strange, G., The geographical part of the Nuzhat-al-qulub composed by Hamd-Alla¯h Mustawfi¯ of Qazwi¯n in 740 (1340), E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1919 ~ p. 166
SOURCE for Kengauar
January 6.-My Nephew Hedges and I rose from Farespa (leaving Mr. Dowglasse and my Cousin Letter with y Camels) and lay at Kengauar (1). fn. 1 We have now got into the direct route from Hamadan to Bagh-dad, and it is more easily followed. This is Kangavar (Kongaver, etc.), a place of old note, the Κογκοβ?ρ of Isidore of Charax. The next stage is Sahāna, and then Bisutün (Bihistün, Baghistan, "the place of gardens", Βαγίστανον οι Βαγίστανη of the Greeks), the site of the famous spring, and of the rock-inscriptions in cuneiform, with which the name of Rawlinson is for ever associated. The next stage is the well-known city Kirmanshah. Then Pul-i-Shah ("King's Bridge"), Mah-i-dasht, Härünābād.-Y.
SOURCE for Kengavar
« De Sahana à Kengavar, jours. 1 » #3632 Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste, Les six voyages de Jean Baptiste Tavernier, Ecuyer Baron d'Aubonne, qu'il a fait en Turquie, en Perse, et aux Indes,, Chez Gervais Clouzier et Claude Barbin, 1676 ~ p. 286
SOURCE for Kengawar
« lt was about an hour from hence, and past sunset, when we reached Kengawar, having been nearly twelve hours on the road; our course being about east by north, and the distance forty miles. » #1185 Buckingham, J. S., Travels in Assyria, Media, and Persia, including a journey from Bagdad by Mount Zagros, to Hamadan, the ancient Ecbatana, researches in Ispahan and the ruins of Persepolis, and journey from thence by Shiraz and Shapoor to the sea-shore, Henry Colburn: Gregg International Publishers Limited, London: London, 1829:1971, ~ p. 150
SOURCE for Kienghevar
« Au fond est, sur une petite éminence, un grand village, où nous arrivons à deux heures. Cet endroit, appelé Kienghevar, que l'on croit être l'ancienne Konkobar, semble, en effet, avoir été une ville de quelque étendue. [In the background, on a small rise, is a large village, which we arrive at at two o'clock. This place, called Kienghevar, which is believed to be the ancient Konkobar, seems, in fact, to have been a town of some size.] » #3179 Adrien Dupré, Voyage en Perse, fait dans les années 1807, 1808 et 1809, en traversant la Natolie et la Mésopotamie, 1819 ~ vol. 1 p. 254
SOURCE for Kingawar
« Kingāwar 5—it is somewhat ruined » #3044 Kātib Çelebi ed: Gottfried Hagen and Robert Danko, An Ottoman Cosmography, Translation of Cihānnümā, Brill, Leiden, 2021 ~ p. 375
SOURCE for Konkobar
« Kangavar is a place of genuine antiquity; it was known, under the name of Konkobar, to the Greek geographer Isidor of Charax in the first century of our era; (3)
fn. 3 The first scholar to identify Kanga-var with Concobar, I believe, was D'Anville, Compendium of Ancient Geography, pt. 2, p. 460, London, 1791. Since that time much has been written about the site; see Rawlinson, JRGS. 9. 112; Buckingham, Travels in Assyria, Media, and Persia, pp. 150-154, London, 1829; Masson, Illus-trations of Isidorus of Charax, in JRAS. 12 (1850), pp. 97-124; Ker Porter, Travels, 2. 139-144; Texier, Description de l'Arménie, la Perse, etc., 1. 160 seq., pls. 62-64; Flandin and Coste, Voyage en Perse, Ancienne, 1. pls. 20-23, Moderne, pls. 72-74, Texte, pp. 11-14; Dieulafoy, L'Art Antique de la Perse, pt. 5, pp. 7-8, 11, 207; Curzon, Persia, 1. 51, n. 1; Mar-quart, Erānšahr, p. 24; and E. A. Floyer, Unexplored Baluchistan, pp. 424-425, London, 1882. »
#3178 Jackson, A. V. Williams, Persia past and present; a book of travel and research, with more than two hundred illustrations and a map, The Macmillan Company, London, 1906 ~ p. 237
SOURCE for Kungavar
« Kungavar » #3070 James Justinian Morier, A Journey Through Persia, Armenia, and Asia Minor, to Constantinople, in the Years 1808 and 1809, Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, London, 1812 ~ p. 413
SOURCE for Quingavar
« como de una legua, de formacion caliza y yesosa, que cierran áridas montañas, detras de las cuales se halla Quingavar, poblacion de seis mil almas, y donde existen ruinas al parecer de un gran templo. Difícil es clasificar el estilo á que pertenecen, no por los embates del tiempo, sino por lo incompleto del trabajo; los capiteles, las cornisas, los bása-mentos, si bien pueden parecer de órden dóricd, sólo están trazados á grandes rasgos, [about a league away, of limestone and gypsum formation, enclosing arid mountains, behind which lies Quingavar, a town of six thousand souls, and where there are ruins apparently of a great temple. It is difficult to classify the style to which they belong, not because of the ravages of time, but because of the incompleteness of the work; the capitals, the cornices, the bases, although they may seem of the Doric order, are only roughly sketched,] » #3180 Adolfo Rivadeneyra, Viaje Al Interior De Persia, ~ vol. 2 p. 82

R171-018 Mastrabad
R171-018 Mastrabad : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Mandirabad , Vandarabad , Vendarabad , Venderabad , وندر آباد , وندر آباد , وندر آباد , وندر آباد ,
VARIANT names: Mandirabad , Mastrabad , Vadarabad ,
SOURCE for Mandirabad
SOURCE for Mastrabad
« From there we continued to another town called Mastrabad, (2) which we reached before evening and where I left Monsieur Sherley.
fn. 2 ? Mandirābād shown on some maps between Kengaver and Asadābād. »
#3613 ed. E. Denison Ross, Sir Anthony Sherley and His Persian Adventure, The Broadway Travellers; RoutledgeCurzon, 1933; 2005 ~ p. 161/228 pdf
SOURCE for Vadarabad
« At mile 14 the road passes through the large village of Vadarābād, the S.-E. portion of which is surrounded by a ruined mud wall. » #3485 Routes in Persia Volume II. (North-Western Persia), Printed at the government monotype press, Simla, 1923 ~ p. 158

R171-030 Rudassen
R171-030 Rudassen : place IRN NIMA/GNS feature: PPL UFI: -3081496 coordinate: lat 37.136961 long 50.291736 NIMA/GNS names: Rud-i-Sar , Rudsar , رودسر , VARIANT names: Hoosem , Koutum , Rudassen , Rud-i-Sar , Rudsar , SOURCE for Hoosem « According to valid historical documents, the ancient name of Roodsar was "Koutum", which was a small city in Rankooh. The other name of Roodsar was "Hoosem" that had a thriving bazaar and big mosque in the year 375 AH. Later on this city was ruined for unknown reasons, and was reconstructed by Seyed Reza Kiya during the years 789-831 AH. » Rudsar [accessed 22 Oct 2025] SOURCE for Koutum « According to valid historical documents, the ancient name of Roodsar was "Koutum", which was a small city in Rankooh. The other name of Roodsar was "Hoosem" that had a thriving bazaar and big mosque in the year 375 AH. Later on this city was ruined for unknown reasons, and was reconstructed by Seyed Reza Kiya during the years 789-831 AH. » Rudsar [accessed 22 Oct 2025] SOURCE for Rudassen « De CASBIN nous vinſmes à RVDASSEN en quatreiours; qui eft vn bourg de Ghilam, prés de la rade où le Roy de Perſe tient ſi peu de vaiſſeaux qu'il a, qui courent la mer Cafpie. [From Casbin we came to RVDASSEN in four days; which is a town of Gilam, near the harbor where the King of Persia has so few ships that he has, which run the Caffeian Sea.] » #3614 unknown ed. M. Morisot, Relations veritables et curieuses de l'isle de Madagascar, et du Bresil. : Auec l'histoire de la derniere guerre faite au Bresil, entre les Portugais et les Hollandois. ; Trois relations d'Egypte, et vne du royaume de Perse, Chez Augustin Courbé, Paris, 1651 ~ p. 144 SOURCE for Rud-i-Sar SOURCE for Rudsar « According to valid historical documents, the ancient name of Roodsar was "Koutum", which was a small city in Rankooh. The other name of Roodsar was "Hoosem" that had a thriving bazaar and big mosque in the year 375 AH. Later on this city was ruined for unknown reasons, and was reconstructed by Seyed Reza Kiya during the years 789-831 AH. » Rudsar [accessed 22 Oct 2025]

R171-018a Sadarvad
R171-018a Sadarvad : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Asadabad , اسد آباد ,
VARIANT names: Asadabad , Saad-abad , Sahadabad ,
SOURCE for Asadabad
« one enters Kurdistan. It is then six parasangs to Asadābād via the pass over Mt. Arwāna. » #3044 Kātib Çelebi ed: Gottfried Hagen and Robert Danko, An Ottoman Cosmography, Translation of Cihānnümā, Brill, Leiden, 2021 ~ pt. 2 p. 375
« §40. As Asadābād is 23 miles distant from Kangavar, the Kitchen, according to Abu-Dulaf's painstaking indication of the distances, should be places at the present-day Mindarabad (which was identified with Madharan only in view of the misleading assonance of the names). The Kitchen may correspond to I. Rusta's Ayuan al-sanj "the portico of the cymbal". Shah-mardän was the first-born son of Shirin, see the Syrian chronicle of the last Sasanians, ed. by Guidi, §5, and the Shah-nama, Tehran 1314, p. 2939. He was one of the victims of his half-brother Shiroya when the latter ascended the throne.Asadabad, which the road left sometimes to its left (I. Rusta), is the well-known borough to the west of the easiest pass in Mt. Alvand. It is probably identical with I. Khordadhbih's Khundadh (Khunwadh, i.e. Onoadas of Tabula Peutingeriana, as suggested by Herzfeld). » #3541 Ibn Muhalhil, Vladimir Minorsky, Abu¯-Dulaf Mis?ar ibn Muhalhil's Travels in Iran, Cairo University Press, Cairo, 1955 ~ p. 96
SOURCE for Saad-abad
« una gran giornata, levandoci quasi a mezza notte; e dopo aver passato diverse altre ville, andammo ad alloggiare in una grossa che chiamano Saad-abad, cioè colonia di Saad, che è un nome proprio. [nd after passing several other villas, we went to lodge in a large one which they call Saad-abad, that is, Saad's colony, which is a proper name.] » #1530 Pietro Della Valle, Viaggi di Pietro della Valle: il pellegrino, G. Gancia, Brighton, 1843, ~ vol. 1 p. 441
SOURCE for Sahadabad
« Descending into the vale , we reached the castellated and fine village of Sahadabad , about half-past eleven in the forenoon ; having marched eight hours over a space of six arduous farsangs from Hamadan. The village stands at the base of the hills that form the western skirt of Elwund, in the north - east quarter of the plain » #3184 Sir Robert Ker Porter, Travels in Georgia, Persia, Armenia, Ancient Babylonia, Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, London, 1821 ~ vol. 2 p. 139

R171-019 Sadca : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Zagha , Zagheh , زاغ , زاغه , زاغه ,
VARIANT names: Sadca , Zagavada , Zagha , Zague ,
SOURCE for Sadca
« Ceiour meſmes nous vinf-mes vne heure auant Soleil couchant en vn bourg appellé SADCA, duquel nous partiſmes auant minuit, et ayant changé de cheuaux [This very day we reached one o'clock before sunset in a town called SADCA, from which we left before midnight, and having changed horses] » #3614 unknown ed. M. Morisot, Relations veritables et curieuses de l'isle de Madagascar, et du Bresil. : Auec l'histoire de la derniere guerre faite au Bresil, entre les Portugais et les Hollandois. ; Trois relations d'Egypte, et vne du royaume de Perse, Chez Augustin Courbé, Paris, 1651 ~ p. 125
SOURCE for Zagavada
« In queſto Caravanserai patii molto, e ſe non era pronto a ſcanſarmi, vi reſtava ucciso da una groſla pietra, che mi fu ſcagliata contro da uno di quelli Efattori, che chiamali Radar, fenza che glene aveſſi data alcuna occafione; che però la-ſciato il pegno, tutto che foſſe l'ora tarda, ci partimmo per andare a dormire a Zagavada, Villaggio ſituato nel-la pianura di Amadam, da cui ſolo diſta quattr'ore di cammino. [In this caravanserai I suffered greatly, and if I had not been ready to avoid me, I was killed by a large stone that was thrown at me by one of those farmers, whom I call Radar, without having given me any opportunity. but having left the pledge, even though it was late, we left to go and sleep in Zagavada, a village located in the Amadam plain, from which it is only a four hours' walk.] » #3643 Leandro : di Santa Cecilia, Persia ovvero secondo viaggio di f. Leandro di Santa Cecilia carmelitano scalzo dell'oriente. Scritto dal medesimo,, nella stamperia di Angelo Rotilj nel palazzo de Massimi, Roma, 1757 ~ p. 22
SOURCE for Zagha
« Zagha » #3070 James Justinian Morier, A Journey Through Persia, Armenia, and Asia Minor, to Constantinople, in the Years 1808 and 1809, Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, London, 1812 ~ p. 413
SOURCE for Zague
« que observo desde el mismo dia en que salí de Hamadan, 7 de Octubre. ... y tomando luégo hácia el O. S. O., que es la dirección en que está Kerman-shah, rodeé graníticos contrafuertes del Alvend, hasta Zagüé, pueblo situado entre montes, [which I have observed since the very day I left Hamadan, October 7th. ... and then heading southwest, which is the direction of Kerman-shah, I circled the granite foothills of Alvend, until I reached Zagüé, a village situated among mountains,] » #3180 Adolfo Rivadeneyra, Viaje Al Interior De Persia, ~ vol. 2 p. 81

R171-020 Raican
R171-020 Raican : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Rakin , رکین ,
VARIANT names: Raican , Rakin ,
SOURCE for Raican
« nous vinſmes defieuner à RAICAN deuant que le Soleil fuſt leué qui estoit le vingt-huictiefme, et fur le ſoir nous arriuaf-mes à CAHA Où nous couchaſmes, ayant fouruoyé du chemin à cauſe d'vn broüillas fort eſpais. [We came to spend the night at RAICAN before the sun had risen, which was the twenty-eighth, and in the evening we arrived at CAHA where we slept, having lost our way because of a very thick fog.] » #3614 unknown ed. M. Morisot, Relations veritables et curieuses de l'isle de Madagascar, et du Bresil. : Auec l'histoire de la derniere guerre faite au Bresil, entre les Portugais et les Hollandois. ; Trois relations d'Egypte, et vne du royaume de Perse, Chez Augustin Courbé, Paris, 1651 ~ p. 125
SOURCE for Rakin

R171-021 Caha : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Kaharad , Kahard , کهارد ,
VARIANT names: Caha , Kahard ,
SOURCE for Caha
« nous vinſmes defieuner à RAICAN deuant que le Soleil fuſt leué qui estoit le vingt-huictiefme, et fur le ſoir nous arriuaf-mes à CAHA Où nous couchaſmes, ayant fouruoyé du chemin à cauſe d'vn broüillas fort eſpais. [We came to spend the night at RAICAN before the sun had risen, which was the twenty-eighth, and in the evening we arrived at CAHA where we slept, having lost our way because of a very thick fog.] » #3614 unknown ed. M. Morisot, Relations veritables et curieuses de l'isle de Madagascar, et du Bresil. : Auec l'histoire de la derniere guerre faite au Bresil, entre les Portugais et les Hollandois. ; Trois relations d'Egypte, et vne du royaume de Perse, Chez Augustin Courbé, Paris, 1651 ~ p. 125
SOURCE for Kahard

R171-022 Darghesin
R171-022 Darghesin : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Darjazin , Darvazin , Daryazin , درجزین , دروزين , دريزين ,
VARIANT names: Darghesin , Darjazin ,
SOURCE for Darghesin
« Le vingt-neufuiefme nous vinſmes à DARGHESIN trois heures apres qu'il fut iour, où nous changeafines de cheuaux. C'eſt vne grande ville, où il y a commodité de toutes choſes pour la vie humaine, comme pain, vin, et fruits, et entr'autres choles, nous y trouuaſmes les plus friands melons que i'aye iamais mangé. [On the twenty-ninth we came to Darghesin three hours after daybreak, where we changed horses. It is a large city, where there is a supply of all things for human life, such as bread, wine, and fruit, and among other things, we found there the most delicious melons I have ever eaten.] » #3614 unknown ed. M. Morisot, Relations veritables et curieuses de l'isle de Madagascar, et du Bresil. : Auec l'histoire de la derniere guerre faite au Bresil, entre les Portugais et les Hollandois. ; Trois relations d'Egypte, et vne du royaume de Perse, Chez Augustin Courbé, Paris, 1651 ~ p. 125
SOURCE for Darjazin

R171-023 Ana : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Avaj , Aveh , Avej , آوج , اوج , اوه ,
VARIANT names: Avaj , Aveh ,
SOURCE for Avaj
SOURCE for Aveh
« AVEH 15¾ m. General direction N. by E. » #3485 Routes in Persia Volume II. (North-Western Persia), Printed at the government monotype press, Simla, 1923 ~ p. 163

R171-024 Ismansada
R171-024 Ismansada : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: SHRN UFI: 10044878 coordinate: lat 35.916785 long 49.526603
NIMA/GNS names: Emamzadegan Seyyed Saleh va Seyyed Soleyman , Emamzadeh Seyyed Saleh , امامزادگان سید صالح و سید سلیمان , امامزاده سید صالح ,
VARIANT names: Emamzadegan Seyyed Saleh va Seyyed Soleyman , Ismansada ,
SOURCE for Emamzadegan Seyyed Saleh va Seyyed Soleyman
SOURCE for Ismansada
« Partant d'A'NA deux heures auant iour, nous vinſmes mar-chans tout le iour iufques à la nuit du len-demain trentiefme, à vn certain petit licu nommé ISMANSADA, où nous cufmes fort à faire, n'y pouuans trouuer à manger ny pour nous, ny pour nos cheuaux, ny mef-mes aucun lieu pour nous mettre à couuert contre le froid; lequel eſtoit pour lors extreme. [Leaving A'NA two hours earlier, we came walking all day until the night of the thirtieth day after, to a certain small place called ISMANSADA, where we had a lot to do, not being able to find anything to eat there, neither for ourselves, nor for our horses, nor even any place to cover ourselves against the cold; which was at that time extreme.] » #3614 unknown ed. M. Morisot, Relations veritables et curieuses de l'isle de Madagascar, et du Bresil. : Auec l'histoire de la derniere guerre faite au Bresil, entre les Portugais et les Hollandois. ; Trois relations d'Egypte, et vne du royaume de Perse, Chez Augustin Courbé, Paris, 1651 ~ p. 126

R171-025 Casvin
R171-025 Casvin : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Kazvin , Qazvin , قزوين ,
VARIANT names: Casbin , Casbine , Casbyn , Casbyne , Cashan , Casuin , Casvin , Caswin , Kasveen , Kazvin , Qazvin , Qazwyn ,
SOURCE for Casbin
« The most part of our European Chorographers who have dis|cours'd of the Cities of Persia, affirm Casbin to be the ancient Ar|sacia, and that before it was call'd Europa till the Parthians gave it that name from Arsaces, the first of their Emperors; that is it the same with that City, which the Greeks call'd Ragea, and the ho|ly Scripture Rages of Media. » #236 Chardin, J., The travels of Sir John Chardin into Persia and the East Indies : the first volume, containing the author's voyage from Paris to Ispahan : to which is added, the coronation of this present king of Persia, Solyman the Third, Printed for Moses Pitt in Duke-Street Westminster, London, 1686 ~ p. 380
« June 2. On the morning of the 2d, we came to Casbin, the seat of a Prince Governor . » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 p. 144
« enbiando el rey orden para que á las siete ó las ocho de la ma-ñana el Enbaxador entrase en Casbin. [The king sent orders for the Ambassador to enter Casbin at seven or eight in the morning.] » #3245 García de Silva y Figueroa, Manuel Serrano y Sanz, Comentarios De D. Garcia De Silva Y Figueroa De La Embajada Que De Parte Del Rey De España Don Felipe III Hizo Al Rey Xa Abas De Persia, La Spciedad de Bibliofilos Espanoles, Madrid, 1905 ~ vol. 5 p. 79
SOURCE for Casbine
« The 10th of August in the yeare of our Lord 1628. This night about 11 acloke att night we sett forward to come homwardes bound, leauing the King in this citie of Casbine in the cuntrey of Arach, otherwise called Media. » #3214 Stodart, Robert; introduction and notes by Sir. E. Denison Ross, The Journal of Robert Stodart: Being an account of his experiences as a member of Sir Dodmore Cotton's Mission in Persia in 1628-29. Published from the unique manuscript preserved in the Bodleian Library, Luzac and Co, 1935 ~ p. 64
SOURCE for Casbyn
« rom that hatefull Towne we hasted, and next night got into Casbyn. » #1608 Herbert, Thomas, Sir, Some Yeares Travels into divers parts of Asia and Afrique. Describing especially the two famous Empires, the Persian, and great Mogull: weaved with the history of these later times ... With a revivall of the first discoverer of America. Revised and enlarged by the Author., Printed by R. Bip. for Jacob Blome and Richard Bishop, London, 1638, ~ p. 196
SOURCE for Casbyne
« This daye being Saturdaye we came to Casbyne [Qasvin], wher the Kyng is, a very large cytie, hauing traveled 6 leauges. This citye lieth in the cuntrey of Arach ['Iraq]. » #3214 Stodart, Robert; introduction and notes by Sir. E. Denison Ross, The Journal of Robert Stodart: Being an account of his experiences as a member of Sir Dodmore Cotton's Mission in Persia in 1628-29. Published from the unique manuscript preserved in the Bodleian Library, Luzac and Co, 1935 ~ p. 56
SOURCE for Cashan
« The 27. we departed at mid-night, and, having travell'd five Leagues, we were got, by Sun|rising,
description
PAGE 188
near the City of Casuin, or Cashan; » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 188
SOURCE for Casuin
SOURCE for Casvin
« nous arriuafmes deux heures auant Soleil couchant du lendemain premier iour de Decembre à CASVIN, OU KASBIN, et eſt pour le preſent la ville capitale des terres du Sophi. El-le eſt dans l'ancienne Medie, à dix iournées ou enuiron de TAVRIS, dans vne grande plaine, entre collines toutesfois ou montaignes. [We arrived two hours before sunset the next day, the first day of December, at Casvin, or Kasbin, and is at present the capital city of the lands of Sophi. It is in ancient Media, ten days or so from Tavrís, in a large plain, between hills or mountains.] » #3614 unknown ed. M. Morisot, Relations veritables et curieuses de l'isle de Madagascar, et du Bresil. : Auec l'histoire de la derniere guerre faite au Bresil, entre les Portugais et les Hollandois. ; Trois relations d'Egypte, et vne du royaume de Perse, Chez Augustin Courbé, Paris, 1651 ~ p. 126
SOURCE for Caswin
« The 11. we came to the Citie of Caswin, where we were forc'd to continue nine dayes, » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 287
« EIght days long stayd we in Caswin » #3675 John Struys, trans. John Morrison, The Perillous and Most Unhappy Voyages of John Struys; through Italy, Greece, … Media, Persia, …, and other places in Europe, Africa and Asia, London, 1683 ~ p. 307
SOURCE for Kasveen
« Kasveen » in {map#1387 in #3566 J. D. Rees, Notes of a journey from Kasreen to Hamadan across the Karaghan country, ~ fig. Map of a journey from Kasveen to Hamadan}
SOURCE for Kazvin
« Next day we reached Kazvín after a short stage, during which we descended into the plain of which I have already spoken. » #3380 Browne, Edward Granville, A year amongst the Persians; impressions as to the life, character, and thought of the people of Persia, received during twelve month's residence in that country in the years 1887-8, Adam and Charles Black, 1893 ~ p. 78
« Kazvin is a large and flourishing town of 40,000 inhabitants. Its bazārs are good and it has a post and telegraph office » #3485 Routes in Persia Volume II. (North-Western Persia), Printed at the government monotype press, Simla, 1923 ~ p. 166
SOURCE for Qazvin
during the time (1548–97) that the Safavid capital was Qazvin. #EB2002
« thence-with the city of Qazvin lying 4 leagues distant on the left hand » #1764 ed. Le Strange, G., The geographical part of the Nuzhat-al-qulub composed by Hamd-Alla¯h Mustawfi¯ of Qazwi¯n in 740 (1340), E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1919 ~ p. 168
SOURCE for Qazwyn
« Qazwyn » in {map#1253 Carte de la Perse, de la Turquie d'Asie et d'une partie de la Tartarie Indépendante / Dressée par P. Lapie, ... pour les Voyages de Chardin ; Gravée par Blondeau, ..., , 1810, }

R171-023a Han Ana
R171-023a Han Ana : place IRN (caravanserai)
Supplement: karvansaraye shah ebasi avaj كاروانسرای شاه عباسی آوج
VARIANT names: Avaj Shah'abbasi Caravanserai , Karavanserail Avadj ,
SOURCE for Avaj Shah'abbasi Caravanserai
« Au pied de cette montagne, il y a vn affez bon bourg à vn bout duquel il y a vn Han, c'eſt à dire vn palais des plus beaux qui ſe puiſſent voir, tant pour ſon eſtenduë, que pour ſes compar-timens baſtis à la moderne. Partant d'A'NA deux heures auant iour, [At the foot of this mountain, there is a fairly good village at one end of which there is a Han, that is to say one of the most beautiful palaces that can be seen, as much for its extent, as for its compartments built in the modern style. Leaving A'NA two hours earlier,] » #3614 unknown ed. M. Morisot, Relations veritables et curieuses de l'isle de Madagascar, et du Bresil. : Auec l'histoire de la derniere guerre faite au Bresil, entre les Portugais et les Hollandois. ; Trois relations d'Egypte, et vne du royaume de Perse, Chez Augustin Courbé, Paris, 1651 ~ p. 126
SOURCE for Karavanserail Avadj
« Typ: Hofkaravanserail mit zwei Iwanen und umlaufen-dem Stall. Durch Halbrundtürme befestigt.Abmessungen: Außenmaße, einschließlich der Türme 64,50 x 62,00 m. Hofmaße 32,50 x 31,30 m, Breite der Stallun-gen 4 m. Mauerstärke 1 m. Die Eingangsfront (Abb. 116) ist 5,80 m hoch, der Portalbau erreicht eine Höhe von 7,90 m. [Type: Courtyard caravanserai with two iwans and a surrounding stable. Fortified by semicircular towers.Dimensions: External dimensions, including towers, 64.50 x 62.00 m. Courtyard dimensions 32.50 x 31.30 m, stable width 4 m. Wall thickness 1 m. The entrance facade (Fig. 116) is 5.80 m high, and the gatehouse reaches a height of 7.90 m.] » #3474 Kleiss, Wolfram, Karawanenbauten in Iran. Materialien zur iranischen Archäologie, Materialien zur iranischen Archa¨ologie, D. Reimer, Berlin, 1996 Band 2:Teil 1: ~ p. 71

R171-011 Tartange (?) : place IRN (castle) NIMA/GNS feature: none independent coordinate: lat 34.458233 long 45.858166 † basis (p) Supplement: Gebri Castle قلعه گبری VARIANT names: ghale gabri , Gouri Castle , Tanghi , Tartange , SOURCE for ghale gabri « Karavanserail Sarpol-e Zohab (Sar-e Pol-e Zahab) (Abb. 121 und 122) (91)Lage: Am Rande der Ortschaft in der Nähe des Bergu ges mit den Felsabarbeitungen und Felsreliefs westlich des Flusses. Das Karavanserail ist vollständig zerstört. Weitere Angaben können nicht gemacht werden.Nach dem ebenfalls zerstörten Karavanserail in Qasr-t Shirin ist das Karavanserail in Sarpol-e Zohab das zweite Bauwerk seiner Art auf iranischem Territorium im Zuge der Straße (Seidenstraße) Baghdad - Teheran. Die Bedeutung die ser Route zeigen die Reliefs und weitere Ruinen in der Um-gebung von Sarpol-e Zohab. Eine rechteckige Burganlage ("Qal'eh") im Ortsbereich von Sarpol-e Zohab, durch eine Straße durchschnitten (Abb. 122), erbrachte größere Keramikmengen. fn. 91 Die Ruinenplätze in der Gegend von Sarpol-e Zohab wurden im Marz 1973 besucht: AMIN. F. 8, 1975, 123ff. - Hier werden nur die Grund-risse nochmals erwähnt, die typologisch den Karawanenbauten nahestehen. [0000epe near Sanandaj, ceramics6. CARAVAN BUILDINGS IN THE PROVINCE OF KERMANSHAHSarpol-e Zohab (Sar-e Pol-e Zahab) Caravanserai (Figs. 121 and 122) (91)Location: On the outskirts of the village, near the mountain range with its rock carvings and reliefs west of the river. The caravanserai is completely destroyed. No further information can be provided.After the also destroyed caravanserai in Qasr-t Shirin, the caravanserai in Sarpol-e Zohab is the second structure of its kind on Iranian territory along the Baghdad-Tehran road (Silk Road). The importance of this route is demonstrated by the reliefs and other ruins in the area around Sarpol-e Zohab. A rectangular castle complex ("Qal'eh") in the area of ??Sarpol-e Zohab, bisected by a road (Fig. 122), yielded large quantities of pottery. fn. 91 The ruin sites in the area of ??Sarpol-e Zohab were visited in March 1973: Amin. F. 8, 1975, 123ff. - Here, only the ground plans are mentioned again, which are typologically close to caravan buildings.] » #3474 Kleiss, Wolfram, Karawanenbauten in Iran. Materialien zur iranischen Archäologie, Materialien zur iranischen Archa¨ologie, D. Reimer, Berlin, 1996 Band 2:Teil 1: ~ pp. 74-5 SOURCE for Gouri Castle « Gouri Castle (Gabri Castle) dates back to the Sassanid period and is located in Sarpol Zahab, inside the city. This monument was registered on July 19, 1969 with registration number 845 as one of the national monuments of Iran. » Gori Castle (Gabriel Castle) [accessed 20 Oct 2025] SOURCE for Tanghi « Ils ont grande quantité de beſtail, de ris, de dattes, et pois ciches. Nous fiſmes efchange auec eux d'vn mouton auec quelques linges, et mouchoirs, dequoy ils font plus d'eſtime que de l'argent. Et par ce moyen nous recouurions d'eux du pain, du beurre, des fruits, et legumes. Le nom du lieu eft Tanghi, et tout le pays eft appellé Tetang; l'on voit fur les remparts du chaſteau quelques pieces d'artillerie qui eſt montée. Le payſage d'alentour eft tout pierreux, et beaucoup de bonnes fontaines. [They have a large quantity of cattle, rice, dates, and peas. We exchanged with them a sheep with some linen and handkerchiefs, which they value more than money. And by this means we received from them bread, butter, fruits, and vegetables. The name of the place is Tanghi, and the whole country is called Tetang; one sees on the ramparts of the castle some pieces of artillery mounted. The surrounding landscape is all stony, and there are many good fountains.] » #3614 unknown ed. M. Morisot, Relations veritables et curieuses de l'isle de Madagascar, et du Bresil. : Auec l'histoire de la derniere guerre faite au Bresil, entre les Portugais et les Hollandois. ; Trois relations d'Egypte, et vne du royaume de Perse, Chez Augustin Courbé, Paris, 1651 ~ pp. 119-120 « The name of this place is Tanghi, and the whole country is called Tetang. (1) One can see guns on the castle ramparts. The landscape around is very rocky and contains many good wells; at these one has to pay the toll charge of two schaiz [shāhis] per horse and mule. We remained there until the seventeenth day, departing thence at sunrise. fn. 1 Tanghi is not a place but merely tang—a pass. Tetang appears in de l’Isle’s map as a district. Manwaring gives Tartange which stands for Dartang, the modern Zohāb. » #3613 ed. E. Denison Ross, Sir Anthony Sherley and His Persian Adventure, The Broadway Travellers; RoutledgeCurzon, 1933; 2005 ~ p. 159/238 pdf SOURCE for Tartange « From thence, after we had rested ourselves one day and a night, we held on our journey, and came by a castle of the Turks, called Tartange. There being always in that castle two hundred soldiers, very well fortified with ordnance, we had no determination to stay there ; but when they saw us pass by, they commanded us with two pieces of ordnance ; so to avoid other danger, we stayed, and pitched our tents under the castle. » #3615 By George Manwaring and others ?, The three brothers, or The travels and adventures of Sir Anthony, Sir Robert, and Sir Thomas Sherley in Persia, Russia, Turkey, Spain, etc. with portraits, Hurst, Robinson, London, 1825 ~ p. 53

R171-011a narrow mountain pass
R171-011a narrow mountain pass : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: PASS UFI: -3078064 coordinate: lat 34.432808 long 46.016324
NIMA/GNS names: Gardaneh-ye Pataq , Paitak Pass , Par-ye Taq , Pay-i-Tag Pass , Pa-Yi-Taq Pass , Tak-i-Gireh , Tang-e Pataq , گردنه پاطاق ,
VARIANT names: Akabahi-Holwan , Bashari , Gardanai-Taki-Girrah , Gardanai-Taki-Girrah , Namri , narrow mountain pass , Paitaq pass , Pay-i-Tag Pass , Pia Taq , Tag-ayagui , Taq-i-Girra , Taq-i-Girreh P. , Zagros Gates ,
SOURCE for Akabahi-Holwan
« The natives call the edifice the Taki-Girrah-the arch holding the road. The pass itself is now known as the Gardanai-Taki-Girrah, or as that of Kirrind, from the village at its eastern foot, but by the Arab geographers it is named Akabahi-Holwan, or the defile of Holwan. » #2941 Austen Henry Layard, Early Adventures in Persia, Susiana, and Babylonia, John Murray, London, 1887, ~ vol. 1 p. 220
SOURCE for Bashari
« Bashari, also called Takht-i Kisrā of Dartang, 3 » #3044 Kātib Çelebi ed: Gottfried Hagen and Robert Danko, An Ottoman Cosmography, Translation of Cihānnümā, Brill, Leiden, 2021 ~ pt. 2 p. 375
SOURCE for Gardanai-Taki-Girrah
« The natives call the edifice the Taki-Girrah - the arch holding the road . The pass itself is now known as the Gardanai-Taki - Girrah , or as that of Kirrind , from the village at its eastern foot , but by the Arab geographers it is named Akabahi - Holwan, or the defile of Holwan. On the summit is a large caravanserai and a village named Surreh-Dereh . Here we crossed the Persian frontier, and then descended rapidly to the very pretty village of Kirrind , situated in a deep gorge , formed by mountains rising precipitously on every side » #2941 Austen Henry Layard, Early Adventures in Persia, Susiana, and Babylonia, John Murray, London, 1887, ~ vol. 1 p. 220
SOURCE for Namri
« The area was certainly strategic for it was close to the so-called Zagros Gates (see below), the major pass leading from the lowlands up onto the Iranian plateau. (23)
fn. 23 Parpóla and Porter, The Helsinki Atlas, map 11, located Namri in precisely the area of the Zagros Gates. » #3503 D. T. Potts, Elamite Karintas and Avestan Kvirinta: Notes on the Early History of Kerend, Iranian Studies, vol. 50:no. 3:pp. 345-367 ~ p. 347
SOURCE for narrow mountain pass
« nous paſſaſmes vn détroit d'une montagne, lequel eſt fort fafcheveux pour les chameaux, et pour les mulets qui portent charge. [we passed through a mountain strait, which is very difficult for camels and for mules carrying loads.] » #3614 unknown ed. M. Morisot, Relations veritables et curieuses de l'isle de Madagascar, et du Bresil. : Auec l'histoire de la derniere guerre faite au Bresil, entre les Portugais et les Hollandois. ; Trois relations d'Egypte, et vne du royaume de Perse, Chez Augustin Courbé, Paris, 1651 ~ p. 122
SOURCE for Paitaq pass
« Ich selbst schließe mich insoweit Minorsky an, als dieser Mädharüstän hinter dem Paß von Päi?aq sucht. [I personally agree with Minorsky insofar as he is looking for Mädharüstän behind the Päi?aq pass.] » #3435 Klaus Schippmann, Hinweise und Anmerkungen zu einigen sasanidischen Monumenten, Iran, Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies, London, 1969 vol. 7:pp. 157-162 ~ p. 162
SOURCE for Pay-i-Tag Pass
SOURCE for Pia Taq
« as far as Pai Taq, (3,350,) at 10 mile where there is a caravansarai and room for camping: water within half a mile, and forage and fuel abundant. » #3485 Routes in Persia Volume II. (North-Western Persia), Printed at the government monotype press, Simla, 1923 ~ p. 150
SOURCE for Tag-ayagui
« Le lendemain après trois heures de marche nous nous arrêtames à Tag-ayagui, c'est-à-dire, au pied d'une fort haute montagne qui ſépare la Perſe de la Turquie, et que les Grecs appelloient Zagros (2)fn. 2 Il y a toute apparence que les Grecs ont pris cette dénomination du mot arabe Tsagron, qui fignifie unezgorge ou ouverture qui va toujours en ſe rétrécillant entre des montagnes, fur les confins d'un pays ennemi. [The next day, after three hours of walking, we stopped at Tag-ayagui, that is, at the foot of a very high mountain that separates Persia from Turkey, and which the Greeks called Zagros (2)
fn. 2 It is quite likely that the Greeks took this name from the Arabic word Tsagron, which signifies a gorge or opening that continually narrows between mountains, on the borders of an enemy country.] »
#2562 Jean Otter, Voyage en Turquie et en Perse, Paris, 1748, ~ vol. 1 p. 175
SOURCE for Taq-i-Girra
« thence by the Pass of Taq-i-Girra (1) in 8 leagues to Hulwan city; » #1764 ed. Le Strange, G., The geographical part of the Nuzhat-al-qulub composed by Hamd-Alla¯h Mustawfi¯ of Qazwi¯n in 740 (1340), E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1919 ~ p. 162
SOURCE for Taq-i-Girreh P.
« Taq-i-Girreh P. » in {map#1213 India and adjacent countries 1:1,000,000, Persia, Surveyor General of India, 1936, University of Wisconsin fig. Sheet No.2 Baghdad 1917}
SOURCE for Zagros Gates
« In Rawlinson’s day the Zagros Gates were known as ‘the pass ofṬá?i-Girráh [?āq-e Girrā] …the great thoroughfare of communication in all ages between Media and Babylonia’, while to the Arab geographers it was ‘’A?abah-i-Ḥolwán (the defile of Ḥolwán), and among the Kurds, Gardanahi-Ṭá?i-Girráh (the pass ofṬá?i-Girráh) » #3505 D. T. Potts, On Cultural Boundaries and Languages in Western Iran: The Case of the Zagros Gates, in: ed. Ali Hozhabri, Archaeology of Iran in the Historical Period, University of Tehran and Springer, , 2020, pp. 55-63 ~ p.

R171-012 ruined castle
R171-012 ruined castle : place IRN (fortress)
Supplement: ghalaye shalan قلای شالان
VARIANT names: ruined castle , Shalan's fortress ,
SOURCE for ruined castle
« Nous partiſmes le vingt-vnieſme auant midy, et ne pouuans faire pour ce iour-là plus de fept milou enuiron, nous arreſtaſmes la nuit aupres d'vn chaſteau tout ruiné. [We left on the twenty-eighth before noon, and not being able to do more than five o'clock in the morning, we stopped for the night near a completely ruined castle.] » #3614 unknown ed. M. Morisot, Relations veritables et curieuses de l'isle de Madagascar, et du Bresil. : Auec l'histoire de la derniere guerre faite au Bresil, entre les Portugais et les Hollandois. ; Trois relations d'Egypte, et vne du royaume de Perse, Chez Augustin Courbé, Paris, 1651 ~ p. 122
SOURCE for Shalan's fortress

R171-014 night of 23rd
R171-014 night of 23rd : place IRN
VARIANT names: night of 23rd ,
SOURCE for night of 23rd
« Au matin qui eſtoit le vingt-troiſieſme auant Soleil leué nous partiſmes, et marchaf-mes tout le iour fans trouuer maiſon quelcon-queny couuertiuſques ſur l'entrée de la nuit que nous montaſmes vne autre montagne, et veinſmesà deſcendre dans vne vallée fort graffe et fertile. Ce iour nous laiſſaſmes la carauane aupres d'vn pont rompu, et d'vn torrent bien dangereux appellé ABMORRADAN, loing duquel enuiron cinq ou fix mille nous nous arreſtaſmes la nuict; [In the morning, which was the twenty-third, before the sun had risen, we left, and walked all day without finding any house. At the onset of night, we climbed another mountain, and came to descend into a very steep and fertile valley. That day we left the caravan near a broken bridge and a very dangerous torrent called ABMORRADAN, far from which, about five or six thousand meters away, we stopped for the night;] » #3614 unknown ed. M. Morisot, Relations veritables et curieuses de l'isle de Madagascar, et du Bresil. : Auec l'histoire de la derniere guerre faite au Bresil, entre les Portugais et les Hollandois. ; Trois relations d'Egypte, et vne du royaume de Perse, Chez Augustin Courbé, Paris, 1651 ~ p. 123

R171-026 Com : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Ghom , Qom , Qum , قم ,
VARIANT names: Com , Comes , Coom , Cum , Khom , Kom , Koum , Kum , Qom , Qum , Qumm ,
SOURCE for Com
« Ce fait le Roy voulut aller à SPAHAN ville capitale de Par-thie, elloignée de CASBIN douze iournées les comptant à pas de Carauane, où nous le fuiuifmes. L'on trouue par le chemin beau-coup de bonnes places, comme entr'autres vne, qui eft appellée Com, vne autre dite CASSAN, qui eft plus grande, et plus riche que Com, comme aufli beaucoup de bourgs et villages. Tout cechemin eſt plain et vny, toutesfois d'vn coſté et d'autre on voittou-fiours des montagnes, [This done, the King wished to go to Spahan, the capital city of Parthia, twelve days distant from Casbin, counting them at the pace of Carauane, where we fled. One finds many good places along the way, such as one called Com, another called Cassan, which is larger and richer than Com, as well as many towns and villages. The whole road is flat and winding, however, on one side and the other one always sees mountains.] » #3614 unknown ed. M. Morisot, Relations veritables et curieuses de l'isle de Madagascar, et du Bresil. : Auec l'histoire de la derniere guerre faite au Bresil, entre les Portugais et les Hollandois. ; Trois relations d'Egypte, et vne du royaume de Perse, Chez Augustin Courbé, Paris, 1651 ~ p. 133
« Cette ville a 14. quartiers, et 2100. maifons, dans chacune defquelles il y a un puits, fans compter 300. abenbaars ou citernes. Elle a quatre portes, quatre Bazars, et un Meydeen, plufieurs bains, et un grand nombre de moſquées et del chapelles. [This city has 14 districts and 2100 houses, each with a well, not counting 300 cisterns or granaries. It has four gates, four bazaars, a mosque, several baths, and a large number of mosques and chapels.] » #3227 LeBrun, Corneille, Voyages de Corneille Le Brun par la Moscovie, en Perse, et aux Indes Orientales., Wetstein, Amsterdam, 1718 ~ p. 180
« D Es environs de la mon-cagne dont on fait tant de contes, on commença à voir la Ville de Com. Ayant que d'y ar-river, il faut paffer devant cinq endroits de beaucoup d'étenduë, pleins de ruines, dont les débris font encore fort elevez. [From the surroundings of the mountain about which so many tales are told, one began to see the City of Com. Having to arrive there, one must pass in front of five places of great extent, full of ruins, whose debris still stands very high.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 p. 67
SOURCE for Comes
« The 16th daye at night we came to the fayre citie Comes [Qum], weh lieth on a plaine. ... Here we picht in a pomgranet garden, haueing traveled 6 lges, In this towne ther is a fine marked [market] place. Here we stayed the 17th daye. » #3214 Stodart, Robert; introduction and notes by Sir. E. Denison Ross, The Journal of Robert Stodart: Being an account of his experiences as a member of Sir Dodmore Cotton's Mission in Persia in 1628-29. Published from the unique manuscript preserved in the Bodleian Library, Luzac and Co, 1935 ~ p. 65
SOURCE for Coom
« by this wee are entred Coom? where we refresht our
description
PAGE 212
scorched and wearied bodies three dayes: In which time wee could not chuse but gather something.
COOM, (in the latitude of 34 degrees 40 minutes) is a City of good note, in Parthia; placed in the mid-way 'twixt those two royall Cities, Cazbyn and Spawhawn. It is scituate in an ample and faire sandy plain, and yeelds every way an exact horizon. Coom, gives place to no other Towne in Persia for antiquity; the ruines appearing at this day, gaine some be|leife in the inhabitants, whose common saying is, it was once compara|ble to Babylon. » #1608 Herbert, Thomas, Sir, Some Yeares Travels into divers parts of Asia and Afrique. Describing especially the two famous Empires, the Persian, and great Mogull: weaved with the history of these later times ... With a revivall of the first discoverer of America. Revised and enlarged by the Author., Printed by R. Bip. for Jacob Blome and Richard Bishop, London, 1638, ~ p. 212
SOURCE for Cum
A 8, á la ora ordinaria, se començó á caminar de es-paçio por no auer hasta Cum mas de quatro leguas, [At 8 o'clock, at the ordinary time, they began to walk from space to Cum but not more than four leagues,]
SOURCE for Khom
« On the 25 we came to the City Khom, and took up our Lodging in a Carawansera near to the great Maydan. » #3675 John Struys, trans. John Morrison, The Perillous and Most Unhappy Voyages of John Struys; through Italy, Greece, … Media, Persia, …, and other places in Europe, Africa and Asia, London, 1683 ~ p. 308
SOURCE for Kom
« De là à Kom il y a encore ſept ou huit heures de marche dans des terres feches et des fables falez: mais à une demi-lieuë de Kom la terre eft bonne et de grand rapport. [From there to Kom there is still seven or eight hours' walk through barren lands and barren fields: but half a league from Kom the land is good and of great yield.] » #3632 Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste, Les six voyages de Jean Baptiste Tavernier, Ecuyer Baron d'Aubonne, qu'il a fait en Turquie, en Perse, et aux Indes,, Chez Gervais Clouzier et Claude Barbin, 1676 ~ p. 67
« The 19. we travell'd five Leagues,* 11.193 and got in the morning before the City of Kom. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 193
« The third, we came to the Citie of Kom, where we were assign'd lodgings, in very fair houses neer the Basar, » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 285
SOURCE for Koum
« A Koum, tout nous parut fort bien. Les bazars sont vastes et il y a de belles maisons avec de grands jar-dins. La ville a un certain air provincial qui ne déplaît pas. Koum est une ville sainte. Sa mosquée, fort grande, est ornée d'un dome tout doré et de construction mo-derne très-élégante. [In Koum, everything seemed very good to us. The bazaars are vast, and there are beautiful houses with large gardens. The town has a certain provincial air that is quite appealing. Koum is a holy town. Its very large mosque is adorned with a gilded dome and is of very elegant, modern construction.] » #3657 Gobineau Comte de, Trois ans en Asie (de 1855 à 1858), Libraire de L. Hachette et Cie, Paris, 1859 ~ vol. 1 p. 256
SOURCE for Kum
« For the golden dot is the dome of the great and most sacred mosque of Kum. Kum is one of those cities to which, renowned for their sanctity, pilgrims flock on their earthly journey towards Paradise. » #3069 Crawshay-Williams, Eliot, Across Persia, Edward Arnold, London, 1907 ~ p. 296
« Kum is little less than a city of mosques, minarets, madrasahs, and corpses, for, next to Meshad, it is the most famous burial-place in Persia. Its special sanctity is due to the fact that it is the proud possessor of the shrine of Fatima, sister of Imam Riza, the eighth Imam. She was interred here in A.D. 816, and honors are accorded her that Mohammedanism rarely vouchsafes to a woman. » #3178 Jackson, A. V. Williams, Persia past and present; a book of travel and research, with more than two hundred illustrations and a map, The Macmillan Company, London, 1906 ~ p. 414
« Kûm, Ash Wednesday, 1890 » #3644 Bishop, Isabella L., Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan, John Murray, London, 1891 ~ vol. 1 p. 160
« Kûm, March 23. » #3644 Bishop, Isabella L., Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan, John Murray, London, 1891 ~ vol. 1 p. 211
« The first of these telegraph stations is at Kum, and thither I at once made my way through the spice-laden twilight of the bazaars. » #3380 Browne, Edward Granville, A year amongst the Persians; impressions as to the life, character, and thought of the people of Persia, received during twelve month's residence in that country in the years 1887-8, Adam and Charles Black, 1893 ~ p. 168
« Pool-e-dulak to Kúm, 31 1. R., 14 ?.Cross the Gonsir river by brick bridge, thence some 7 miles across barren desert plain, on which but little vegetation is visible. 7 miles, cultivation on left of road, extending to small village, distant about a mile from road. To the right, also, a small hamlet off the road; enter and pass through low bare hillocks and broken ground, with gradual ascent to left bank of Kúm river. Cultivation extends some distance to the right; post-house and serai on bank of river, opposite a brick bridge. Supplies of corn and provisions here abundant. » #3696 Claude Clerk, Notes in Persia, Khorassan, and Afghanistan, The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, 1861 vol. 31:pp. 37-65 ~ p. 55
SOURCE for Qom
SOURCE for Qum
« thence 6 to Qum, » #1764 ed. Le Strange, G., The geographical part of the Nuzhat-al-qulub composed by Hamd-Alla¯h Mustawfi¯ of Qazwi¯n in 740 (1340), E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1919 ~ p. 175
SOURCE for Qumm

R171-027 Cassan
R171-027 Cassan : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: PPLA2 UFI: 10325556 coordinate: lat 33.997284 long 51.441575
NIMA/GNS names: Kachan , Kashan , كاشان ,
VARIANT names: Cachan , Caixan , Caixao , Cascian , Cashan , Cassan , Cassian , Caxen , Kachan , Kaschan , Kashan , Katschan , Qasan ,
SOURCE for Cachan
« A la pointe du jour nous apperçumes Cachan, où nous arrivames a 7. heures du matin. Une partie de la caravane alla loger dans la ville, et le refte dans le Caravanferan du fauxbourg. [At daybreak we sighted Cachan, where we arrived at 7 o'clock in the morning. Part of the caravan went to stay in the town, and the rest in the Caravanferan of the suburb.] » #3227 LeBrun, Corneille, Voyages de Corneille Le Brun par la Moscovie, en Perse, et aux Indes Orientales., Wetstein, Amsterdam, 1718 ~ p. 182
« Le treiziéme érant partis à deux heures aprés minuit, nôtre courſe fut de neuf heures. Au commencement le chemin fut fort mauvais, et nous trouvámes pluſieurs Villages des habitez, avant que d'arriver à Cachan, dont le Caravanferail eft tres-beau. [The thirteenth departure was at two o'clock after midnight, our journey lasted nine hours. At the beginning the road was very bad, and we encountered several inhabited villages before arriving at Cachan, whose caravanserai is very beautiful.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 p. 71
« Il y a dans Cachan ... les Carvanferas grands et commodes; mais il y en a un entr'autres qui eftoit fort magnifique proche des jardins du Roy à l'entrée de la ville, dans lequel je logeay à mon dernier voyage d'Afie. Tant le Carvanfera que les Jardins font des ouvrages de Chabas I. du nom, et il y fit une fort grande depenfe. Ce Carvanfera à environ 100. pas en quarre, il eſt bati de brique, et à deux étages, et contient prés de fix vingt chambres voutées et d'une raiſonnable grandeur. [In Cachan there are... large and comfortable Carvanferas; but there is one among others that was quite magnificent near the King's Gardens at the entrance to the town, in which I stayed on my last trip to Africa. Both the Carvanfera and the Gardens are the work of Chabas I, and he spent a very large amount on them. This Carvanfera, about 100 paces square, is built of brick, has two stories, and contains nearly twenty vaulted rooms of reasonable size.] » #3632 Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste, Les six voyages de Jean Baptiste Tavernier, Ecuyer Baron d'Aubonne, qu'il a fait en Turquie, en Perse, et aux Indes,, Chez Gervais Clouzier et Claude Barbin, 1676 ~ p. 72
SOURCE for Caixan
« in analogous manner, but more evidently, the name of the city of Kashan, rendered once with 'Caixan' and once with 'Caixào', a few lines after (f. 3r). » #3224 Margherita Farina, Giovanni Battista Raimondi's Travel in the Middle East: A Case of Sixteenth-Century Portuguese-Italian Interference, Oriente Moderno, NUOVA SERIE, ~ pp. 55-6
SOURCE for Caixao
« CAIXÃO, cidade de-Kashan, em 33' 59' lat. N. e 51° 30' long. E., capital da província persa do mesmo nome. [Fernão Lopes de Castanheda - História do des- cobrimento e conquista da India pelos Portugueses]. [CAIXÃO, city of Kashan, in 33' 59' N. lat. and 51° 30' E. long., capital of the Persian province of the same name. [Fernão Lopes de Castanheda - History of the discovery and conquest of India by the Portuguese].] » #2603 Visconde De Lagoa, Glossario Toponimico Da Antiga Historiografia Portuguesa Ultramarina, Oficina Grafica, Casa Portuguesa Rua Das Gaveas, 1953, ~ vol. A-C p. 145
« From this city of whatever name, the Portugals, pursuing their course to the Shah of Persia, arrived at the city of Cayxam (Kashan) on the Friday of July 20th 1515 » #3565 Smith, Ronald Bishop, The First Age of the Portuguese Embassies, Navigations and Peregrinations in Persia (1507-1524), Decatur Press, Bethesda, Maryland, 1970 ~ p. 44
« From here they will depart for Ormuz by another winding road that passes through many towns and places, very useful land with large livestock; they will arrive at the city of Caixão, where they will stay for fifteen days » #2516 Afonso de Albuquerque, ed.Raymundo Antonio de Bulhão Pato, Henrique Lopes de Mendonça, Cartas de Affonso de Albuquerque, seguidas de documentos que as elucidam, Academia Real Das Sciencias de Lisboa, 1884, 1898 ~ vol. 2 p.249
SOURCE for Cascian
« VI. Io dico adunque, che avendo già veduto e osservato in Cascian ciò che di sopra ho scritto, ed essendoci riposati abba-stanza, la domenica a sera del ventotto di gennaio ci partimmo, [VI. I say, then, that having already seen and observed in Cascian what I have written above, and having rested sufficiently, we departed on Sunday evening, the twenty-eighth of January,] » #1530 Pietro Della Valle, Viaggi di Pietro della Valle: il pellegrino, G. Gancia, Brighton, 1843, ~ vol. 1 p. 572
SOURCE for Cashan
« and thence to Cashan, a gallant Citie; from Coom six and thirty miles: the way was easie and plaine, but somewhat sandie. » #1608 Herbert, Thomas, Sir, Some Yeares Travels into divers parts of Asia and Afrique. Describing especially the two famous Empires, the Persian, and great Mogull: weaved with the history of these later times ... With a revivall of the first discoverer of America. Revised and enlarged by the Author., Printed by R. Bip. for Jacob Blome and Richard Bishop, London, 1638, ~ p. 213
« Cashan is not lesse than York or Norwich, above foure thousand families are accounted in her: the houses are fairely built, the streets be large and comly; the Mosqus and Hummums are curiously painted and ceruleated, with a feigned Turquoise: the Buzzar is spatious and uniforme; furnished with Silks, Damasks, rich Carpets, Sattens, and cloth of gold; no part of the Persian Monarchy shewes better, or more variety, nor a people more exactly industrious. » #1608 Herbert, Thomas, Sir, Some Yeares Travels into divers parts of Asia and Afrique. Describing especially the two famous Empires, the Persian, and great Mogull: weaved with the history of these later times ... With a revivall of the first discoverer of America. Revised and enlarged by the Author., Printed by R. Bip. for Jacob Blome and Richard Bishop, London, 1638, ~ p. 214
SOURCE for Cassan
« Odoric expressly says that Kashan, or Cassan,' as he calls it, was 'the city of the Three Kings' and that these worshippers set out from there to Jerusalem, which they reached by divine aid in thirteen days. (4) The passage in the account of Odoric de Por-denone reads as follows: -'DE LA CITÉ DE CASSAN. - De ceste cité m'en alay vers la grant Inde par mer. Si vins par maintes journées a une cité des trois roys qui firent offrande à Jhesu Crist nouvel né. Et appelle on ceste cité de Cassan, cité royal de grant honneur mais Tartre l'ont moult destruite. De cette cité de Cassan jusques en Jherusalem a plus de journées dont on puet clerement appercevoir que ly troy Roy de ceste cité de Cassan furent en XIII journées amené en Jherusa par vertu divine et non humaine. En ceste cité a moult grand hab dance de tous biens, de pain, et de vin et de toutes autres choses.'fn. 4 See Odoric de Pordenone, ed. Cordier, p. 41, Paris, 1891. »
#3178 Jackson, A. V. Williams, Persia past and present; a book of travel and research, with more than two hundred illustrations and a map, The Macmillan Company, London, 1906 ~ p. 412
« Ce fait le Roy voulut aller à SPAHAN ville capitale de Par-thie, elloignée de CASBIN douze iournées les comptant à pas de Carauane, où nous le fuiuifmes. L'on trouue par le chemin beau-coup de bonnes places, comme entr'autres vne, qui eft appellée Com, vne autre dite CASSAN, qui eft plus grande, et plus riche que Com, comme aufli beaucoup de bourgs et villages. Tout cechemin eſt plain et vny, toutesfois d'vn coſté et d'autre on voittou-fiours des montagnes, [This done, the King wished to go to Spahan, the capital city of Parthia, twelve days distant from Casbin, counting them at the pace of Carauane, where we fled. One finds many good places along the way, such as one called Com, another called Cassan, which is larger and richer than Com, as well as many towns and villages. The whole road is flat and winding, however, on one side and the other one always sees mountains.] » #3614 unknown ed. M. Morisot, Relations veritables et curieuses de l'isle de Madagascar, et du Bresil. : Auec l'histoire de la derniere guerre faite au Bresil, entre les Portugais et les Hollandois. ; Trois relations d'Egypte, et vne du royaume de Perse, Chez Augustin Courbé, Paris, 1651 ~ p. 133
SOURCE for Cassian
« The 20th daye at night we came to the fayre citie of Cassian (Kashan), lying in the cuntrey of Parthia. On the waye between this citie and the foresayde citie of Comes the cuntrey of the Par-thiance and the Medians are parted. Here we piched in a caravansero that Shaw Abbas built, the fayerest that ever I saw it is big innaw to lodge any king of Chrissendom was all his trayne-hauing traveled 7 lges. » #3214 Stodart, Robert; introduction and notes by Sir. E. Denison Ross, The Journal of Robert Stodart: Being an account of his experiences as a member of Sir Dodmore Cotton's Mission in Persia in 1628-29. Published from the unique manuscript preserved in the Bodleian Library, Luzac and Co, 1935 ~ p. 66
SOURCE for Caxen
« Llegose á Caxen, adonde auia gran número de otras mugeres cubiertas con sus mantos blancos, sobre las paredes, varandas y otras partes altas, y ansi se en-tro por la çiudad, aunque fuera de lo que della está rrodeado de muralla, que es alta y muy bien labrada, hasta el Maydan, que es una larga calle, aunque no tanto como la de Xiras, pero mas ancha, con muchos arboles por las vandas á raiz de las paredes, adonde ay algunas casas y dentro grande arboleda de huertas. [He arrived at Caxen, where there were a great number of other women covered with their white cloaks, on the walls, balustrades and other high parts, and thus he entered the city, although outside of what is surrounded by a wall, which is high and very well made, up to the Maydan, which is a long street, although not as long as that of Xiras, but wider, with many trees along the sides at the base of the walls, where there are some houses and inside a large grove of orchards.] » #3245 García de Silva y Figueroa, Manuel Serrano y Sanz, Comentarios De D. Garcia De Silva Y Figueroa De La Embajada Que De Parte Del Rey De España Don Felipe III Hizo Al Rey Xa Abas De Persia, La Spciedad de Bibliofilos Espanoles, Madrid, 1905 ~ vol. 2 p. 57
SOURCE for Kachan
« Kachan » in {map#1253 Carte de la Perse, de la Turquie d'Asie et d'une partie de la Tartarie Indépendante / Dressée par P. Lapie, ... pour les Voyages de Chardin ; Gravée par Blondeau, ..., , 1810, }
SOURCE for Kaschan
« Malgré la vue de tout le peuple de Kaschan, venu au-devant de nous, y compris la communauté juive, l'im-patience nous prenait un peu d'une route aussi longue, quand, à la fin, nous arrivames, et la première vue de notre logis dissipa comme une fumée notre mécontentement. [Despite the sight of all the people of Kashan, who came to meet us, including the Jewish community, we were a little impatient with such a long journey, when, at last, we arrived, and the first sight of our lodging dissipated our discontent like smoke.] » #3657 Gobineau Comte de, Trois ans en Asie (de 1855 à 1858), Libraire de L. Hachette et Cie, Paris, 1859 ~ vol. 1 p. 237
« The 27. we came to the Citie of Kaschan, » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 285
« Kaschan where on the 3 day of Ianuary we arrived to|wards the Evening, taking up our Quarters at a very noble and commodious Carawansera, seeming rather a Palace than an Inn. » #3675 John Struys, trans. John Morrison, The Perillous and Most Unhappy Voyages of John Struys; through Italy, Greece, … Media, Persia, …, and other places in Europe, Africa and Asia, London, 1683 ~ p. 310
SOURCE for Kashan
« I journeyed to Kashan (25), where I stayed for a month, fn. 25 Kashan, Nain, Sirjan and Tarum, Iranian towns. » #623 Nikitin, Athanasy, Khozhenie za tri moria Afanasiia Nikitina, 1466-1472 gg. (Afansy Nikitin's Voyage beyond the Three Seas, 1466-1472), Moskva, 1960, ~ p. 109
« Passing the post-house of Mohamedye and Gaz, Kashan came in sight over an undulation in the sand, and we were soon threading the narrow lanes of this, one of the largest business places of Persia. » #3069 Crawshay-Williams, Eliot, Across Persia, Edward Arnold, London, 1907 ~ p. 295
« thence 12 to Kāshān. Total, from Sävah to Kāshān it is 22 leagues. » #1764 ed. Le Strange, G., The geographical part of the Nuzhat-al-qulub composed by Hamd-Alla¯h Mustawfi¯ of Qazwi¯n in 740 (1340), E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1919 ~ p. 175
« we caught sight of the blue domes of the mosques at Kashan that rose with a glimpse of color over the brown plain. Kashan, pronounced in Persian as Kashan, is flanked by mountains and hills on the south, west, and northwest, but on the other sides it lies open to the plain. » #3178 Jackson, A. V. Williams, Persia past and present; a book of travel and research, with more than two hundred illustrations and a map, The Macmillan Company, London, 1906 ~ p. 410
« Kashan is one of the hottest places on the great Persian plateau, but has the rare luxury of a good water supply brought from a reservoir some distance off in the Kuhrūd mountains. It has a much-diminished population, said now to number 30,000 souls. Much of it is in ruins, and much more is ruinous. It has a thriving colony of Jews. It is noted for its silks and velvets; but the modern productions are regarded by judges as degenerate. It is still famous for its work in copper and for its great copper bazar. » #3644 Bishop, Isabella L., Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan, John Murray, London, 1891 ~ vol. 1 p. 230
« Next day brought us to another considerable town- Káshán-after an uneventful march of about seven hours, broken by a halt for lunch at a village called Nasrábád, at which I was supplied with one of the excellent melons grown in the neighbourhood. » #3380 Browne, Edward Granville, A year amongst the Persians; impressions as to the life, character, and thought of the people of Persia, received during twelve month's residence in that country in the years 1887-8, Adam and Charles Black, 1893 ~ p. 173
« and crawling along in true caravan fashion, entered Káshán soon after sunset, and » #3380 Browne, Edward Granville, A year amongst the Persians; impressions as to the life, character, and thought of the people of Persia, received during twelve month's residence in that country in the years 1887-8, Adam and Charles Black, 1893 ~ p. 548
« Sin-Sin to Kashan, 4) ?. ?., 20 ?. ... Enter Kashan by road rudely paved with stones; a considerable town, celebrated for its silk manufactures. » #3696 Claude Clerk, Notes in Persia, Khorassan, and Afghanistan, The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, 1861 vol. 31:pp. 37-65 ~ p. 56
SOURCE for Katschan
« The Persians put this City of Katschan at 84 degrees longitude, and at thirty four distant from the Line. After an exact Observation of three days, I found that it is distant from it thirty three degrees and 51 minutes, that is, nine minutes less. The City is of a great length, reaching from East to West, above half a German League. Its Walls and bastions are of a kind of Potters day, and it lies in a great Plain, the ground of which is good enough for Tillage, » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 194
SOURCE for Qasan

R171-028 Spahan
R171-028 Spahan : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: PPL UFI: 6013426 coordinate: lat 32.657218 long 51.677608
NIMA/GNS names: Aspadana , Esfahan , Esfehan , Isfahan , اصفهان ,
VARIANT names: al-Yahudiyya , A-su-pau-han , Esfahan , Gabæ , Hispaham , Hispahan , Hispahone , Isbahan , Isfahan , Ispahan , Ispahaun , Ispahawne , I-ssi-fa-hang , Julfa , Sipahan , Spaan , Spahan , Spahaune , Spahawn , Spahone , Ya-ssi-pau-hien ,
SOURCE for al-Yahudiyya
« al-Yahūdiyya V D3 La ville actuelle d'Isfahan. Iran. Ce toponyme désigne en principe la moitié Ouest d'Isbahän, mais il est souvent employé pour dési-gner la capitale (qasaba) tandis qu'Isbahān désigne la circonscription (kūra). I 198, 199; Η 362; Hur 58; Y 274; R 90(g); Muq 7, 23, 26, 51, 388, 389, 397, 398, 399(d), 400, 401, 402, 457-58, 459, 491 ?. Yaq IV, 1045; LS 203-204; Schw. 586 + index. » #2912 Georgette Cornu, Atlas du monde arabo-islamique a l'epoque classique IXe-Xe siecles, E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1985, ~ p. 45
SOURCE for A-su-pau-han
« same as Ya-ssi-pau-hien in Amoy dialect » #326 Chau Ju-kua (trans. Hirth, F and Rockhill, W W), His work on the Chinese and Arab Trade in the twelth and thriteenth centuries entitled Chu-fan-chi, Office of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 1911 pp. 116, 121 note12
SOURCE for Esfahan
SOURCE for Gabæ
#836 p. 13
SOURCE for Hispaham
« Prés huit heures de courſe nous aurivâmes ſur les dix heu res du matin à Hiſpaham. [After nearly eight hours of racing, we arrived at Hispaham around ten o'clock in the morning.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 p. 77
SOURCE for Hispahan
« And so we arrived at Hispahan. Hispahan is one of the greatest Cities in Persia, where the King sometimes keepeth his residencie. The people are industrious and curious in all Sciences, but especially in weaving Girdles and Shashes, in making of Velvets, Sattens, Dammasks, very good Ormuzines, and Persian Carpets of a wonderfull fine-nesse. Here you may buy all manner of Drugs, and Spices, and Turkeses, with store of Pearles, Diamonds, and Rubies, as also all sorts of Silkes, as well wrought, as raw. » #2540 Purchas, Samuel, Hakluytus posthumus, or Purchas his pilgrimes : contayning a history of the world in sea voyages and lande travells by Englishmen and others in 20 vols., Glasgow : J. Maclehose, 1905, ~ vol. 3 pp. 84-5
SOURCE for Hispahone
« This daye we came from Hispahone [Ispahan], being the last of Aprill, to Botoon [?J 1 som two leauges from the citye.
fn. 1 Not traced. Della Valle gives Bertabad in this neighbourhood. »
#3214 Stodart, Robert; introduction and notes by Sir. E. Denison Ross, The Journal of Robert Stodart: Being an account of his experiences as a member of Sir Dodmore Cotton's Mission in Persia in 1628-29. Published from the unique manuscript preserved in the Bodleian Library, Luzac and Co, 1935 ~ p. 45
SOURCE for Isbahan
SOURCE for Isfahan
« Iṣfahān 4. » #3044 Kātib Çelebi ed: Gottfried Hagen and Robert Danko, An Ottoman Cosmography, Translation of Cihānnümā, Brill, Leiden, 2021 ~ pt. 2 p. 375
« and from the village of Sin it is 4 leagues to Isfahan city » #1764 ed. Le Strange, G., The geographical part of the Nuzhat-al-qulub composed by Hamd-Alla¯h Mustawfi¯ of Qazwi¯n in 740 (1340), E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1919 ~ p. 175
« finally 4 leagues to Isfahan. » #1764 ed. Le Strange, G., The geographical part of the Nuzhat-al-qulub composed by Hamd-Alla¯h Mustawfi¯ of Qazwi¯n in 740 (1340), E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1919 ~ p. 167
« I felt almost inclined to question my eyes when I actually caught sight of the ruined fire-temple. The deserted shrine stands on the top of a hill which rises about seven hundred feet sharply above the plain at a distance of three or four miles from Isfahan. The ascent is by a winding path which starts from the southeastern slope of the elevation and proceeds by a series of natural steps formed by ledges of the unhewn rock. » #3178 Jackson, A. V. Williams, Persia past and present; a book of travel and research, with more than two hundred illustrations and a map, The Macmillan Company, London, 1906 ~ p. 253
« Inside the shabby gateway the road to Julfa lies among rows of mean mud houses, heaps of ruins, and shabby provision bazars; and that mile or more of Isfahan was the one disagreeable part of the journey. » #3644 Bishop, Isabella L., Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan, John Murray, London, 1891 ~ vol. 1 p. 244
« The aggregate distance from Yezd to Isfahan I computed to be a hundred and seventy-seven miles. The course principally west, and the road good. » #3663 Travels in Beloochistan and Sinde; accompanied by a geographical and historical account of those countries, Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, London, 1816 ~ p. 423
« je ne parlerai dans cette route que de mon dernier voyage, lorsque je partis d'Ispahan pour les Indes le vingt-quatrième de février 1665. [I will only speak in this passage of my last voyage, when I left Isfahan for India on the twenty-fourth of February 1665.] » #3144 Jean-Baptiste Tavernier, Pascal Pia, Voyages en Perse et description de ce royaume par Jean-Babtiste Tavernier Marchand Francais, E´d. du Carrefour, Paris, 1930 ~ p. 294
SOURCE for Ispahan
« avoir fait trois lieuës dans des campagnes graffes et fertiles on arrive à Ifpahan. [Having traveled three leagues through rough and fertile countryside, one arrives at Ifpahan.] » #3632 Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste, Les six voyages de Jean Baptiste Tavernier, Ecuyer Baron d'Aubonne, qu'il a fait en Turquie, en Perse, et aux Indes,, Chez Gervais Clouzier et Claude Barbin, 1676 ~ p. 73
« Et de la a Ispahan اصفهان sans aucune ville dans l'intervalle, go milles. [And from there to Isfahan (اصفهان), with no town in between, 6 miles.] » #3001 Al-Idrisi, P. Amedee Jaubert, Geographie d'Edrisi, Bertrand, Paris, 1836 ~ vol. 2 p. 166
« At last we emerged from the bazaars into the fine spacious square called Meydán- i- Shah. On our right hand as we entered it was the 'Alí Kápí (Supreme Gate), which is the palace of the Zillu ' s -Sultán, the Prince Governor of Isfahan, of whom I have already spoken » #3380 Browne, Edward Granville, A year amongst the Persians; impressions as to the life, character, and thought of the people of Persia, received during twelve month's residence in that country in the years 1887-8, Adam and Charles Black, 1893 ~ p. 196
« We were conducted through several streets, through the Maidan, and before the Kings Pa|lace, to that part of the Suburbs which is called Tzulifa, where we were lodg'd in the Quar|ter of the chiefest of the Armenian Merchants, who are Christians, and have their habitations there. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 197
« the 16. of Ianuary I left Ispa|han, with a retinue of three persons, » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ Mandelslo pt. 2 p. 1
« HAving stay'd the most part of 2 Days at Ruk, we set forward again, and on the 19 we came to the long-wishd-for Ispahan. » #3675 John Struys, trans. John Morrison, The Perillous and Most Unhappy Voyages of John Struys; through Italy, Greece, … Media, Persia, …, and other places in Europe, Africa and Asia, London, 1683 ~ p. 313
« Reise von Isfahan nach Persepolis und Schinas anno 1683 in November [Journey from Isfahan to Persepolis and Schinas in November 1683] » #3220 Engelbert Kaempfer, ed. Karl Meier-Lemgo, Die Reisetagebu¨cher Engelbert Kaempfers, F. Steiner, Weisbaden, 1968 ~ p. 85
« je me résolus de me rendre à Ispahan, le plus tôt que je pourrois, et j'y arrivai le 2 juillet, fatigué et abattu autant qu'on le peut être. [I resolved to go to Isfahan as soon as I could, and I arrived there on July 2nd, as tired and dejected as one can be.] » #3213 Sir John Chardin, ed. Louis Langlès, Voyages du Chevalier Chardin en Perse et autres lieux de l’Orient, Nouvelle édition, Le Normant, Imprimeur-Libraire, Paris, 1811 ~ vol. 9 p. 91
« From Guz to Ispahan through cultivated plains. Road crossed by numerous streams of water » #3696 Claude Clerk, Notes in Persia, Khorassan, and Afghanistan, The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, 1861 vol. 31:pp. 37-65 ~ p. 57
SOURCE for Ispahaun
« After we had received their Complements, they undertook to be both our Guide and Guard to Ispahaun, Three Miles farther, defending us against the unwary Insults of Thieves, with which this place is infested » #1591 Fryer, John M. D., A New Account of East-India and Persia in eight letters being nine years travel (Edited, with notes and an introduction, by William Crooke), Hakluyt Society:Kraus Reprint, 1909:1967, 3 vols. ~ vol. 2 p. 239
SOURCE for Ispahawne
« The twenty fourth day, we entred into the City where wée staied eleuen or twelue daies.This City of Ispahawne, is a gallant City, and one of the principall Cities of Persia, and aboundeth in traffique of all sorts of Merchandize. There are ma|ny great Surroies, where are houses made of purpose for the laying in and kéeping of Merchants goods, and to harbour and lodge themselues and their Camels Horses or other Cattle, and prouision; the profits of which Surroies redound to the King only. » ##3481 Robert Couverte, A true and almost incredible report of an Englishman, that ..., Printed by William Hall, for Thomas Archer and Richard Redmer, London, 1612 ~ ~ p. 53
SOURCE for I-ssi-fa-hang
« name written in the Yaun period » #326 Chau Ju-kua (trans. Hirth, F and Rockhill, W W), His work on the Chinese and Arab Trade in the twelth and thriteenth centuries entitled Chu-fan-chi, Office of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 1911 pp. 116, 121 note12
SOURCE for Julfa
« From Daulatabad to Julfa 22¾ miles. » #3529 Henry Blosse Lynch, Across Luristan to Ispahan, Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography, London, 1890 vol. 12:no. 9:pp. 533-553 ~ p. 551
« #3563 Burn, R., The Bakhtiari Hills, an Itinerary of the road from Isfahan to Shustar, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta, 1897 vol. LXVI:pp 170-9 ~ » #3563 Burn, R., The Bakhtiari Hills, an Itinerary of the road from Isfahan to Shustar, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta, 1897 vol. LXVI:pp 170-9 ~ p. 170
SOURCE for Sipahan
« (2) The city of Isfahan (Sipahān) consisted of two parts, Shahristān (also called al-Madina and Djayy, evidently the seat of the governor) and Djahüdhān (Arabicised: al-Yahūdiyya, i.e. the old Jewish quarter). See Hudud al-'alam, 131; al-Istakhri 198-9; Yākūt, 343. » #2645 The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd Edition, Brill, Leiden, ~ vol. 9 p. 220
SOURCE for Spaan
« 3 The city of Spaan, Spahan, or Ispahan, by the Arabians called Isfahan, situated in the southern part of Persian Irak, is well known as the magnificent capital of the kings of the Sefi family, which, espe- cially during the reign of Shah Abbas II., exceeded in splendour, as well as extent, most Asiatic cities. It fell under the dominion of the Moghuls in 1221, and was taken, plundered, and nearly destroyed by Tamerlane in 1387. » #3318 ed. Thomas Wright trans. Marsden, The Travels of Marco Polo, the Venetian, The Translation of Marsden Revised, with a Selection of his Notes, H.G. Bohn, London, 1854 ~ p. 49 fn. 3
« We remained in this city of Spaan with His Majesty until the 25th of this month, during which time we were invited by His Majesty to frequent banquets. Spaan appears to be a very convenient city. It is situated in a plain abounding with all kinds of provisions. It is said that, as the city refused to surrender, much of it was destroyed after it had been taken. It is surrounded by a wall of earth like the others. From Tauris to Spaan is a twenty-four days' journey, through a country entirely belonging to Persia, consisting of a very arid plain with salt water in many places. » #383 Barbaro, J. and Contarini, A., Travels to Tana and Persia, Hakluyt Society:Burt Franklin, Cambridge:New York, 1873:1963-6, ~ p. 131
SOURCE for Spahan
« December 1.-I hired 125 Camells to carry mine and Mr. Robert Dowglasse's Bales, at Mahmoodies 80 for 100 Maunds Tauris, to Bagdat, and 13 mules to carry our luggage, at Mah-moodies 90 per 100 Maunds Tauris.¹December 13. This day I left Spahan, and began my journey towards Aleppo, by way of Bagdat. » #3146 Yule, Henry Colonel, The Diary Of William Hedges, The Hakluyt Society, London, 1889 ~ vol. 1 p. 213
« La ville de SPAHAN autresfois appellée, comme veulent aucuns Hecatompyle, eft fort grande; mais elle n'a point de for-tereffe, ny aucun beau palais, elle n'a pas fi grande difette d'eau comme CASBIN, mais elle a auffi beaucoup plusbeſoin de bois. [The city of Spahan, formerly called, as some would have it, Hecatompyle, is very large; but it has no fortress, nor any beautiful palace, it does not have as large a water supply as Casbin, but it also has much more need of wood.] » #3614 unknown ed. M. Morisot, Relations veritables et curieuses de l'isle de Madagascar, et du Bresil. : Auec l'histoire de la derniere guerre faite au Bresil, entre les Portugais et les Hollandois. ; Trois relations d'Egypte, et vne du royaume de Perse, Chez Augustin Courbé, Paris, 1651 ~ p. 134
« siendo cosa increible el grande numero de estas naciones que en la ciudad de Spahan está rrecogido, no cabiendo en los muchos y grandes carauasares que en la giudad ay, por no tener casas propias en que biuir. [It is incredible how many of these nations are gathered in the city of Spahan, not fitting in the many large caravanserais in the city, because they have no houses of their own to live in.] » #3245 García de Silva y Figueroa, Manuel Serrano y Sanz, Comentarios De D. Garcia De Silva Y Figueroa De La Embajada Que De Parte Del Rey De España Don Felipe III Hizo Al Rey Xa Abas De Persia, La Spciedad de Bibliofilos Espanoles, Madrid, 1905 ~ vol. 2 pp. 24-5
SOURCE for Spahaune
« 5 February 1707/8. Departed from Spahaune [Isfahan] the 5th February at 3 after-noon. » #3248 Bernard P. Scattergood, Ed. Temple, Carnac Rihard, The Scattergoods and the East India Company, A Collection of Mss., Indian Antiquary, Bernard Quaritch, London, 1930 vol. LIX:pt DCCXXXVI-A:pp. 33-74 ~ p. 38
SOURCE for Spahawn
« One of the oldest and best accounts of Ispahan, soon after the period of Shah Abbas's government, is given by Sir Thomas Herbert, an English traveller, who visited it in 1627, and parts of whose description are so curious as to be worth transcribing, especially as his book is not now so easy of access to the general reader. He says:-'The imperial city of Spahawn is in thirty-two degrees thirty-nine minutes north; is seated in the kingdom of Parthia, in a fair plain and pleasant horizon. It is by some called Spaan, and by others Spahan and Hispahan, as their several dialects concorded. » #1185 Buckingham, J. S., Travels in Assyria, Media, and Persia, including a journey from Bagdad by Mount Zagros, to Hamadan, the ancient Ecbatana, researches in Ispahan and the ruins of Persepolis, and journey from thence by Shiraz and Shapoor to the sea-shore, Henry Colburn: Gregg International Publishers Limited, London: London, 1829:1971, ~ note p. 231
« ISFAHAN-Telegraph Station. In the Persian province of Irak-Ajim; pronounced "Spahawn." » #3181 Bradshaw's Through Route Overland Guide to India, and Colonial Handbook, W. J. Adams and sons, 1884 ~ p. 253
« The tenth of Aprill wee fet out from Spahawnet a village fix miles South from Spahawn: when we had gone a farfang (three miles,) we were ſtayed by the way to taſte a banquet in a ſpacious garden of the Kings, whither the Engliſh Agent and ſuch other Chriftian Mechants as were in Spaharon came out to attend our Lord Ambaffador: a mile neerer the Citie, the Vifier, the Sultan of Spahawn, Meloyembeg and Hodge nazar the Armenian Prince with foure thousand horse and innumerable foot, » #1608 Herbert, Thomas, Sir, Some Yeares Travels into divers parts of Asia and Afrique. Describing especially the two famous Empires, the Persian, and great Mogull: weaved with the history of these later times ... With a revivall of the first discoverer of America. Revised and enlarged by the Author., Printed by R. Bip. for Jacob Blome and Richard Bishop, London, 1638, ~ p. 150
SOURCE for Spahone
« The 27th daye we came to on of the Kinges garde[n]swch is wthin an English mile of the citie of Spahone [Ispahan], wher we rested this daye and layd in a muskeet [mosque] this night, weh is ouer against the garden gate. » #3214 Stodart, Robert; introduction and notes by Sir. E. Denison Ross, The Journal of Robert Stodart: Being an account of his experiences as a member of Sir Dodmore Cotton's Mission in Persia in 1628-29. Published from the unique manuscript preserved in the Bodleian Library, Luzac and Co, 1935 ~ p. 67
SOURCE for Ya-ssi-pau-hien
#326 Chau Ju-kua (trans. Hirth, F and Rockhill, W W), His work on the Chinese and Arab Trade in the twelth and thriteenth centuries entitled Chu-fan-chi, Office of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 1911 pp. 116, 121 note12

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