R172path George Keppel.kmz

R172path George Keppel

R172-010 Bagdad
R172-010 Bagdad : place IRQ
NIMA/GNS feature: PPLC UFI: -3103581 coordinate: lat 33.3386111 long 44.3938889
NIMA/GNS names: Bagdad , Baghdad , Baghdad ,
VARIANT names: Bagdad , Bagdat , Bagdet , Baghdad , new Babylon , Pai-ta ,
SOURCE for Bagdad
« nous parti-mes de Bagdad le 6 de Juin [We left Baghdad on June 6th] » #2562 Jean Otter, Voyage en Turquie et en Perse, Paris, 1748, ~ vol. 1 p. 168
« Notre intention, en quittant Bagdad, était d'abord de descendre le Tigre jusqu'à Bassora, et d'aller ensuite à Bender-Bouchêhr; [Our intention, on leaving Baghdad, was first to descend the Tigris to Basra, and then to go to Bender-Bouchehr;] » #3179 Adrien Dupré, Voyage en Perse, fait dans les années 1807, 1808 et 1809, en traversant la Natolie et la Mésopotamie, 1819 ~ vol. 1 p. 218
« We quitted Bagdad by the gate of Imâm Azam, so called from its leading to the tomb of that saint, who is venerated as the chief of the Hanefies, and whose mausoleum is about an hour's ride to the north of the city. This was the gate by which I entered on my arrival here; and being in the N. E. quarter of Bagdad, it is the principal point of arrival and departure for all the great roads on the east side of the Tigris. » #1185 Buckingham, J. S., Travels in Assyria, Media, and Persia, including a journey from Bagdad by Mount Zagros, to Hamadan, the ancient Ecbatana, researches in Ispahan and the ruins of Persepolis, and journey from thence by Shiraz and Shapoor to the sea-shore, Henry Colburn: Gregg International Publishers Limited, London: London, 1829:1971, ~ p. 4
« At eight miles fromBagdad wemet a caravan of Persians, which appeared to form the suite of some woman of rank. Nine veiled females, all mounted astride on horses, were riding in aline. She who bythe superiority of dress appeared to be the principal lady, had her horse led by an eunuch. We arrived in Bagdad at half-past three in the afternoon, having suffered so much from the intense heat of the sun that our hands and faces were completely blistered. » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 1 pp. 218-9
Da Ispahan, del 17 di marzo 1617.
1. Con occasione di certe lettere, che per uomo a posta spedi-sco verso Italia, non voglio mancare di far parte a V. S. del mio viaggio dalla Babilonia in qua: ma, perchè ho poco tempo, il più brevemente che potrò, conforme le scrissi da Bagdad con le ultime mie, una de'ventitrè di decembre, e l'altra poscritta del due di gennaio; il quarto giorno del corrente anno 1617 partii da quella città nel modo che dirò. I Persiani, che sono oggi in guerra coi Turchi, fecero poco innanzi Natale una correria nel paese di Bagdad, e rovinarono una villa grossa, chiamata Mendeli. [From Ispahan, March 17, 1617.
1. On the occasion of certain letters that I am sending to Italy by post, I do not want to fail to inform Your Excellency of my journey from Babylon onwards. But, since I have little time, I will do so as briefly as possible, as I wrote to you from Baghdad with my last ones, one dated December 23rd and the other postscript dated January 2nd. On the fourth day of this year 1617, I left that city in the manner I will describe. The Persians, who are now at war with the Turks, made a raid on the country of Baghdad shortly before Christmas and destroyed a large village called Mendeli.]
SOURCE for Bagdat
« I came to Mando, eight p. a town belonging to the Turks. The 25th, eight p. to Emomester. The 26th, eight p. to Boroh, passed over a river in a boat, and came that night to Bagdat. » #1518 Kerr, Robert, A General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels arranged in systematic order: forming a complete History of the origin and progress of navigation, discovery, and commerce, by sea and land, from the earliest to the present time., W.Blackwood:T. Cadell, 1824, 18 vols ~ vol. 9 p. 219
« At Hispahan I abode thirteene dayes, and spent a moneths journey to Bagdat; which is a Citie about two English miles in compasse, seated on Tigris: neverthelesse it is very populous, and of great traffique of strangers, being the way to Persia, Turkie, and Arabia. Here I embarqued my selfe for Balsara; » #2540 Purchas, Samuel, Hakluytus posthumus, or Purchas his pilgrimes : contayning a history of the world in sea voyages and lande travells by Englishmen and others in 20 vols., Glasgow : J. Maclehose, 1905, ~ vol. 3 p. 86
« February 21. We rose from ye Caravansarai, and arrived about 12 o'clock this day at Bagdat (God be praised), all in good health, having been 71 dayes on our Journey from Spahan to this place. » #3146 Yule, Henry Colonel, The Diary Of William Hedges, The Hakluyt Society, London, 1889 ~ p. 218
« D'Anna à Bagdat, jours. 4 » #3632 Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste, Les six voyages de Jean Baptiste Tavernier, Ecuyer Baron d'Aubonne, qu'il a fait en Turquie, en Perse, et aux Indes,, Chez Gervais Clouzier et Claude Barbin, 1676 ~ p. 286
« Cette eſcorte ne marcha que deux jours avec nous, et ils ſe retirerent le cinquième dés que les troupes à pied et à cheval du Bacha de Bagdat parurent.Aprés avoir un peu côtoyé le Tygre, le ſeptiéme au matin nous fùmes loger à Bagdat chez les Capucins qui occupent une maiſon du Roy, [This escort only marched with us for two days, and they withdrew on the fifth as soon as the Pasha of Baghdad's troops, both on foot and horseback, appeared.After skirting the Tigris for a while, on the morning of the seventh we were lodged in Baghdat with the Capuchins, who occupy a house belonging to the King.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 p. 136
SOURCE for Bagdet
« The sixth day wee trauelled eightéene forsongs to the great City of Bagdet, or Babylon, where we staied vntill the twentie two day of October following.This City standeth vpon the great Riuer Euphrates, and is a great, rich, and strong City, with mighty strong wals, whereon are planted 100. and twenty péeces of brasse ordinance. » #3515 Robert Coverte, ed. Boies Penrose, The travels of Captain Robert Coverte, Wm. F. Fell co., printers, for Mr. Boies Penrose, 1931 ~ p. 85
SOURCE for Baghdad
« Parties of irregular horse were stationed at the caravanserais which have been built at regular distances on the much-frequented road between Hillah and Baghdad. » #2941 Austen Henry Layard, Early Adventures in Persia, Susiana, and Babylonia, John Murray, London, 1887, ~ vol. 2 p. 200
« thence 8 to Baghdad. Total (from Qasr-i-Shirin) to Baghdad 30 leagues, » #1764 ed. Le Strange, G., The geographical part of the Nuzhat-al-qulub composed by Hamd-Alla¯h Mustawfi¯ of Qazwi¯n in 740 (1340), E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1919 ~ p. 162
« From Baghdad to Asadābād in the direction of Hamadān: » #3044 Kātib Çelebi ed: Gottfried Hagen and Robert Danko, An Ottoman Cosmography, Translation of Cihānnümā, Brill, Leiden, 2021 ~ pt. 2 p. 375
SOURCE for new Babylon
« e finalmente dopo 41. giorni di pericoloſo, e rincrefcevole viaggio fopra il Chilech, giungemmo alla nuova Babilonia, nella di cui dogana trovai il Padre Emanuelle [and finally after 41 days of dangerous and unpleasant journey across Chile, we arrived at the new Babylon, in whose customs house I found Father Emanuelle.] » #3643 Leandro : di Santa Cecilia, Persia ovvero secondo viaggio di f. Leandro di Santa Cecilia carmelitano scalzo dell'oriente. Scritto dal medesimo,, nella stamperia di Angelo Rotilj nel palazzo de Massimi, Roma, 1757 ~ p. 17
« In ſedeci giorni dopo la noſtra partenza da Sufa arrivammo in Babilonia, dove trovai il Padre mio-Compagno, che di già ritornato era da Baffora ammalato. [Sixteen days after our departure from Sufa we arrived in Babylon, where I found my Companion Father, who had already returned from Baffora and was ill.] » #3643 Leandro : di Santa Cecilia, Persia ovvero secondo viaggio di f. Leandro di Santa Cecilia carmelitano scalzo dell'oriente. Scritto dal medesimo,, nella stamperia di Angelo Rotilj nel palazzo de Massimi, Roma, 1757 ~ p. 191
SOURCE for Pai-ta
#326 Chau Ju-kua (trans. Hirth, F and Rockhill, W W), His work on the Chinese and Arab Trade in the twelth and thriteenth centuries entitled Chu-fan-chi, Office of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 1911 pp. 117, 122 note 13

R172-011 Armenian Church
R172-011 Armenian Church : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: none independent coordinate: lat 33.3455172429963 long 44.3862323734829 † basis (p)
VARIANT names: Armenian Church , Armenian Church Sourp Asdvadzadzin, Holy Mother of God (Miskinta) ,
SOURCE for Armenian Church
« April 3.-This being the feast of St.Gregory, the patron Saint of Armenia, we went with the agent to the Armenian church, attended by the usual state retinue. » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 1 p. 224
SOURCE for Armenian Church Sourp Asdvadzadzin, Holy Mother of God (Miskinta)

R172-012 Benee Sad
R172-012 Benee Sad : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: PPL UFI: 10214610 coordinate: lat 33.565562 long 44.543451
NIMA/GNS names: Bani Sa`d , Khan Bani Sa`ad , Khan Bani Sa`d , Nahiyat Khan Bani Sa`d , خان بني سعد , ناحية خان بني سعد ,
VARIANT names: Benee Sad , Benisaad , Khan Bani Sa`ad , Khan Bani Sa'ad - Aurta Kh?n , Ortah Khan ,
SOURCE for Benee Sad
« At ten P. M. we were at Benee Sad; our tents were pitched at the north side of the caravanserai, on the edge of a swamp, over which the wind blew piercingly cold. Adjoining the caravanserai is a small village, from which we procured sheep and fowls. » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 1 p. 260
SOURCE for Benisaad
« Benisaad » in {map#1326 , #3472 Kleiss, Wolfram, Karawanenbauten in Iran. Materialien zur iranischen Archäologie, Materialien zur iranischen Archa¨ologie, D. Reimer, Berlin, 1998 Band 5:Teil 3: ~, , fig. Abb. 3 Karte Irans, Ausschnitt der Regionen Teheran - Esfahan - Shiraz}
SOURCE for Khan Bani Sa`ad
« Khan Bani Sa`ad » in {map#1213 India and adjacent countries 1:1,000,000, Persia, Surveyor General of India, 1936, University of Wisconsin fig. Sheet No.2 Baghdad 1917}
SOURCE for Khan Bani Sa'ad - Aurta Kh?n
« The road from here again shows signs of flood till, at 18 miles, Khan Bani Sa'ad is reached. This is a village with two serais, one of which is 100 yards square of massive brick, in which there is accommodation for 300 men and horses. » #3485 Routes in Persia Volume II. (North-Western Persia), Printed at the government monotype press, Simla, 1923 ~ p. 144
SOURCE for Ortah Khan
« 18 Khân Beni Sa'id or Ortah Khan, a village with two khans, one of which is 100 yds. square, of massive brick, in which there is accommodation for 300 men and horses. There is also plenty of room for camping. Brackish water from wells. Grazing scarce. Fuel scarce locally. There are villages in palm groves about 4 m. to NW. From Khan Beni Sa'id to Baqübeh the general direction is NNE. The road throughout is good and passable to all arms except at the Diyaleh bridge. » #3590 A Handbook of Mesopotamia, Volume III, Central Mesopotamia with Southern Kurdistan and the Syrian desert, Admiralty and War Office, London, 1917 ~ p. 184

R172-014 Bacoubah
R172-014 Bacoubah : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: PPL UFI: -3103784 coordinate: lat 33.75 long 44.6411111
NIMA/GNS names: Ba`qubah , Bakuba , Ba'quba , Baqubeh ,
VARIANT names: Alwaniyya , Bacouba , Bacoubah , Bakooba , Bakoobah , Bakouba , Bakuba , Ba'quba , Baqubeh , Baquya , Bookoroos , Yakubiyeh , Ya'qubabad ,
SOURCE for Alwaniyya
« Bāqūya, also called Alwaniyya, 5 hours » #3044 Kātib Çelebi ed: Gottfried Hagen and Robert Danko, An Ottoman Cosmography, Translation of Cihānnümā, Brill, Leiden, 2021 ~ pt. 2 p. 375
SOURCE for Bacouba
« Nous laissons sur notre droite deux villages, et ar-rivons à Bacouba, après avoir traversé à gué la Diala. [We leave two villages on our right, and arrive at Bacouba, after having crossed the Diala by ford.] » #3179 Adrien Dupré, Voyage en Perse, fait dans les années 1807, 1808 et 1809, en traversant la Natolie et la Mésopotamie, 1819 ~ vol. 1 p. 220
SOURCE for Bacoubah
« From the ferry we rode about two miles along the banks of the river, and arrived at Bacoubah, our second day's march. This appears to have been a very considerable place, but has been laid almost entirely in ruins by the army of Coords, under the command of Mohumud Ali Meerza, late Prince Governor of Kermanshah, whose head quarters had been established here for some time. The cholera morbus breaking out among them caused their speedy return to Kermanshah, where the Prince soon after died. » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 1 p. 263
SOURCE for Bakooba
« Bakooba » in {map#1329 Persia with part of the Ottoman Empire, Walker, John, 1831, David Rumsey Map Collection list no: 11298.018 fig. }
SOURCE for Bakoobah
« Bakoobah » #3070 James Justinian Morier, A Journey Through Persia, Armenia, and Asia Minor, to Constantinople, in the Years 1808 and 1809, Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, London, 1812 ~ p. 415
SOURCE for Bakouba
« Bakouba » in {map#1120 in #1185 Buckingham, J. S., Travels in Assyria, Media, and Persia, including a journey from Bagdad by Mount Zagros, to Hamadan, the ancient Ecbatana, researches in Ispahan and the ruins of Persepolis, and journey from thence by Shiraz and Shapoor to the sea-shore, Henry Colburn: Gregg International Publishers Limited, London: London, 1829:1971 ~ fig. General Map of Persia}
« Ascending the eastern shore, which was thickly covered with palms, we went for about a quarter of an hour east, and then turning to the left, entered some lanes between garden-walls of mud, which led us into Bakouba, where the caravan dispersed, and we ourselves alighted at a public khan. » #1185 Buckingham, J. S., Travels in Assyria, Media, and Persia, including a journey from Bagdad by Mount Zagros, to Hamadan, the ancient Ecbatana, researches in Ispahan and the ruins of Persepolis, and journey from thence by Shiraz and Shapoor to the sea-shore, Henry Colburn: Gregg International Publishers Limited, London: London, 1829:1971, ~ p. 9
SOURCE for Bakuba
« The road now runs in an easterly direction through high walled gardens, and at 13 miles enters Bakübā where there is a telegraph and a post office. There is a good camping ground to be found anywhere outside the town. » #3485 Routes in Persia Volume II. (North-Western Persia), Printed at the government monotype press, Simla, 1923 ~ p. 145
SOURCE for Ba'quba
« hence-with Shahraban lying 2 leagues distant to the right of the road-in 7 leagues to Ba?qübā city » #1764 ed. Le Strange, G., The geographical part of the Nuzhat-al-qulub composed by Hamd-Alla¯h Mustawfi¯ of Qazwi¯n in 740 (1340), E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1919 ~ p. 162
« Ba?qūbā ou Bāqūba ou Bā?qūba III C3 Bā?qūba. Iraq.Cité de la circonscription de Bagdad.Hur 75; M 53; Muq 53, 115.Yaq I, 672-75; LS 59; DKI 467; LBB 94-95; EI I 997. [Ba'qūba ou Ba'qūba ou Ba'qūba III C3 Ba'qūba. Iraq.
Quote from the constituency of Baghdad.
Chapter I, 672–75; LS 59; DKI 467; LBB 94–95; EI I 997.] » #2912 Georgette Cornu, Atlas du monde arabo-islamique a l'epoque classique IXe-Xe siecles, E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1985, ~ p. 26
SOURCE for Baqubeh
SOURCE for Baquya
SOURCE for Bookoroos
« February 19. We rose from Belad-il-Roos and lay at Bookoroos. » #3146 Yule, Henry Colonel, The Diary Of William Hedges, The Hakluyt Society, London, 1889 ~ p. 218
SOURCE for Yakubiyeh
« The heat soon became so oppressive that we rejoiced when we reached , after two hours' more ride , the village of Yakubiyeh . » #2941 Austen Henry Layard, Early Adventures in Persia, Susiana, and Babylonia, John Murray, London, 1887, ~ vol. 1 p. 208
« We entered Yakobiyeh after crossing the Diyalah by a pontoon bridge of twelve boats, and found one good house with projecting lattice windows, and a large entrance over which the head and ears of a hare were nailed; narrow, filthy lanes, a covered bazar, very dark and ruinous, but fairly well supplied, an archway, and within it this caravanserai in which the baggage must be waited for for two hours. » #3644 Bishop, Isabella L., Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan, John Murray, London, 1891 ~ vol. 1 p. 52
SOURCE for Ya'qubabad
« Yaʿqūbābād 8 » #3044 Kātib Çelebi ed: Gottfried Hagen and Robert Danko, An Ottoman Cosmography, Translation of Cihānnümā, Brill, Leiden, 2021 ~ pt. 2 p. 375

R172-013 platform ferry
R172-013 platform ferry : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: none independent coordinate: lat 33.722924 long 44.645301 † basis (p)
VARIANT names: platform ferry (?) ,
SOURCE for platform ferry (?)
« At eleven we arrived at the river Diala, the Delas or Pasitrigis of ancient history: we crossedit on a large platform ferry, that carried over the cattle with the load on their backs. Near the ferry was a garden, in which we remained till our party was ready to proceed; » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 1 p. 262

R172-014 Shehreban
R172-014 Shehreban : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: PPL UFI: -3102666 coordinate: lat 33.9786111 long 44.9369444
NIMA/GNS names: Al Miqdadiyah , Muqdadiyah , Shahraban , Shahroban ,
VARIANT names: Apollonia , Charaban , Chehr-Abad , Chehreban , Muqdadiyah , Nushirwan ? , Sabbercam , Sabbercam , Sabbercawn , Scehravan , Schehraban , Shahr Reban , Shahraban , Shahrevan , Shehrban , Shehreban , Sheraban , Shuburgan , Steroban ,
SOURCE for Apollonia
« Shahraban Apollonia » in {map#1120 in #1185 Buckingham, J. S., Travels in Assyria, Media, and Persia, including a journey from Bagdad by Mount Zagros, to Hamadan, the ancient Ecbatana, researches in Ispahan and the ruins of Persepolis, and journey from thence by Shiraz and Shapoor to the sea-shore, Henry Colburn: Gregg International Publishers Limited, London: London, 1829:1971 ~ fig. General Map of Persia}
SOURCE for Charaban
« De Bourons à Charaban, jours. 1 » #3632 Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste, Les six voyages de Jean Baptiste Tavernier, Ecuyer Baron d'Aubonne, qu'il a fait en Turquie, en Perse, et aux Indes,, Chez Gervais Clouzier et Claude Barbin, 1676 ~ p. 286
SOURCE for Chehr-Abad
« Nous arrivames à midi et demi à Chehr-Abâd, où nous joignimes la caravane. Ce village assez considérable est à moitié ruiné. Situé sur un canal formé par la Diala, il est environné d'arbres, et renferme un bazar et un caravansérail. [We arrived at half past twelve at Chehr-Abâd, where we joined the caravan. This fairly large village is half ruined. Situated on a canal formed by the Diala, it is surrounded by trees and contains a bazaar and a caravanserai.] » #3179 Adrien Dupré, Voyage en Perse, fait dans les années 1807, 1808 et 1809, en traversant la Natolie et la Mésopotamie, 1819 ~ vol. 1 p. 221
SOURCE for Chehreban
« Nous partimes donc le matin du 10, et après avoir marché pendant. neuf heures par un ſoleil très-ardent, nous arrivames à une heure après midi à Chehreban, gros bourg au Nord-Eft de Bagdad, ſitué ſur le bord oriental de la Diala, qui lui four-nit de l'eau par un canal. » #2562 Jean Otter, Voyage en Turquie et en Perse, Paris, 1748, ~ vol. 1 p. 171
SOURCE for Muqdadiyah
SOURCE for Nushirwan ?
« We rode over the same flat , parched , and uninteresting country , and soon after sunrise sought shade and repose for the day in the gardens of the village of Nushirwan. During the following night we crossed the Hamrin, a range of low crumbling sandstone hills which extend , parallel to the great mountains of Kurdistan , almost from the river Zab near Mosul to far below Baghdad . » #2941 Austen Henry Layard, Early Adventures in Persia, Susiana, and Babylonia, John Murray, London, 1887, ~ vol. 1 p. 209
SOURCE for Sabbercam
« The first day of September, wée trauelled twelue forsongs to a great Towne called Sabbercam, being the first towne that wée came to in Arabia, where are growing great store of Pomgranats, which the Ara|bians doe call Anarres. This is a Towne of Garrison of the Arabians, and héere wée staied a day and a night. » #3515 Robert Coverte, ed. Boies Penrose, The travels of Captain Robert Coverte, Wm. F. Fell co., printers, for Mr. Boies Penrose, 1931 ~ p. 84
SOURCE for Sabbercawn
« Whence to Baghdad the first day is to Corranda, and then successively to Deachow, Miscarroon, Corryn, Laccary, Corbet, Naza-reil, Sabbercawn (near which is Pully-shaw [Pul-i-Shah], and Caromoon-shahoon [Kirmanshah], formerly called Coon-sha,(3) where was decided that famous contest for the Persian crown 'twixt Artaxerxes and Cyrus recorded by Xenophon, and in memory whereof in the concave of the adjacent mountain is engraven portraits resembling those I mentioned of Rustam near the ruins of Persepolis; only here are added the figures of elephants and other beasts, such as are well worth a traveller's observing). Bagdad is next to Sabbercawn, whence is but one day's journey to Baghdad upon Tigris,
fn. 3 See p. 112. Herbert seems to refer to Cunaxa, where the famous battle was fought in 401 B.c.; but that place is on the Euphrates. As regards some of the places mentioned on the route, Sir Denison Ross writes that either Corranda or Corryn may stand for Karind, and Sabber-cawn is Shuburgan. »
#3211 ed Foster, William, Thomas Herbert, Travels in Persia (1627-1629), George Routledge and Sons, Ltd, London, 1928 ~ p. 220
SOURCE for Scehravan
« Il giorno del sei passammo prima una villa chia-mata Techiè, poi un'altra grande, alla quale, benchè rustica, per la grandezza danno nome città, e si chiama Scehravan. [On the sixth day we first passed a village called Techiè, then another large one, which, although rustic, because of its size they call a city, and is called Scehravan.] » #1530 Pietro Della Valle, Viaggi di Pietro della Valle: il pellegrino, G. Gancia, Brighton, 1843, ~ vol. 1 p. 428
SOURCE for Schehraban
« Schehraban » in {map#1343 Reisen im Orient. von H. Petermann ; Nebst Einer Karte, Entworfen Von H. Kiepert. 2. Band, p. 243, 1861, }
SOURCE for Shahr Reban
« I picked up rapidly (this was my third sunstroke), and next day we marched slowly on to Shahr Reban. I have many notes here, but they are undecipherable excepting the figures of the meteorological readings, which I evidently spared no pains to make clear. From Shahr Reban to Yakubabad was rich fertile ground. » #1097 Floyer, Ernest Ayscoghe, Unexplored Baluchistan. A Survey, with Observations Astronomical, Geographical, Botanical, etc., of a Route through Mekran, Bashkurd, Persia, Kurdistan, and Turkey, Griffith and Farran, 1882, ~ p. 457
SOURCE for Shahraban
« At 10 miles Shahraban is reached, where there is a telegraph office and post office, several caravansarais, and a roofed bāzār. » #3485 Routes in Persia Volume II. (North-Western Persia), Printed at the government monotype press, Simla, 1923 ~ p. 146
« hence-with Shahraban lying 2 leagues distant to the right of the road-in 7 leagues to Ba?qübā city » #1764 ed. Le Strange, G., The geographical part of the Nuzhat-al-qulub composed by Hamd-Alla¯h Mustawfi¯ of Qazwi¯n in 740 (1340), E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1919 ~ p. 162
« Sharaban (or Shahr- e-Van) is a small town or village, which the inhabitants say, was in former times a large city more magnificent than Bagdad. Not a vestige of this past grandeur remains , though, according to D'Anville, it stands on the site of the ancient Apollonia ; an opinion certainly corroborated by the tradition on the spot. » #3184 Sir Robert Ker Porter, Travels in Georgia, Persia, Armenia, Ancient Babylonia, Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, London, 1821 ~ vol. 2 p. 237
« Shahraban » in {map#1393 Map of Ancient sites of Iraq, Directorate General of Antiquities, Baghdad, 1954, }
« After a stay in Baghdad, he went on to Persia, by way of Shahraban (Muqdadiya), Kesrabad (Qizil Rabat) and Khanaqin. He described Kesrabad as being surrounded by fields and canals, with maize, cotton, melons, gourds, palm trees and pomegranates. At that time, the town had two mosques and a mixed population of Arabs and Turks. While there, he vi-sited some ruins northeast of the town (Gauri, No. 27 on Pl. 2). (17)fn. 17 Travels in Assyria, Media and Persia... (London: Henry Colburn, 1829), pp. 11-29, esp. p. 18. »
#3603 McGuire Gibson, Uch Tepe I: Tell Razuk, Tell Ahmed Al-Mughir, Tell Ajamat, The Oriental Institute, University Of Chicago, 1981 ~ p. 16
« From the bridge, our course went again north-easterly, and in about an hour from thence we reached the town of Shahraban, which we entered through mud-walled lanes and dusty roads, just as the moon was setting; and with some difficulty, at this unsea-sonable hour, found our way to a khan.SEPT. 5th. The village of Shahraban is composed, like that of Bakouba, of scattered brick dwellings, some few regular streets, and mud-walled gardens and palm-grounds. It has one mosque with a well-built minaret, and two khans, but nothing else worthy of notice. » #1185 Buckingham, J. S., Travels in Assyria, Media, and Persia, including a journey from Bagdad by Mount Zagros, to Hamadan, the ancient Ecbatana, researches in Ispahan and the ruins of Persepolis, and journey from thence by Shiraz and Shapoor to the sea-shore, Henry Colburn: Gregg International Publishers Limited, London: London, 1829:1971, ~ p. 11
SOURCE for Shahrevan
« Shahrevan » #3070 James Justinian Morier, A Journey Through Persia, Armenia, and Asia Minor, to Constantinople, in the Years 1808 and 1809, Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, London, 1812 ~ p. 415
SOURCE for Shehrban
« The extent of Apolloniatis, more anciently called Sittacene, according to Strabo and others, is stated as thirty-three schœni, or eighty-two and a half miles, and this distance, estimating from Seleucia, would bring us exactly to Kizil Robat of the modern route, which it will be seen is eighty miles distant from Baghdad. In its immediate neighbourhood, therefore, was the boundary line between Apolloniatis and the next province or district. Between Bakuba and Kizil Robat at the present day is Shehrban, with numerous vestiges of ancient civilization in its environs, some of them of sufficient importance to arrest attention, especially the vast mounds and ruinous walls of Eski Baghdad, or Old Baghdad, about three miles to the north of the village. » #3577 C. Masson, Illustration of the Route from Seleucia to Apobatana, as Given by Isidorus of Charax, The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1850 ~ p. 102
SOURCE for Shehreban
« We reached Shehreban at eleven o'clock P. M., and found it almost entirely deserted. It is a place of considerable extent. We wandered through the desolate streets some time, without finding any house with inhabitants, till we came to a caravanserai, where we met a man who told us that all the inhabitants had left the place, which had been sacked and ruined by the Coords.We pitched our tents a quarter of a mile from the town; and remained the following day at Shehreban, to enable us to examine some ruins in the neighbourhood. » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 1 p. 273
SOURCE for Sheraban
« Some large graveyards, with brick graves, a crumbling imamzada, a pointed arch of brick over the Nahrud canal, a few ass caravans, with a live fowl tied by one leg on the back of each ass, and struggling painfully to keep its uneasy seat, some cultivation and much waste, and then we reached the walled village of Sheraban, once a town, but now only possessing 300 houses. » #3644 Bishop, Isabella L., Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan, John Murray, London, 1891 ~ vol. 1 p. 57
SOURCE for Shuburgan
« fn. 3 See p. 112. Herbert seems to refer to Cunaxa, where the famous battle was fought in 401 B.c.; but that place is on the Euphrates. As regards some of the places mentioned on the route, Sir Denison Ross writes that either Corranda or Corryn may stand for Karind, and Sabbercawn is Shuburgan. »
#3211 ed. Foster, William, Thomas Herbert travels in Persia (1627-1629), George Routledge and Sons, Ltd, London, 1928 ~ notes to page 220 p. 327
SOURCE for Steroban
« Delà paſſant outre, and cheminant la plus grande partie de la nuict par vn tres bon pays, où nous trouuafmes force foſſez et ruiffeaux, nous arriuaſmes en vn autre licu fort plaiſant, à cause des arbriffeaux, et datiers qui y font, et pource auſſi qu'il eſt en-uironné quafi de tous coſtez de collines mediocres. Le lieu s'appelle STEROBAN, tout autour le pays eft fort fertile, et non gueres loing delà, il nous fallut paffer fix bras d'vne riuiere, et beaucoup de foſſez pleins d'eau, [From there, passing on, and traveling the greater part of the night through a very good country, where we found many ditches and streams, we arrived at another very pleasant place, because of the shrubs and date trees which grow there, and also because it is surrounded on all sides by moderate hills. The place is called STEROBAN, all around the country is very fertile, and not far beyond, we had to cross several branches of a river, and many ditches full of water,] » #3614 unknown ed. M. Morisot, Relations veritables et curieuses de l'isle de Madagascar, et du Bresil. : Auec l'histoire de la derniere guerre faite au Bresil, entre les Portugais et les Hollandois. ; Trois relations d'Egypte, et vne du royaume de Perse, Chez Augustin Courbé, Paris, 1651 ~ pp. 117-8
« The place is called Stéroban, (1) and the neighbouring country is very fertile;
fn. 1 ? Shāhraban, a village near Daskara. See le Strange, Lands of the Eastern Caliphate, p. 62. » #3613 ed. E. Denison Ross, Sir Anthony Sherley and His Persian Adventure, The Broadway Travellers; RoutledgeCurzon, 1933; 2005 ~ p. 158/238 pdf
« 11/11 Steroban (Shahraban) » #3620 Stefanos Yerasimos, Les voyageurs dans l'Empire Ottoman (XIV - XVI siecles). Bibliographie, itineraires et inventaire des lieux habites., Imprimerie De La Sociêtê Turquie D'histoire,, Ankara, 1991 ~ p. 429

R172-015 Khizil Rubaut
R172-015 Khizil Rubaut : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: PPLQ UFI: 10403107 coordinate: lat 34.184117 long 45.143526
NIMA/GNS names: Qazal Rabat , قزل رباط ,
VARIANT names: Casered , Chizil-rabat , Galula , Kesrabad , Khizil Rubaut , Kizil Robat , Kizilribat , Kizilrobat , Kizil-Rubat , Kizitrobat , Kizyl-Abad , Kizzil Robat , Kuzzelroobaut , Kuzzerabad , Kyzyl Ribat , Qazal Rabat , Qizil Ribat , Qizil Robat , Qyzrubah , Qyzyl-abad , Ribat Djalula , Ribat Jalula , Rubat Jalula ,
SOURCE for Casered
« De Charaban à Cafered, jours. 1 » #3632 Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste, Les six voyages de Jean Baptiste Tavernier, Ecuyer Baron d'Aubonne, qu'il a fait en Turquie, en Perse, et aux Indes,, Chez Gervais Clouzier et Claude Barbin, 1676 ~ p. 286
SOURCE for Chizil-rabat
« Il giorno del sette, pagato un dazio che si doveva quivi, non molto a buon'ora ci mettenimo in cammino: passammo certi monti deserti e nudi d'erba, e poi una pianura simile, ed al tramontar del sole ci attendammo sotto una villa che si chiama Chizil-rabat, ed è l'ultima abitata della giurisdizion turchesca: [On the seventh day, having paid a duty which was due there, we set out at a very early hour: we passed some deserted mountains bare of grass, and then a similar plain, and at sunset we encamped beneath a village called Chizil-rabat, which is the last inhabited place under Turkish jurisdiction:] » #1530 Pietro Della Valle, Viaggi di Pietro della Valle: il pellegrino, G. Gancia, Brighton, 1843, ~ vol. 1 pp. 428-9
SOURCE for Galula
« Galūlā III D2 Qizil Ribāt. Iraq. Cité de la circonscription de Bagdad.Η 233; Hur 6, 13, 18, 19, 41; Qud 198, 226, 2238; F 165, 172; Y 270; R 164; M 53, 355, 3358; Muq 53, 115, 121, 135.Yaq II, 107-108; LS 62, 80; EI II 417. [Galūlā III D2 Qizil Ribāt. Iraq. City of the constituency of Baghdad.Η 233; Hur 6, 13, 18, 19, 41; Qud 198 , 226 , 2238; F 165, 172; Y 270; R 164; M 53, 355, 3358; Muq 53 , 115 , 121 , 135 .Jacques II, 107-108; LS 62, 80; EI II 417.] » #2912 Georgette Cornu, Atlas du monde arabo-islamique a l'epoque classique IXe-Xe siecles, E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1985, ~ p. 28
SOURCE for Kesrabad
« After a stay in Baghdad, he went on to Persia, by way of Shahraban (Muqdadiya), Kesrabad (Qizil Rabat) and Khanaqin. He described Kesrabad as being surrounded by fields and canals, with maize, cotton, melons, gourds, palm trees and pomegranates. At that time, the town had two mosques and a mixed population of Arabs and Turks. While there, he visited some ruins northeast of the town (Gauri, No. 27 on Pl. 2). (17)fn. 17 Travels in Assyria, Media and Persia... (London: Henry Colburn, 1829), pp. 11-29, esp. p. 18. »
#3603 McGuire Gibson, Uch Tepe I: Tell Razuk, Tell Ahmed Al-Mughir, Tell Ajamat, The Oriental Institute, University Of Chicago, 1981 ~ p. 16
« we approached toward the town of Kesrabad, entering it about eleven o'clock, two hours and a half from the eastern foot of the hills we had crossed, and about five and a half from our leaving Shahraban; so that its distance may be from eighteen to twenty miles east-north-east of that place. » #1185 Buckingham, J. S., Travels in Assyria, Media, and Persia, including a journey from Bagdad by Mount Zagros, to Hamadan, the ancient Ecbatana, researches in Ispahan and the ruins of Persepolis, and journey from thence by Shiraz and Shapoor to the sea-shore, Henry Colburn: Gregg International Publishers Limited, London: London, 1829:1971, ~ p. 18
SOURCE for Khizil Rubaut
« After a march of three hours we arrived at Khizil Rubaut, com-pletely worn out with the heat and close-ness of the atmosphere.Our tents were pitched to the north of the town. Khizil Rubaut, in common with its neighbours, has suffered from the vindictive spirits of its Coordish enemies. A body of the Pasha's troops were stationed here, and gave to it a less desolate appearance than the other town through which we passed.The valley abounds in remains of ancient buildings, and proves how populous this country must have been in times of old. To the south-west of Khizil Rubaut are some extensive ruins » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 1 p. 287
SOURCE for Kizil Robat
« 5 KIZIL ROBAT .. 18 m. General direction north-westerly. Passing through the roofed
bāzār and walled gardens of Shahraban, the road emerges over undulating ground showing signs of flood; there are numerous irrigation channels in all directions, some of which are deep and narrow with few and bad foot bridges. ... At 17½ miles there is cultivation on either hand, and a half mile to the left the Diala river flows in a broad, stony and rushy bed. Kizil Robat, which is now entered, has a post and telegraph office and several caravansarais on the further side of the town. » #3485 Routes in Persia Volume II. (North-Western Persia), Printed at the government monotype press, Simla, 1923 ~ p. 147
« Then came a grove of palms, and then the town or village of Kizil Robat (Red Shrine), with its imamzada, whose reputation for sanctity is indicated by the immense number of graves which surround it. The walls of this decayed and wretched town are of thick layers of hardened but now crumbling earth, and on the east side there is an old gateway of burned brick. There are said to be 400 houses, which at the lowest computation would mean a population of 2000, but inhabited houses and ruins are so jumbled up together that one cannot form any estimate. » #3644 Bishop, Isabella L., Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan, John Murray, London, 1891 ~ vol. 1 p. 60
SOURCE for Kizilribat
« village of Ḳizilribāṭ (and?) Ḥafrābād 6 hours » #3044 Kātib Çelebi ed: Gottfried Hagen and Robert Danko, An Ottoman Cosmography, Translation of Cihānnümā, Brill, Leiden, 2021 ~ pt. 2 p. 275
SOURCE for Kizilrobat
« We halted for the day at the large village of Kizilrobat , in a vast caravanserai , where we were able to procure provisions and to obtain shelter from the sun. » #2941 Austen Henry Layard, Early Adventures in Persia, Susiana, and Babylonia, John Murray, London, 1887, ~ vol. 1 p. 209
SOURCE for Kizil-Rubat
« Nous nous remimes en chemin la nuit du 11, et campames après cinq heures de marche à Kizil-Rubat (1); encore fur le bord de la Diala. C'eſt un bourg et un diſtrict, duquel-dé-pendent Bedraï, Kiechab et quelques autres bourgsfn. 1 Kizil figifie rouge, et Rubat un Kiervanferaï [We set off again on the night of the 11th, and camped after a five-hour march at Kizil-Rubat (1); still on the banks of the Diala. It is a town and a district, from which Bedraï, Kiechab, and several other towns depend.fn. 1 Kizil means red, and Rubat means Kiervanferaï] »
#2562 Jean Otter, Voyage en Turquie et en Perse, Paris, 1748, ~ vol. 1 p. 172
SOURCE for Kizitrobat
« Kizitrobat » in {map#1343 Reisen im Orient. von H. Petermann ; Nebst Einer Karte, Entworfen Von H. Kiepert. 2. Band, p. 243, 1861, }
SOURCE for Kizyl-Abad
« On se trouve ensuite dans une plaine abondante en gibier. Nous arrivâmes à neuf heures et demie à Kizyl-Abad, grand village habité par des Turcomans, et orné de bosquets de dattiers: on y voit trois caravansérails et quelques misérables boutiques. Une petite ri-vière coule auprès, et va se jeter à un quart de lieue dans la Diala. [We then find ourselves in a plain abundant in game. We arrived at nine thirty at Kizyl-Abad, a large village inhabited by Turkmen, and adorned with groves of date palms: there are three caravanserais and a few miserable shops. A small river flows nearby, and flows a quarter of a league away into the Diala.] » #3179 Adrien Dupré, Voyage en Perse, fait dans les années 1807, 1808 et 1809, en traversant la Natolie et la Mésopotamie, 1819 ~ vol. 1 p. 222
SOURCE for Kizzil Robat
« Kizzil Robat » #3070 James Justinian Morier, A Journey Through Persia, Armenia, and Asia Minor, to Constantinople, in the Years 1808 and 1809, Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, London, 1812 ~ p. 415
SOURCE for Kuzzelroobaut
« It will be seen that Khan-e-Keen is seated on the river Silwund, which may well be the Silla of antiquity; that its distance corresponds, with sufficient accuracy, to that assigned to Artemita from Seleucia and Ctesiphon. (1)
fn. 1 There is no measuring off the exact distance of this place on Kinnier's Map, as in it its name is altogether omitted. In a route from Sennah by Kermanshah to Bagdad, by Mr. Webb, attached to the geographical memoir for the illustration of this map, Khanakee is stated to be eighteen miles from Kuzzelroobaut (or Kesrabad) and this measures exactly sixty miles, the distance of Dastagherd from Ctesiphon, making the whole seventy-eight. »
#1185 Buckingham, J. S., Travels in Assyria, Media, and Persia, including a journey from Bagdad by Mount Zagros, to Hamadan, the ancient Ecbatana, researches in Ispahan and the ruins of Persepolis, and journey from thence by Shiraz and Shapoor to the sea-shore, Henry Colburn: Gregg International Publishers Limited, London: London, 1829:1971, ~ p. 35
SOURCE for Kuzzerabad
« Kuzzerabad » in {map#1120 in #1185 Buckingham, J. S., Travels in Assyria, Media, and Persia, including a journey from Bagdad by Mount Zagros, to Hamadan, the ancient Ecbatana, researches in Ispahan and the ruins of Persepolis, and journey from thence by Shiraz and Shapoor to the sea-shore, Henry Colburn: Gregg International Publishers Limited, London: London, 1829:1971 ~ fig. General Map of Persia}
SOURCE for Kyzyl Ribat
« The royal roads were under military guard, the soldiers were stationed in dastākrta, cor-responding to a Roman castellum, whence the common place name Dastgird, Daskara, the most famous halfway between Ctesiphon and the Iranian frontier. Another term is Old Persian pāraka ("guard-house, fort"), whence pahra, fabradj, etc., a name common at district and provincial frontiers. Since they served for controlling traffic and as custom offices, they often stood at bridgeheads.At that time the great Seljuk Malikshāh, or indeed Nizām al-Mulk, who ruled for the young prince, reorganized the entire road and post system. He straightened, e.g., the track of the road from Baghdad to Djalūlā (near Dastagird), called from that time Ribāt Djalūla, later Kyzyl Ribāt, "the Red Ribāt," because it was one of the lines of ribāts built by Malikshāh. Rabata is "to peg one's horse," ribāt is the "soldier's camp," and replaces the old dastākrta. » #3585 Ernst Herzfeld, Damascus: Studies in Architecture: II, Ars Islamica, 1943 vol. 10:pp. 13-70 ~ p. 25
SOURCE for Qazal Rabat
SOURCE for Qizil Ribat
« 75 Qizil Ribāt. T., P.O. Several caravanserais on the farther side of the town. Supplies plentiful in normal times, Water abundant. Good grazing. Fuel scarce. camels. About 50 other transport animals could be collected daily. » #3590 A Handbook of Mesopotamia, Volume III, Central Mesopotamia with Southern Kurdistan and the Syrian desert, Admiralty and War Office, London, 1917 ~ p. 188
SOURCE for Qizil Robat
« Qizil Robat » in {map#1213 India and adjacent countries 1:1,000,000, Persia, Surveyor General of India, 1936, University of Wisconsin fig. Sheet No.2 Baghdad 1917}
SOURCE for Qyzrubah
« Qyzrubāh (Qizil Robat, Qyzyl-ābād), June 8, 1911 (pp. 19-20); » #3401 Ernst Herzfeld, Ernst Herzfeld Papers, Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Archives., 2011 ~ p. 6308/6475
SOURCE for Qyzyl-abad
SOURCE for Ribat Djalula
« DJALULA, a town in Irak (Babylonia) and, in the mediaeval division of this province, the capital of a district (fassudi) of the Shadh-Kubadh circle to the east of the Tigris, was a station on the important Khurasan road, the main route between Babylonia and Iran, and was at about an equal distance (7 parasangs 28 miles) from Dastadjird [q.v.] in the south-west and from Khanikin in the north-east. ... According to Mustawfi, writing about 740/1340, the Saldjük sultan Malikshāh (465-85/1073-92) built at Djalüla a watch-house (ribāt, popularly rubat) which probably served also as a caravanserai; after his time the place was usually called Ribat Djalūlā. This statement helps us to locate the site of Djalüla with certainty; for indeed there can be almost no doubt that Ribāt Djalūlā must be identified with the modern Kizilrobat, especially since the distances given by the Arab geographers for Djalûla' apply perfectly to Kizilroba?. Its geographical position is 34° 10' N., 45° E.; it lies within the mountains, at the east end of the pass through the Diabal Hamrin. The Diyālā flows by at some distance to the east of the town. The name Kizilrobat ("red caravanserai") is popularly corrupted to Kazilābādh and Kazrābādh (cf. Petermann, Reisen im Orient, ii, 274) or abbreviated to Kizrabāt (cf. Herzfeld, in Petermanns Geogr. Mitt., 1907, 51). Like its mediaeval predecessor, the modern Kizlirobä? is of only moderate impor-tance; it still has no other rôle than that of a transit and relay station on an important caravan route. » #2645 The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd Edition, Brill, Leiden, ~ col. 2 p. 406
SOURCE for Ribat Jalula
« Ribāṭ Jalūlā 5—it was built by the Seljuk Sultan Malik-Shāh » #3044 Kātib Çelebi ed: Gottfried Hagen and Robert Danko, An Ottoman Cosmography, Translation of Cihānnümā, Brill, Leiden, 2021 ~ pt. 2 p. 375
SOURCE for Rubat Jalula
« thence 5 to Rubāt Jalūlā built by Malik-Shah the Saljuq (3)
fn. 3 Rubāt Jalūlā, a place famous in 'Abbasid times, is probably the present caravan-serai of Qizil Rubat (the Red Guardhouse). »
#1764 ed. Le Strange, G., The geographical part of the Nuzhat-al-qulub composed by Hamd-Alla¯h Mustawfi¯ of Qazwi¯n in 740 (1340), E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1919 ~ p. 162

R172-016 Khanaki
R172-016 Khanaki : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: PPL UFI: -3107316 coordinate: lat 34.3469444 long 45.4005556
NIMA/GNS names: Kanaqin , Khanaqin , Khanikin , Khaniqin ,
VARIANT names: artemita , Canaquin , Chanekin , Ciai-chanaghi , Conaguy , Farhatserin , Hadji-Kara , Hanikin , Haniqin , Kanaqin , Khanakee , Khanaki , Khan-e-Keen , Khan-el-Keen , Khanikin , Khaniqin , Khannikin , Old Khaniqi ,
SOURCE for artemita
« to, mention is made of a city called Artemita, of which, from the correspondence of relative distance and local feature, I should conceive this place of Khan-e-Keen to be the site.Strabo speaks of Artemita as a celebrated city. Isidore of Charax says, that it was seated on a river called the Silla. ... M. D'Anville says, "Artemita was a Greek city, on a stream whose name, which is sometimes written Silla, should rather be M. D'Anville says, "Artemita was a Greek city, on a stream whose name, which is sometimes written Silla, should rather be called Delas, the modern form whereof is Diala." (3)
fn.3 Compendium of Ancient Geography. English Edit. 8vo. vol. 2, p. 469. »
#1185 Buckingham, J. S., Travels in Assyria, Media, and Persia, including a journey from Bagdad by Mount Zagros, to Hamadan, the ancient Ecbatana, researches in Ispahan and the ruins of Persepolis, and journey from thence by Shiraz and Shapoor to the sea-shore, Henry Colburn: Gregg International Publishers Limited, London: London, 1829:1971, ~ p. 35
SOURCE for Canaquin
« Le vingt-cinquiéme nous partînaes avant le jour, et nous arrivâmes Canaquin Village fort gros, où l'on cravaille beaucoup en foye. [On the twenty-fifth we left before daybreak, and we arrived at Canaquin Village, a very large village, where they work a lot in the village.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 p. 136
SOURCE for Chanekin
« Chanekin » in {map#1343 Reisen im Orient. von H. Petermann ; Nebst Einer Karte, Entworfen Von H. Kiepert. 2. Band, p. 243, 1861, }
SOURCE for Ciai-chanaghi
« Sopra la ripa vi trovai le reliquie di una grossa terra, alla quale adesso non resta altro che il nome di Ciai-chanaghi; cioè, cor-rottamente un poco, [On the bank I found the remains of a large land, of which now nothing remains but the name of Ciai-chanaghi; that is, somewhat corrupted,] » #1530 Pietro Della Valle, Viaggi di Pietro della Valle: il pellegrino, G. Gancia, Brighton, 1843, ~ vol. 1 p. 431
SOURCE for Conaguy
« De Cafered à Conaguy, jours. 1 » #3632 Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste, Les six voyages de Jean Baptiste Tavernier, Ecuyer Baron d'Aubonne, qu'il a fait en Turquie, en Perse, et aux Indes,, Chez Gervais Clouzier et Claude Barbin, 1676 ~ p. 286
SOURCE for Farhatserin
« Or ayant paffé beaucoup de montagnes, nous arriuafmes aux ruines fort memorables de FARHATSERIN, qui fut iadis vne tref-grande ville, aupres deſquelles nous nous ar-reſtaſmes à coſté d'vn petit fleuue. [Now having crossed many mountains, we arrived at the very memorable ruins of FARHATSERIN, which was formerly a very large city, near which we stopped beside a small river.] » #3614 unknown ed. M. Morisot, Relations veritables et curieuses de l'isle de Madagascar, et du Bresil. : Auec l'histoire de la derniere guerre faite au Bresil, entre les Portugais et les Hollandois. ; Trois relations d'Egypte, et vne du royaume de Perse, Chez Augustin Courbé, Paris, 1651 ~ p. 118
« 14/11 Farhatserin (Khanaquin) » #3620 Stefanos Yerasimos, Les voyageurs dans l'Empire Ottoman (XIV - XVI siecles). Bibliographie, itineraires et inventaire des lieux habites., Imprimerie De La Sociêtê Turquie D'histoire,, Ankara, 1991 ~ p. 429
SOURCE for Hadji-Kara
« Nous fimes halte dans le village de Hadjy-Kara, situé sur la rive droite de cette rivière. Il y a un caravansérail nouvellement bâti. C'est le dernier en-droit où l'on trouve des dattiers sur cette route. [We stopped in the village of Hadjy-Kara, located on the right bank of this river. There is a newly built caravanserai. It is the last place where date palms can be found on this route.] » #3179 Adrien Dupré, Voyage en Perse, fait dans les années 1807, 1808 et 1809, en traversant la Natolie et la Mésopotamie, 1819 ~ vol. 1 p. 223
SOURCE for Hanikin
« Describing the population of such towns as Qizil Robat and ?āni?in, Herzfeld noted that in 1905 they were overwhelmingly Persophone (Herzfeld 1907: 51). Moreover, he noted that at this time ?āni?in, which is today c. 11–12 km. from the Iran-Iraq border, was the last town on Ottoman soil, housing the quarantine station in a large caravanserai, an important stopping point for Persian pilgrims en route to Kerbelā and Najaf. » #3576 D. T. Potts, On Cultural Boundaries and Languages in Western Iran: The Case of the Zagros Gates, in: ed. Ali Hozhabri, Archaeology of Iran in the Historical Period, University of Tehran and Springer, , 2020, pp. 55-63 ~ p. 59
SOURCE for Haniqin
« HäniqinIII D2Id. Iraq.Cité de la circonscription (kūra) de Hulwan.I 172; Η 233, 234; Hur 6, 19; Qud 198, 235; Y 270;R 164; M 53, 355; Muq 25, 53, 115, 121, 135. Yaq II, 393; LS 61-62, 80; DKI 484-85; EI2 IV 1056-57. [Häniqin III D2 Id. Iraq. City of the constituency (kūra) of Hulwan. I 172; Η 233, 234; Hur 6:19; Qud 198, 235; Y 270; R 164; M 53, 355; Muq 25, 53, 115, 121, 135. Jac II, 393; LS 61-62, 80; DKI 484-85; EI2 IV 1056-57.] » #2912 Georgette Cornu, Atlas du monde arabo-islamique a l'epoque classique IXe-Xe siecles, E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1985, ~ p. 28
SOURCE for Kanaqin
« city of Khāniqin 5 » #3044 Kātib Çelebi ed: Gottfried Hagen and Robert Danko, An Ottoman Cosmography, Translation of Cihānnümā, Brill, Leiden, 2021 ~ pt. 2 p. 375
SOURCE for Khanakee
« Khanakee » #3070 James Justinian Morier, A Journey Through Persia, Armenia, and Asia Minor, to Constantinople, in the Years 1808 and 1809, Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, London, 1812 ~ p. 415
SOURCE for Khanaki
« and reached Khanaki at nine in the morning. We crossed the Diala, which washes the northern walls of the town, over a handsome bridge, built by the Persians to facilitate their pilgrimage to Meshed Ali. About a mile to the N. we pitched our tents in the neighbourhood of some gardens.Khanaki, which is of reputed antiquity, defines the frontier of the Pashalick of Bag-dad, and has met with a fate natural to its unfortunate position between two rival pow-ers. About two years ago it was taken by Mohummud Ali Meerza, and must at that time have had its share of the calamities of war. Upon the retreat of the Prince into Kermanshah, he left behind him a garrison of three hundred Coords, who were surprised by the Pasha of Bagdad, and, without ex-ception, put to the sword. This catastrophe occurred only six months back. » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 1 p. 294
SOURCE for Khan-e-Keen
« It will be seen that Khan-e-Keen is seated on the river Silwund, which may well be the Silla of antiquity; that its distance corresponds, with sufficient accuracy, to that assigned to Artemita from Seleucia and Ctesiphon. (1)
fn. 1 There is no measuring off the exact distance of this place on Kinnier's Map, as in it its name is altogether omitted. In a route from Sennah by Kermanshah to Bagdad, by Mr. Webb, attached to the geographical memoir for the illustration of this map, Khanakee is stated to be eighteen miles from Kuzzelroobaut (or Kesrabad) and this measures exactly sixty miles, the distance of Dastagherd from Ctesiphon, making the whole seventy-eight. »
SOURCE for Khan-el-Keen
« Khan-el-Keen » in {map#1120 in #1185 Buckingham, J. S., Travels in Assyria, Media, and Persia, including a journey from Bagdad by Mount Zagros, to Hamadan, the ancient Ecbatana, researches in Ispahan and the ruins of Persepolis, and journey from thence by Shiraz and Shapoor to the sea-shore, Henry Colburn: Gregg International Publishers Limited, London: London, 1829:1971 ~ fig. General Map of Persia}
SOURCE for Khanikin
« At 18½ miles, crossing a stream, walled gardens are reached passing between which, stony streets are traversed, and the bridge over the rapid stream of the Hulvan crossed at 19 miles. The river bed is 100 yards wide, and the bridge is solid brick and stone; roadway 25 feet. The stream, 60 yards wide, is fordable. Khānikin is situated on both banks of the Hulvän river amongst gardens, and possesses a telegraph and post office. » #3485 Routes in Persia Volume II. (North-Western Persia), Printed at the government monotype press, Simla, 1923 ~ p. 148
« Le lendemain après avoir paſſé la rivière à gué, nous fimes cinq heu-res de chemin, et campames à Khanikin, gros bourg ſitué ſur le bord de la rivière de Halvan, [The next day, after fording the river, we traveled for five hours and camped at Khanikin, a large town situated on the banks of the Halvan River.] » #2562 Jean Otter, Voyage en Turquie et en Perse, Paris, 1748, ~ vol. 1 p. 173
« As the day broke we found ourselves approaching the foot of the great Zagros range, and soon after sunrise reached another large caravanserai at the picturesque but half- ruined village of Khanikin , embedded in palms and watered by the small river Holwan , here crossed by a large and well- built bridge . » #2941 Austen Henry Layard, Early Adventures in Persia, Susiana, and Babylonia, John Murray, London, 1887, ~ vol. 1 p. 210
SOURCE for Khaniqin
« it is 5 leagues to Khaniqin city, » #1764 ed. Le Strange, G., The geographical part of the Nuzhat-al-qulub composed by Hamd-Alla¯h Mustawfi¯ of Qazwi¯n in 740 (1340), E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1919 ~ p. 162
« Of the towns of Hulwan are:- Khāniqin; Zabūjān; Shalāshilan; (3) al-Jamid; (4) al-Hurr; as-Sirawan; (5) Bandanijān.(6)
fn. 6 The town called in Yaqūt al-Bandanijain (I.745). The original Persian name of the town was Wandanikān. It is, he says, a well-known place on the far side of an-Nahrawan towards the Jabal (Persian Iraq). It is a dependency of Baghdad, but might also be reckoned among the townships of Mihrijangadhaq. One of its inhabitants thus describes it: al-Bandanijain is a collection of hamlets, separate one from the other and each not visible from the others but of which the palm-trees continue with no interval. The largest hamlet was called Baqutnāyā, where there was a market and where the Governor's house and the residence of the Qadhi stood. The other hamlets were Buwaiqiyā, Sūq Jamil and Filisht. »
#3135 Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad Muqaddasi ed. George Speirs Alexander Ranking, Ahsānu-t-taqāsim Fi Ma?rifati-l-aqālim Volume 1, Parts 1–4, Asiatic Society of Bengal, New Series, No. 899, Calcutta, 1897 ~ p. 174
SOURCE for Khannikin
« From the top of the next slope there was a view of Khannikin, a considerable-looking town among groves of palms and other trees. Then came a worse sea of mud, and a rudely cobbled causeway, so horrible that it diverted us back into the mud, which was so bottomless that it drove us back to the causeway, and the causeway back to the mud, the rain all the time coming down in sheets. This causeway, without improvement, is carried through Khannikin, a town with narrow blind alleys, » #3644 Bishop, Isabella L., Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan, John Murray, London, 1891 ~ vol. 1 p. 62
SOURCE for Old Khaniqi
« village of Old Khāniqi 8 parasangs—a large river flows in front of it » #3044 Kātib Çelebi ed: Gottfried Hagen and Robert Danko, An Ottoman Cosmography, Translation of Cihānnümā, Brill, Leiden, 2021 ~ pt. 2 p. 375

R172-016a Kanaqin caravanserai
R172-016a Kanaqin caravanserai : place IRQ (caravanserai)
NIMA/GNS feature: none independent coordinate: lat 34.345442 long 45.383201 † basis (p)
Supplement: no sources to confirm location. possible location to west 116m at lat 34.345531° long 45.381867° and to east 86m lat 34.345604° long 45.384140°. to be confirmed
VARIANT names: Kanaqin caravanserai ,
SOURCE for Kanaqin caravanserai
« he fruit-trees in the gardens appeared to have been recently cut down; the village is one entire scene of desolation. The caravanserai, which is large and in good repair, stands to the W. side, and when we arrived was crowded with travellers. The few inhabitants, who have come after the general slaughter which so recently took place, occupy some huts adjoining; but we could procure nothing from them, and were supplied with some bread and eggs by the wandering tribes. » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 1 p. 295

R172-018 Pool Zohaub
R172-018 Pool Zohaub : place IRN NIMA/GNS feature: PPL UFI: -3078472 coordinate: lat 34.461092 long 45.862644 NIMA/GNS names: Pol-e Zahab , Pol-e Zohab , Sar-e Pol-e Zahab , Sari-Pul , Sar-i-Pul Zuhab , Sarpol , Sarpol-e Zahab , سر پل ذهاب , VARIANT names: Adgem-Khanikin , Alaman , Aniqui , Chala , Halman , Halouan , Halwan , Holwan , Hulwan , Pesciver , Pool Zohaub , Pool-e-Zohaub , Sar-e Pol-e Zahab , Sar-i Pul-i-Zuhab , Saripul , Sar-i-Pul (i-Zuhab) , Saripul-i-Zohab , Serpol , Serpool , Ser-puli-Zohab , Zarg-Pol (Zagri-Piloe) , SOURCE for Adgem-Khanikin « Nous fimes le 14 cinq heures de chemin, et campames à Adgem-Khanikin fur le bord de la même rivière. Ce lieu dépend du Kiurdistan, et les Etats du Grand Seigneur finiſſent un peu au-delà. [On the 14th we traveled five hours, and camped at Adgem-Khanikin on the banks of the same river. This place depends on Kyurdistan, and the States of the Grand Seigneur end a little beyond.] » #2562 Jean Otter, Voyage en Turquie et en Perse, Paris, 1748, ~ vol. 1 p. 174 SOURCE for Alaman « Saripul Halwan Alaman 12-18 » in {map#1393 Map of Ancient sites of Iraq, Directorate General of Antiquities, Baghdad, 1954, } SOURCE for Aniqui On commence de là à ne plus trouver de Caravanſerail. Le 23 pous campâmes ſur les frontieres de Perſe et de Turquie, ce lieu ſe nomme Aniqui, où il y a une petite riviere qui ſepare ces deu Empires. [From there we begin to find no more Caravanserais. On the 23rd we camped on the borders of Persia and Turkey, this place is called Aniqui, where there is a small river which separates these two Empires.] SOURCE for Chala « A2 [Hulwan]/Valashfarr/Beth Lashpar/Chala/Albania § Chalonitis ACHRL Sar Pol-i Zohab IRQ Isid Char 3; Herzfeld 1968, 12;Oppenheimer 1983, 146-49 » #846 Talbert, Richard (ed.), Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 2000, ~ p. 1317 SOURCE for Halman « If Halman was centered on Sar-e Pol-e Zohab, then Namar (Assyrian Namri) was presumably contiguous or, at the very least, nearby, judging from the fact that a single governor had jurisdiction over both regions. » #3503 D. T. Potts, Elamite Karintas and Avestan Kvirinta: Notes on the Early History of Kerend, Iranian Studies, vol. 50:no. 3:pp. 345-367 ~ p. 347 SOURCE for Halouan « This corresponds precisely with the situation of the present Kassr-Shirine, which is just midway between Halouan, the present Zohaub, and Khan-e-Keen, the last station we had passed on our way. » #1185 Buckingham, J. S., Travels in Assyria, Media, and Persia, including a journey from Bagdad by Mount Zagros, to Hamadan, the ancient Ecbatana, researches in Ispahan and the ruins of Persepolis, and journey from thence by Shiraz and Shapoor to the sea-shore, Henry Colburn: Gregg International Publishers Limited, London: London, 1829:1971, ~ p. 39 SOURCE for Halwan « Saripul Halwan Alaman 12-18 » in {map#1393 Map of Ancient sites of Iraq, Directorate General of Antiquities, Baghdad, 1954, } SOURCE for Holwan « The district of Kurrend extends along the brink of Mount Zagros, from the vicinity of Holwan to the village of Goour. It is covered with forests of stunted oak, and inhabited by an extraordinary race of men, » #3021 John Macdonald Kinneir, A Geographical Memoir of the Persian Empire, John Murray, London, 1813 ~ p. 141 « About 3 km. further along the main road is the Kurdish village of Sar-i Pul-i-Zuhab. Captured by the Arabs when they swept triumph-antly over the land in A.D. 640, the original settlement was renamed Holvan. Later it passed into Saljuq hands, in A.D. 1046, but the town was destroyed by fire and earthquake in 1149. » #888 Matheson, S., Persia. An Archaeological Guide, Faber and Faber Limited, 1976 ~ p. 135 SOURCE for Hulwan Hulwan (Persian: حلوان) was an ancient town on the Zagros Mountains in western Iran, located on the entrance of the Paytak Pass, nowadays identified with the town of Sarpol-e Zahab. [accessed 04 Feb 2025] « Then from Hulwan, the first place in the province of Arabian Iraq » #1764 ed. Le Strange, G., The geographical part of the Nuzhat-al-qulub composed by Hamd-Alla¯h Mustawfi¯ of Qazwi¯n in 740 (1340), E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1919 ~ p. 162 « Hulwan III D2Sar-i-Pül Zuhab. Iran.Capitale (qasaba) de la circonscription (kürs) du même nom.1 79, 80, 86, 87, 190, 196, 200; Η 169, 231, 234, 235, 246, 358, 368, 370, 371; Hur 5, 6, 14, 19, 20, 41, 172, 173, 178; Qud 198, 226, 232, 235, 236, 243, 244; F 165, 199, 210, 211, 258; Y 270; R 97, 104, 105, 164; M 36, 37, 40, 347, 358; Muq 50, 53, 114, 115, 123, 125, 128, 133, 135, 258, 259, 401.Yaq II, 317-21; LS 191 et index; DKI 489; EI2 III 591. [Hulwan III D2 Sar-e-Pul Zuhab. Iran. Capital (qasaba) of the district (kürs) of the same name. 1 79, 80, 86, 87, 190, 196, 200; Η 169, 231, 234, 235, 246, 358, 368, 370, 371; Sun 5, 6, 14, 19, 20, 41, 172, 173, 178; Qud 198, 226, 232, 235, 236, 243, 244; F 165, 199, 210, 211, 258; Y 270; R 97, 104, 105, 164; M 36, 37, 40, 347, 358; Muq 50, 53, 114, 115, 123, 125, 128, 133, 135, 258, 259, 401. Yak II, 317-21; LS 191 et index; DKI 489; EI2 III 591.] » #2912 Georgette Cornu, Atlas du monde arabo-islamique a l'epoque classique IXe-Xe siecles, E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1985, ~ p. 29 « Ḥulwān 1, via the pass ofṬāq-i Kamarābād » #3044 Kātib Çelebi ed: Gottfried Hagen and Robert Danko, An Ottoman Cosmography, Translation of Cihānnümā, Brill, Leiden, 2021 ~ pt. 2 p. 375 « Hulwan (4) is a small capital. It is both a plain and a hill city, surrounded on all sides by gardens and grape-vines and fig trees, and situated close to the mountains. It has a long market and an ancient fortress, as well as a small stream of water. (5) It also has a quhandiz, and in the interior of which stands the mosque. The town is approached from eight different roads-the road of Khura-san, the road of al-Baqat, the road of al-Musalla, the road of the fn. 4 Hulwan, in the extreme north-east of al-'Iraq, at the foot of the mountain range of Persia. It was 5 farsakas distant from Qasr Shirin and 41 from Baghdad. The town does not exist at the present day, but the name is preserved in that of the river of Holwan. It is supposed to have been found-ed by Qubad, or Cobades, of the Sassanian dynasty of Persia, who reigned from A.D. 488 to 498, and again from 501 or 502 till 531. In the days of its prosperity Hulwan was the sixth city in al-'Iraq and was celebrated for its pomegranates which were without a like in the whole world and also for its fig which from its excellence acquired the name of Shah anjir, "the king of figs." There were sulphur springs in the neighbourhood of Hulwan, which possessed healing properties for a variety of ailments. Yäqût describes the climate of Hulwan as noxious and its water as bad. II. 317.fn. 5 The Holwan river, an affluent of the Diyala which in this part of its course is known as the Shirwan river. » #3135 Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad Muqaddasi ed. George Speirs Alexander Ranking, Ahsānu-t-taqāsim Fi Ma?rifati-l-aqālim Volume 1, Parts 1–4, Asiatic Society of Bengal, New Series, No. 899, Calcutta, 1897 ~ p. 197 SOURCE for Pesciver « Il giorno dell'undici partimmo tardo, per asciugare i padiglioni, che intostati e gelati dalla neve, non si potevano piegare: tuttavia giugnemmo a buon'ora a posarci sotto una gran montagna, che bisognava passare, vicino ad un castello chiamato Pesciver, fab-bricato di nuovo in quel luogo per guardia de' confini, ed allora appunto ci risiedeva quel Casum sultan, che dissi di sopra, con forse cinquecento de' suoi soldati, tenendo il resto della sua mi-lizia sparsa in diversi luoghi dei confini là vicino. [On the eleventh we set out late, to dry the tents, which, being thick and frozen with snow, could not be bent: however, we arrived early and stopped under a great mountain, which we had to pass, near a castle called Pesciver, newly built in that place to guard the borders, and at that time that Casum sultan, whom I mentioned above, was residing there, with perhaps five hundred of his soldiers, keeping the rest of his militia scattered in various places on the borders nearby.] » #1530 Pietro Della Valle, Viaggi di Pietro della Valle: il pellegrino, G. Gancia, Brighton, 1843, ~ vol. 1 p. 434 SOURCE for Pool Zohaub « We reached Pool Zohaub, or Serpool, at sunrise, crossed the river over a well-built bridge, and pitched our tents on a rich plain, about half a mile to the south-east of the village, near an immense wall of limestone, which divides this from another fertile valley, » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 1 p. 316 SOURCE for Pool-e-Zohaub « Pool-e-Zohaub » #3070 James Justinian Morier, A Journey Through Persia, Armenia, and Asia Minor, to Constantinople, in the Years 1808 and 1809, Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, London, 1812 ~ p. 414 SOURCE for Sar-e Pol-e Zahab SOURCE for Sar-i Pul-i-Zuhab « About 3 km. further along the main road is the Kurdish village of Sar-i Pul-i-Zuhab. Captured by the Arabs when they swept triumph-antly over the land in A.D. 640, the original settlement was renamed Holvan. Later it passed into Saljuq hands, in A.D. 1046, but the town was destroyed by fire and earthquake in 1149. » #888 Matheson, S., Persia. An Archaeological Guide, Faber and Faber Limited, 1976 ~ p. 135 SOURCE for Saripul « Saripul Halwan Alaman 12-18 » in {map#1393 Map of Ancient sites of Iraq, Directorate General of Antiquities, Baghdad, 1954, } SOURCE for Sar-i-Pul (i-Zuhab) « At 18 miles, an irrigation stream with a broad gravelly bed is crossed, and at 20 miles Sari-Pül is reached, which is a dirty and ruinous village above the right bank of the Hulvan river. The valley is mainly abandoned in winter at which time sup-plies would be very scarce. » #3485 Routes in Persia Volume II. (North-Western Persia), Printed at the government monotype press, Simla, 1923 ~ p. 150 SOURCE for Saripul-i-Zohab « After riding for six hours the rain changed into sleet and wet snow, blotting out the hills and creating an unnatural twilight, in which we floundered in mud up to the mules' knees into the filthiest village I have ever seen, a compound of foul, green ditches, piles of dissolving manure, mud hovels looking as if they were dissolving too, reed huts, and an Ilyat village, grouped round the vilest of caravanserais, the entrance to which was knee-deep in mire. » #3644 Bishop, Isabella L., Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan, John Murray, London, 1891 ~ vol. 1 p. 81 SOURCE for Serpol « A huit heures et demie du matin, hous nous arrêtons à Serpol, hameau composé d'une vingtaine de masures couvertes de feuilles et de paille, et situé au pied d'une colline cal-caire. Les décombres et les terres amoncelées annoncent qu'il y avait là autrefois une ville d'une certaine grandeur. [At eight-thirty in the morning, we stopped at Serpol, a hamlet composed of about twenty hovels covered with leaves and straw, and located at the foot of a limestone hill. The rubble and piled-up earth indicate that there was once a town of some size there.] » #3179 Adrien Dupré, Voyage en Perse, fait dans les années 1807, 1808 et 1809, en traversant la Natolie et la Mésopotamie, 1819 ~ vol. 1 p. 225 SOURCE for Serpool « It was quite dark when we reached the khan at Serpool , and we were all sufficiently wearied, by our excursion from the beaten track. ... The village itself is small, not having more than thirty or forty dwellings, and these all inhabited by tbe Koords of the Plain. » #1185 Buckingham, J. S., Travels in Assyria, Media, and Persia, including a journey from Bagdad by Mount Zagros, to Hamadan, the ancient Ecbatana, researches in Ispahan and the ruins of Persepolis, and journey from thence by Shiraz and Shapoor to the sea-shore, Henry Colburn: Gregg International Publishers Limited, London: London, 1829:1971, ~ pp. 53-4 SOURCE for Ser-puli-Zohab « About two hours before daylight we reached the village of Ser-puli -Zohab . The caravan did not halt at this place , but as there were ruins and sculptures in the neighbourhood which we were desirous of examining , we prevailed upon our muleteer to stop there for some hours . The ruins consisted principally of numerous mounds , marking the site of an ancient city . » #2941 Austen Henry Layard, Early Adventures in Persia, Susiana, and Babylonia, John Murray, London, 1887, ~ vol. 1 p. 215 SOURCE for Zarg-Pol (Zagri-Piloe) « Je suis porté à croire, avec M. Olivier (1), que cette ville était Zarg-Pol, qui avait été bâtie près du défilé dont il sera question plus bas, et que les Grecs et les Romains nommaient Zagri-Piloe.fn. 1 Voyages en Turquie et en Perse, toime m, cha-pitre I, page 6, édition in-4. [I am inclined to believe, with Mr. Olivier (1), that this city was Zarg-Pol, which was built near the pass discussed below, and which the Greeks and Romans called Zagri-Pile.fn. 1 Travels in Turkey and Persia, volume m, chapter 1, page 6, quarto edition.] » #3179 Adrien Dupré, Voyage en Perse, fait dans les années 1807, 1808 et 1809, en traversant la Natolie et la Mésopotamie, 1819 ~ vol. 1 p. 225

R172-019 Pa-ee Takht
R172-019 Pa-ee Takht : place IRN NIMA/GNS feature: none independent coordinate: lat 34.432131 long 46.017464 VARIANT names: ancient marble monument , Pa-ee Takht , Tak-i-Girreh , Taq-e Gara , Taq-i Girra , Tauk , SOURCE for ancient marble monument « A trois heures du matin, nous voyons un ancien monument en marbre, cons-truit en forme d'arceau, de la hauteur de dix mètres environ. Il ne porte ni figure ni ins-cription qui puisse désigner l'époque à la-quelle il fut construit. Je pense que c'est le lieu que les Grecs et les Romains nommaient Zagri-Pilæ, et que nous appellons la porte médienne. [At three o'clock in the morning, we saw an ancient marble monument, built in the form of an arch, about ten meters high. It bears no figure or inscription that could designate the time at which it was built. I think it is the place that the Greeks and Romans called Zagri-Pilæ, and that we call the Median Gate.] » #3179 Adrien Dupré, Voyage en Perse, fait dans les années 1807, 1808 et 1809, en traversant la Natolie et la Mésopotamie, 1819 ~ vol. 1 p. 229 SOURCE for Pa-ee Takht « The guard occupied a small square building, with an arched front of Grecian architecture, evidently of consider-able antiquity. It is called Pa-ee Takht, (foot of the throne, which name is also given to the pass) and has probably been built originally for the purpose to which it is now appropriated. The natives of the country attribute it to their favourite Khosro, who, they tell us, constructed it as a place of repose after the fatigues of the chase. » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 1 p. 326 SOURCE for Tak-i-Girreh « On the ascent there is a remarkable arch of great blocks of white marble, with a vaulted recess, called the "Tak-i-Girreh," "the arch holding the road," which gives the popular name of Gardan-i-Tak-i-Girreh (the pass of Tak-i-Girreh) to the ascent, though the geographers call it Akabah-i-Holwan (the defile of Holwan). » #3644 Bishop, Isabella L., Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan, John Murray, London, 1891 ~ vol. 1 p. 88 SOURCE for Taq-e Gara Deutsches Archäologisches Institut [accessed 04 Feb 2025] SOURCE for Taq-i Girra « Abschließend komme ich zu dem Ergebnis, daß m.E. die Berichte der arabischen Geographen ziemlich klar auf eine Lage von Mādharūstān unmittelbar an der großen Straße Baghdad-Khurasan hinweisen, und zwar nach dem Taq-i Girrā; wo allerdings genau, ist aufgrund der schwierigen Parasangenberechnung nicht mehr einwandfrei festzustellen. Eine Identifizierung von Mädharūstān mit den heutigen Ruinen von Qal'a-i Yazdigird dagegen halte ich nicht für möglich. [In conclusion, I come to the conclusion that, in my opinion, the reports of the Arab geographers point quite clearly to the location of Mādharūstān directly on the great road Baghdad-Khurasan, namely after the Taq-i Girrā; however, where exactly cannot be determined with certainty due to the difficulty of calculating the parasangs. On the other hand, I do not think it possible to identify Mādharūstān with the present-day ruins of Qal'a-i Yazdigird.] » #3435 Klaus Schippmann, Hinweise und Anmerkungen zu einigen sasanidischen Monumenten, Iran, Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies, London, 1969 vol. 7:pp. 157-162 ~ p. 162 vici.org [accessed 04 Feb 2025] Digital Atlas of the Roman Empire [accessed 04 Feb 2025] SOURCE for Tauk « It was about an hour after our commencing the steep ascent, that we came to a Roman ruin, called the Tauk, or Arch, as the building at Ctesiphon is called Tauk Kesra, or the Arch of Kesra. This ruin, if it may so be considered, for it is still in nearly a perfeet state, represents an arched recess, the back of which is formed by the rock of the mountain planed away for that purpose, and the sides and roof are built of masonry. » #1185 Buckingham, J. S., Travels in Assyria, Media, and Persia, including a journey from Bagdad by Mount Zagros, to Hamadan, the ancient Ecbatana, researches in Ispahan and the ruins of Persepolis, and journey from thence by Shiraz and Shapoor to the sea-shore, Henry Colburn: Gregg International Publishers Limited, London: London, 1829:1971, ~ p. 58

R172-020 Suridage caravanserai
R172-020 Suridage caravanserai : place IRN (caravanserai) NIMA/GNS feature: none independent coordinate: lat 34.399057 long 46.047783 † basis (u) Supplement: location coordinates need verifying VARIANT names: Khan-el-Tauk , Myan Tak caravanserai , Sorkheh Hesar Caravanserai , Suridage caravanserai , Surkhadiza Khan , SOURCE for Khan-el-Tauk « Our descent from the summit of Mount Zagros was more easy than our ascent had been, this lying over round woody hills, with grass turf and weeds on the soil; and in about an hour after leaving the pass we came to the ruins of an old khan, with a new one near it, now building, and not yet half finished. We found, however, sufficient shelter for our small party, and consequently alighted there.This is called the Khan-el-Tauk, having no town near it to give it another name, and the present new one is the work of the Shah Zadé, the King of Persia's son, the existing lord of the district of Kermanshah. Our whole road from Serpool, thus far, had occupied nearly five hours, and was mostly in an easterly direction; but from the nature of our road, the distance, in a straight line, could not have been more than seven or eight miles. » #1185 Buckingham, J. S., Travels in Assyria, Media, and Persia, including a journey from Bagdad by Mount Zagros, to Hamadan, the ancient Ecbatana, researches in Ispahan and the ruins of Persepolis, and journey from thence by Shiraz and Shapoor to the sea-shore, Henry Colburn: Gregg International Publishers Limited, London: London, 1829:1971, ~ pp. 61-2 SOURCE for Myan Tak caravanserai « The small and ruinous caravanserai was really full of caravans detained by the snowstorm, and we lodged in a Kurdish house, » #3644 Bishop, Isabella L., Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan, John Murray, London, 1891 ~ vol. 1 p. 88 SOURCE for Sorkheh Hesar Caravanserai (Photo) Travel to Ancient Iran; The View of the "Sorkheh Hesar Caravanserai" During the Era of Nasser al-Din Shah [accessed 15 Sep 2025] SOURCE for Suridage caravanserai « At the distance of two miles we reached the caravanserai of Suridage, adjoining a small Coordish village, whence we procured every necessary supply. ... We encamped close to the serai, in a small basin formed by precipitous mountains, ri-sing from a thousand to fifteen hundred feet on all sides. The ruins of a small square fort, with four bastions, occupy a little mound in the centre of the basin; the tradition of which is, that it was built by the Guebres. The caravanserai was built by the late Mohummud Ali Meerza, at an expense of three thousand tomauns. The whole of this range of mountains consists of limestone. » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 1 p. 328 SOURCE for Surkhadiza Khan « Surkhadiza Khan. Supplies scarce. Water abundant.Fuel plentiful. Forage abundant. From this point to Karind the general direction is SE. » #3590 A Handbook of Mesopotamia, Volume III, Central Mesopotamia with Southern Kurdistan and the Syrian desert, Admiralty and War Office, London, 1917 ~ p. 191 « Colonel Matthews had returned on the 9th from Pai Taq, where he had gone with a part of his column to meet and escort back wireless and survey sections, which had been attached to the Russian force at Kermanshah, and he had experienced considerable difficulty owing to the indifferent state of the road and bad weather. Arrangements were made to carry out immediate improvement of this road and by the end of the month the bulk of Matthews' Column was located at Surkhadiza Khan, with small detachments at Pai Taq and Sar-i-pul. » #3592 History of the Great War based on official documents. The Campaign In Mesopotamia 1914-1918. Volume IV. [?67v] (139/540), British Library: India Office Records and Private Papers, IOR/L/MIL/17/15/66/4, in Qatar Digital Library, ~ p. 104

R172-017 Kisra Shereen Caravanserai
R172-017 Kisra Shereen Caravanserai : place IRN (caravanserai)
NIMA/GNS feature: none independent coordinate: lat 34.513124 long 45.579563
Supplement: karvansaraye ghasr shirin کاروانسرای قصر شیرین
VARIANT names: Kisra Shereen Caravanserai , Kusra Shireen caravanserai-shah , Qasr Shirin Caravanserai , Qasr Shirin Caravanserai ,
SOURCE for Kisra Shereen Caravanserai
« We turned abruptly round a projecting point of the hill, and came suddenly in sight of the caravanserai of Kisra Shereen, which, from this distance, had the appearance of a strong fortification.The ground in the neighbourhood of the caravanserai is so covered with stones, that we had great difficulty in finding a place to encamp on. We at length discovered a small level spot, of extent just sufficient for our party. It was situate on the banks of the river, which, in consequence of the melt-ing of the snows in the mountains, was swollen to a considerable size, and, forcing its way through large disjointed masses of rocks, rushed past us with roaring impetuosity.This small space was surrounded on three sides by a semicircular range of hills, at the top of which were the ruins of the ancient city of Kisra Shereen. » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 1 pp. 303-3
SOURCE for Kusra Shireen caravanserai-shah
« Kusra Shireen, a small village of twenty-eight houses, with a caravanserai-shah in pretty good condition, is situated on the side of a mountain, at the foot of which flows the Dialla. » #3433 Ferrier, J. P., Caravan journeys and wanderings in Persia, Afghanistan, Turkistan, and Beloochistan; with historical notices of the countries lying between Russia and India, J. Murray, London, 1857 ~ p. 12
SOURCE for Qasr Shirin Caravanserai
« Going for three hours more on the same course, having all the way barren and hilly ground, we arrived just before noon at Kassr-Shirine; and about a quarter of an hour before entering it, we touehed at a bend of the rh'er coming from that place, without crossing its stream in our way. We found at the caravanserai a drove of asses, laden with salt, which had been brought from Mendeli, and was transporting to Kerrund: it was of the rock kind, and was said to be procured in abundance from salt-mines in that neighbourhood. » #1185 Buckingham, J. S., Travels in Assyria, Media, and Persia, including a journey from Bagdad by Mount Zagros, to Hamadan, the ancient Ecbatana, researches in Ispahan and the ruins of Persepolis, and journey from thence by Shiraz and Shapoor to the sea-shore, Henry Colburn: Gregg International Publishers Limited, London: London, 1829:1971, ~ p. 37
« The modem town of Kaasr-Shirine consists of about fifty dwellings, enclosed within a wan of mud and stone, between the ruins of the old palace and the river. The khan, however, which is outside this enclosure, is large and commodious; in its construction were used a large quantity of square red bricks, similar to those seen at Modain, and taken probably from the ruins above. » #1185 Buckingham, J. S., Travels in Assyria, Media, and Persia, including a journey from Bagdad by Mount Zagros, to Hamadan, the ancient Ecbatana, researches in Ispahan and the ruins of Persepolis, and journey from thence by Shiraz and Shapoor to the sea-shore, Henry Colburn: Gregg International Publishers Limited, London: London, 1829:1971, ~ p. 41

R172-018 Kurund
R172-018 Kurund : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Karand , Karind , Kerend , Kerend-e Gharb , کرند غرب ,
VARIANT names: Chieren , Depe-i Kawzid , Guirind , Karand , Karin , Karind , Kassamkhan , Kassam-Khan , Kerend , Kerind (Kerina) , Kerrund , Kirind , Kirrind , Kurrend , Kurund , Marj al-Qal'a , Nezzeret ,
SOURCE for Chieren
« Kerend appears in western sources by the late seventeenth century. Chieren was described by Pietro Della Valle as a small place inhabited by Kurds. (35)
fn. 35. Della Valle, Der Reisen, 7: "ein kleiner von den Curden bewohnter Flecken Chieren genandt [a small place inhabited by Kurds galled Chieren)." »
#3503 D. T. Potts, Elamite Karintas and Avestan Kvirinta: Notes on the Early History of Kerend, Iranian Studies, vol. 50:no. 3:pp. 345-367 ~ p. 348
« Vicino a questo luogo, fra i dirupi stretti di certi monti, abbondanti di acqua, vi era una piccola villa chiamata Chieren, abitata da Curdi; molti de'quali, secondo il solito, vennero con robe alla nostra carovana. [Near this place, among the narrow ravines of certain mountains, abundant with water, there was a small village called Chieren, inhabited by Kurds; many of whom, as usual, came with goods to our caravan.] » #1530 Pietro Della Valle, Viaggi di Pietro della Valle: il pellegrino, G. Gancia, Brighton, 1843, ~ vol. 1 p. 434
SOURCE for Depe-i Kawzid
« Depe-i [Dih-i] Kawzid and Chūsmān 8 » #3044 Kātib Çelebi ed: Gottfried Hagen and Robert Danko, An Ottoman Cosmography, Translation of Cihānnümā, Brill, Leiden, 2021 ~ pt. 2 p. 375
SOURCE for Guirind
« Nous fimes après quatre heures de chemin, et campames à Guirind, premier Konak de la Perſe que l'on rencontre fur cette route. Guirind et Khouchan ſont deux villages au haut de la montagne de Halvan; le premier eſt ruiné, mais le ſecond eft habité. Il y paſſe un gros ruiſſeau, et l'air y est très-ſain. Le fort de Guirind eſt bâti au pied d'un rocher peu éloigné de Dertenk. Entre ce fort et celui de Gueilan eſt un vallon où coule ce ruiffeau qui vient de la mon-tagne d'Eïvan, où eſt le canton de Deh-Bala: de-là il va ſe rendre à Mendeli. [We traveled four hours later and camped at Guirind, the first Konak of Persia that one encounters on this road. Guirind and Khoushan are two villages at the top of the Halvan mountain; the first is ruined, but the second is inhabited. A large stream flows through them, and the air is very healthy. The fort of Guirind is built at the foot of a rock not far from Dertenk. Between this fort and that of Gueilan is a valley where flows this stream which comes from the Eïvan mountain, where is the canton of Deh-Bala: from there it goes to Mendeli.] » #2562 Jean Otter, Voyage en Turquie et en Perse, Paris, 1748, ~ vol. 1 p. 176
SOURCE for Karand
SOURCE for Karin
« narrows of the fortress of Karin 2—it is a fountainhead close to Iki Imām » #3044 Kātib Çelebi ed: Gottfried Hagen and Robert Danko, An Ottoman Cosmography, Translation of Cihānnümā, Brill, Leiden, 2021 ~ pt. 2 p. 375
SOURCE for Karind
« The lower part of Karind is passed through at 15 miles, and half a mile further on open ground beyond is reached; here there is plenty of room for camping, and a large sarai in bad repair. » #3485 Routes in Persia Volume II. (North-Western Persia), Printed at the government monotype press, Simla, 1923 ~ p. 151
SOURCE for Kassamkhan
« and arrived on the second day at Kassamkhan,9 the last village in Persia. Here we entered the boundaries of the Turk and had to surmount some lofty and rugged mountains which, at this point, separated the Persian territory of Kassamkhan from that of the Turkoman. » #3477 ed. C. Eckford Luard witn H. Hosten, Travels of Fray Sebastien Manrique 1629-1643. A Translation of the Itinerario de las Missiones Orientales., Hakluyt Society, Cambridge, 1926 ~ vol. 2 p. 367
SOURCE for Kassam-Khan
« The 19th we came to Kassam-Khan, the last place under the Persian government, and made a present to the governor, that he might give me a guard to protect me from the Turkomans, which he not only did, but gave me a licence to procure provisions free at his villages without payment, which yet I did not avail myself of. » #1518 Kerr, Robert, A General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels arranged in systematic order: forming a complete History of the origin and progress of navigation, discovery, and commerce, by sea and land, from the earliest to the present time., W.Blackwood:T. Cadell, 1824, 18 vols ~ vol. 9 p. 218
SOURCE for Kerend
« The toponym Kerend has a long history. This study explores the appearance of Kerend in pre-modern sources, beginning with the toponym Karintaš in the late second millennium BC. Kassite, Elamite and Assyrian rivalry for control over the central western Zagros mountains is discussed and the survival of the name in later antiquity is investigated. A derivative of the name appears in Claudius Ptolemy's Geography and in the Parthian Stations of Isidore of Charax, as well as in the late Antique Cosmographia of the Anonymous Geographer of Ravenna. A homonymous name from the area east of the Caspian Sea is also discussed, as are several unrelated names occurring in other sources (Achaemenid Elamite, Armenian).
Introduction
Excavations at Susa (modern Šūš/Shush), one of the most important archaeological sites in Iran, have yielded countless treasures and raised innumerable questions that remain to be solved. As the present study shows, sometimes even a small window » #3503 D. T. Potts, Elamite Karintas and Avestan Kvirinta: Notes on the Early History of Kerend, Iranian Studies, vol. 50:no. 3:pp. 345-367 ~ p. 345
SOURCE for Kerind (Kerina)
« Nous arrivâmes à dix heures à un village con-sidérable, appelé Kirin, l'ancienne Karina (1). Il est situé au pied d'un rocher escarpé, d'où sort une source abondante, qui se répand dana le vallon par divers canaux d'irrigation. Là sont quelques vignobles et beaucoup d'arbres fruitiers. Les habitans fabriquent de jolis tapis en laine de diverses couleurs, qu'ils vendent aux caravanes, ou qu'ils portent à Kermân-Châh. [We arrived at ten o'clock at a considerable village, called Kirin, the ancient Karina (1). It is situated at the foot of a steep rock, from which issues an abundant spring, which spreads into the valley by various irrigation canals. There are some vineyards and many fruit trees. The inhabitants make pretty woolen carpets of various colors, which they sell to caravans, or which they carry to Kerman-Shah.] » #3179 Adrien Dupré, Voyage en Perse, fait dans les années 1807, 1808 et 1809, en traversant la Natolie et la Mésopotamie, 1819 ~ vol. 1 p. 230
SOURCE for Kerrund
« In another hour, having gone south-east for two hours over the plain, and been in all about four hours and a half from the Khan-el-Tauk, we entered a fine large caravanserai, a little below the town of Kerrund, and alighted there before noon. ... we left the khan and walked up to the town, which is about a quarter of a mile to the northward of the high-way. Our road led through narrow stone-hedged lanes, on each side of which were large vineyards and gardens, with an abundance of poplar trees planted in rows. The vines were yet bending be-neath the weight of their clusters, and pomegranates studded other trees in full ripeness. ... The town consists of two portions facing each other on opposite sides of a clear stream running down between them. Each of these portions stands on so steep a slope of ground, that the houses rise in stages above each other; and every street, which consists only of one side towards the hill, has the terraces of the houses below on a level with its edge on the other side. » #1185 Buckingham, J. S., Travels in Assyria, Media, and Persia, including a journey from Bagdad by Mount Zagros, to Hamadan, the ancient Ecbatana, researches in Ispahan and the ruins of Persepolis, and journey from thence by Shiraz and Shapoor to the sea-shore, Henry Colburn: Gregg International Publishers Limited, London: London, 1829:1971, ~ pp. 66-67
« Kerrund » #3070 James Justinian Morier, A Journey Through Persia, Armenia, and Asia Minor, to Constantinople, in the Years 1808 and 1809, Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, London, 1812 ~ p. 414
SOURCE for Kirind
« Denn Surkha-diza liegt 25 km hinter Hulwän. Etwas schwierig wird es allerdings für den anschließen-den Teil der Strecke: Mädharüstän Marj al-Qal'a (Kirind), die mit 6 Parasangen, also 36 km, angegeben wird. Die Entfernung Surkha-diza Kirind beträgt jedoch nur 23 km. (73) fn. 73 C. Ritter, Die Erdkunde im Verhältnis zur Natur und zur Geschichte des Menschen, 9. Theil, 3. Buch. West-Asien, 2. Aufl., 1840, S. 391/93, gibt anhand der verschiedenen Berichte von älteren Reisenden (G. Keppel, Ker Porter u.a.) für die Strecke Sar-i Pul Zuhab-Kirind nur 9 Parasangen. In diesem Fall würde sich die Strecke auf 54 km ermäßigen; der Unterschied würde also nur noch 6 km (zu 48 km) betragen. [Surkha-diza is 25 km behind Hulwän. However, it is somewhat difficult for the next part of the route: Mädharüstän Marj al-Qal'a (Kirind), which is given as 6 parasangs, i.e. 36 km. The distance to Surkha-diza Kirind is, however, only 23 km. (73) fn. 73 C. Ritter, Die Erdkunde im Beziehung zum Natur und zur Geschichte des Menschen, 9. Theil, 3. Buch. West-Asia, 2. Ed., 1840, p. 391/93, based on the various reports of older travellers (G. Keppel, Ker Porter et al.) gives only 9 parasangs for the route Sar-i Pul Zuhab-Kirind. In this case the route would be reduced to 54 km; the difference would therefore be only 6 km (to 48 km).] » #3435 Klaus Schippmann, Hinweise und Anmerkungen zu einigen sasanidischen Monumenten, Iran, Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies, London, 1969 vol. 7:pp. 157-162 ~ p. 162
« thence 6 to the villages of Kirind and Khūshän » #1764 ed. Le Strange, G., The geographical part of the Nuzhat-al-qulub composed by Hamd-Alla¯h Mustawfi¯ of Qazwi¯n in 740 (1340), E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1919 ~ p. 162
SOURCE for Kirrind
« We resumed our march early in the afternoon , and rode for about twenty-five miles through a mountainous and difficult country to the large village of Kirrind . We stopped on the way for half an hour to rest the animals, at a caravanserai built at the foot of a very steep ascent . » #2941 Austen Henry Layard, Early Adventures in Persia, Susiana, and Babylonia, John Murray, London, 1887, ~ vol. 1 p. 219
« Kirrind, the capital of the Kirrind Kurds, is either grotesquely or picturesquely situated in and around a narrow gap in a range of lofty hills, through which the Ab-i-Kirrind rushes, after rising in a spring immediately behind. The gap suggests the word jaws, and in these open jaws rise one above another flat-roofed houses straggling down upon the plain among vineyards, poplars, willows, fruit-trees, and immense walnuts and gardens. There are said to be 900 houses, but many of them are ruinous. The stream which bursts from the hills is divided into innumerable streamlets, which must clothe these gardens with beauty. » #3644 Bishop, Isabella L., Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan, John Murray, London, 1891 ~ vol. 1 p. 93
SOURCE for Kurrend
« The district of Kurrend extends along the brink of Mount Zagros, from the vicinity of Holwan to the village of Goour. It is covered with forests of stunted oak, and inhabited by an extraordinary race of men, » #3021 John Macdonald Kinneir, A Geographical Memoir of the Persian Empire, John Murray, London, 1813 ~ p. 141
SOURCE for Kurund
« Two hours from the top of this pass, along a fine level road, brought us to the village of Kurund,where we encamped. » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 1 p. 331
SOURCE for Marj al-Qal'a
« Etwas schwierig wird es allerdings für den anschließen-den Teil der Strecke: Mädharüstän Marj al-Qal'a (Kirind), die mit 6 Parasangen, also 36 km, angegeben wird. [However, the next part of the route, Mädharüstän Marj al-Qal'a (Kirind), is a little more difficult, as it is 6 parasangs, or 36 km long.] » #3435 Klaus Schippmann, Hinweise und Anmerkungen zu einigen sasanidischen Monumenten, Iran, Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies, London, 1969 vol. 7:pp. 157-162 ~ p. 162
SOURCE for Nezzeret
« The sixe and twentieth day, wee went some two forsongs to another Cloth towne, where wee rested three daies and three nights, and there we paid Custome for our Camels to a great City being but a forsong from thence and is called Nezzeret, where, on the top of a mighty great mountaine, was a monument of a great Sultan, or Gentleman: and when wee asked, why hee was buried there, it was directly answered, because he was so much neerer to heauen. » #3515 Robert Coverte, ed. Boies Penrose, The travels of Captain Robert Coverte, Wm. F. Fell co., printers, for Mr. Boies Penrose, 1931 ~ p. 83
« But, in the course of my enquiries, I learned that there were formerly in these mountains a people called Nessereah, who, like those of the same name in Syria, paid divine honours to the pudenda muliebris, and held an annual feast not unlike the ancient myste-ries of Venus. ... They had lived long in the mountains in this state of independence, until a series of persecutions and gradual emigration had brought them to settle in the villages around. The greater part of these people are now at Kerrund, where they form the majority of the population, and are called both Nessereahs and Ali-Ullaheeahs, » #1185 Buckingham, J. S., Travels in Assyria, Media, and Persia, including a journey from Bagdad by Mount Zagros, to Hamadan, the ancient Ecbatana, researches in Ispahan and the ruins of Persepolis, and journey from thence by Shiraz and Shapoor to the sea-shore, Henry Colburn: Gregg International Publishers Limited, London: London, 1829:1971, ~ p. 63

R172-019 Harounabad
R172-019 Harounabad : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Eslamabad , Eslamabad-e Gharb , Harunabad , Shahabad , Shahabad-e Gharb , اسلام آباد غرب ,
VARIANT names: Erounabad , Eslamabad , Eslamabad-e Gharb , Harnawar , Haroonabad , Harou-abad , Harounabad , Haroun-abad , Harunabad , Hisakavan , Jaqakawan , Shahabad-Gharb ,
SOURCE for Erounabad
« De Conaguy à Erounabad, jours. 1 » #3632 Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste, Les six voyages de Jean Baptiste Tavernier, Ecuyer Baron d'Aubonne, qu'il a fait en Turquie, en Perse, et aux Indes,, Chez Gervais Clouzier et Claude Barbin, 1676 ~ p. 286
SOURCE for Eslamabad
« Haroon-abad, April 9th-four parasangs-seven hours. Aneasy road along the valley, varied occasionally by low wooded hills. This village is situated nearly at the rise of one of the sources of the river Kerah its population inhabit it only in the summer; in the winter they resort to the plain to escape the intense cold. About sixty houses and a caravanserai-shah constitute the village of Haroon-abad » #3433 Ferrier, J. P., Caravan journeys and wanderings in Persia, Afghanistan, Turkistan, and Beloochistan; with historical notices of the countries lying between Russia and India, J. Murray, London, 1857 ~ p. 23
SOURCE for Eslamabad-e Gharb
« A cuneiform text from Chogha Gavaneh in modern Eslāmābād-e Gharb (formerly Hārūnābād), c. 80 km east of Sar-e Pol-e Zohab, along the main (Khorasan) road, mentions the personal name Šu-Namar, » #3503 D. T. Potts, Elamite Karintas and Avestan Kvirinta: Notes on the Early History of Kerend, Iranian Studies, vol. 50:no. 3:pp. 345-367 ~ p. 347
SOURCE for Harnawar
January 25. We rose from Moydasht and lay at Harnawar.
SOURCE for Haroonabad
« Haroonabad » #3070 James Justinian Morier, A Journey Through Persia, Armenia, and Asia Minor, to Constantinople, in the Years 1808 and 1809, Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, London, 1812 ~ p. 414
SOURCE for Harou-abad
« La villa più vicina che stava nella cima del più basso monticello, donde calava un grosso rivo di acqua, si chiamava Harou-abad, cioe colonia di Haron, benchè alcuni storpiando il nome dicano Harinava. [The nearest village, which stood on the top of the lowest hill, from which a large stream flowed, was called Harou-abad, that is, Haron's colony, although some distort the name and say Harinava.] » #1530 Pietro Della Valle, Viaggi di Pietro della Valle: il pellegrino, G. Gancia, Brighton, 1843, ~ vol. 1 p. 435
SOURCE for Harounabad
« We left Kirrind soon after midnight on the second day, and reached the village and khan of Harounabad an hour after sunrise . There were several encampments of Ilyats hard by. » #2941 Austen Henry Layard, Early Adventures in Persia, Susiana, and Babylonia, John Murray, London, 1887, ~ vol. 1 p. 222
« We reached Harounabad in half an hour's ride, crossed a small bridge, and found our tents ready pitched on the opposite side, near the bank of a rapid stream . ... Harounabad is built on a gradual slope; the houses are very low, with flat connecting roofs, in successive lines one above the other : as the backs are level with the ground, the principal communication is in many places along the roofs, and we were frequently surprised in finding ourselves walking on the tops of inhabited dwellings, when we thought we were traversing the solid ground. This town, as its name implies, was formerly a residence of the famous Caliph Haroun, but we could not trace any remains of a palace fit to receive so magnificent a monarch. The town is small, » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 pp. 6-10
SOURCE for Haroun-abad
« Nous nous mimes en route le lendemain, et campames après fix heures de marche à Haroun-abad (1), gros. bourg; fn. 1 L'habitation d'Aton [We set out the next day, and camped after a seven-hour march at Haroun-abad (1), a large town fn. 1 The dwelling of Aton] »
#2562 Jean Otter, Voyage en Turquie et en Perse, Paris, 1748, ~ vol. 1 p. 178
« Descendus dans une plaine, nous passons un pont pour nous rendre à Haroun-Abad. Au-dessous, coule un ruisseau, qui arrose les cltamps des environs. Ge village, de trente feux seulement, est adossé à une colline, et borné de tous les côtés par des monts, dont le plus élevé, à l'E., s'appelle Karadagh (montagne noire). Il s'y trouve un grand caravansérail. [Having descended into a plain, we cross a bridge to reach Haroun-Abad. Below it flows a stream, which waters the surrounding fields. This village, of only thirty fires, is backed by a hill, and bordered on all sides by mountains, the highest of which, to the E., is called Karadagh (black mountain). There is a large caravanserai there.] » #3179 Adrien Dupré, Voyage en Perse, fait dans les années 1807, 1808 et 1809, en traversant la Natolie et la Mésopotamie, 1819 ~ vol. 1 p. 231
SOURCE for Harunabad
« The next march, to Harunabad (the place of Harun), was alternately over barren rocky ridges and small plains of fertile silt. Here was a good caravanserai, and I noticed a decided change in the features of the people. » #1097 Floyer, Ernest Ayscoghe, Unexplored Baluchistan. A Survey, with Observations Astronomical, Geographical, Botanical, etc., of a Route through Mekran, Bashkurd, Persia, Kurdistan, and Turkey, Griffith and Farran, 1882, ~ p. 442
« At 9 miles is Harūnābād, with ruined sarais and bāzār. The road throughout is passable to all arms. Harünābād is generally known among muleteers as Harūnāvā. » #3485 Routes in Persia Volume II. (North-Western Persia), Printed at the government monotype press, Simla, 1923 ~ p. 152
« Hārūnābād 4 » #3044 Kātib Çelebi ed: Gottfried Hagen and Robert Danko, An Ottoman Cosmography, Translation of Cihānnümā, Brill, Leiden, 2021 ~ pt. 2 p. 375
« A very large caravanserai and a village of sixty houses occupy the site of a town built by Harun-al-Raschid on the upper waters of the Kerkhah. It has the reputation of being one of the coldest places in Persia, » #3644 Bishop, Isabella L., Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan, John Murray, London, 1891 ~ vol. 1 p. 94
SOURCE for Hisakavan
« to Kirmanshähän, thence 6 to Jakarmis, thence 5 to Hisäkävän village, thence 6 to the villages of Kirind fn. 2 Dih Hisäkävän, the next place, is not identical with any stage mentioned by the Arab Itineraries, and many variants are given, Khafärkän, Jäkävän, Hafākadan, Janākān, and Khiyārkavān. » #1764 ed. Le Strange, G., The geographical part of the Nuzhat-al-qulub composed by Hamd-Alla¯h Mustawfi¯ of Qazwi¯n in 740 (1340), E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1919 ~ p. 162
SOURCE for Jaqakawan
« Jaqākāwān 6 » #3044 Kātib Çelebi ed: Gottfried Hagen and Robert Danko, An Ottoman Cosmography, Translation of Cihānnümā, Brill, Leiden, 2021 ~ pt. 2 p. 375
SOURCE for Shahabad-Gharb
« Shahabad-Gharb (formerly known as Harunabad), is a small town about 70 km. from Kirmanshah, built right up against a mound surveyed by Stein » #888 Matheson, S., Persia. An Archaeological Guide, Faber and Faber Limited, 1976 ~ p. 132

R172-020 Mahidesht
R172-020 Mahidesht : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Mahidasht , Robat , Robat `Olya , Robat-e Mahi Dasht , Robat-e Mahidasht , رباط , رباط ماهیدشت , ماهیدشت ,
VARIANT names: Bahkars , Jakarmis , Maheedasht , Mahidasht , Mahidechet , Mahideset , Mahidesht , Maidacht , Maidasht , Maidest , Moydasht , Nawar River ,
SOURCE for Bahkars
« Bāḥkārs 5. » #3044 Kātib Çelebi ed: Gottfried Hagen and Robert Danko, An Ottoman Cosmography, Translation of Cihānnümā, Brill, Leiden, 2021 ~ pt. 2 p. 375
SOURCE for Jakarmis
« to Kirmanshähän, thence 6 to Jakarmis, thence 5 to Hisäkävän village, thence 6 to the villages of Kirind fn. 2 Dih Hisäkävän, the next place, is not identical with any stage mentioned by the Arab Itineraries, and many variants are given, Khafärkän, Jäkävän, Hafākadan, Janākān, and Khiyārkavān. » #1764 ed. Le Strange, G., The geographical part of the Nuzhat-al-qulub composed by Hamd-Alla¯h Mustawfi¯ of Qazwi¯n in 740 (1340), E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1919 ~ p. 162
SOURCE for Maheedasht
« Maheedasht » #3070 James Justinian Morier, A Journey Through Persia, Armenia, and Asia Minor, to Constantinople, in the Years 1808 and 1809, Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, London, 1812 ~ p. 414
SOURCE for Mahidasht
« At last by a pointed brick bridge we crossed the 96little river of Mahidasht, and rode into the house of the headman, who is a sort of steward of Abdul Rahim, our future host, the owner of many villages on this plain. » #3644 Bishop, Isabella L., Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan, John Murray, London, 1891 ~ vol. 1 pp. 95-6
SOURCE for Mahidechet
« et le jour d'après en trois, à Mahidechet (1). Ce canton eſt un pays fort plat, et renfer me une cin-quantaine de villages. fn. 1 Mah ſigniſie en Persan, la Lune, et Dechet une plaine. [and the next day in three, to Mahidechet (1). This canton is a very flat country, and contains about fifty villages. fn. 1 Mah means in Persian, the Moon, and Dechet a plain.] »
#2562 Jean Otter, Voyage en Turquie et en Perse, Paris, 1748, ~ vol. 1 p. 178
SOURCE for Mahideset
« e non ostante la neve grandissima che avevamo sotto e sopra, facemmo una lunga giornata; passando un luogo dove sogliono posarsi le carovane, ed andando molto più in là a posarci presso un'acqua, vicino alla villa che chiamano Mahideset. [and despite the very heavy snow that we had under and above, we made a long day, passing a place where caravans usually stop, and going much further to stop near a water, near the village they call Mahideset.] » #1530 Pietro Della Valle, Viaggi di Pietro della Valle: il pellegrino, G. Gancia, Brighton, 1843, ~ vol. 1 p. 436
SOURCE for Mahidesht
« At ten o'clock we reached Mahidesht, situate in an extensive plain of an oval form, with numerous small villages scattered over it. The snow was still lying on the surrounding hills.Notwithstanding our dislike to a caravanserai, we were obliged to take up our quarters there, as well on account of the robbers, who were said to be very numerous, as that there was no encamping ground in the vicinity. We established ourselves over the gateway, the post of honour in these buildings. » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 p. 11
SOURCE for Maidacht
« D'Erounabad à Maidacht, jours. 1 » #3632 Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste, Les six voyages de Jean Baptiste Tavernier, Ecuyer Baron d'Aubonne, qu'il a fait en Turquie, en Perse, et aux Indes,, Chez Gervais Clouzier et Claude Barbin, 1676 ~ p. 286
SOURCE for Maidasht
« On the other side of the stream is the village of Mäidasht, which possesses a large and massive sarai with accommodation for 250 men and horses. The village consists of some 60 huts. There is unlimited room for camping. The road is good and passable for all arms. Mäidasht is usually used by caravans as the only halting place between Harünābād and Kermanshah. » #3485 Routes in Persia Volume II. (North-Western Persia), Printed at the government monotype press, Simla, 1923 ~ p. 154
« We spent the day in a deserted khan in a well-irrigated plain rich in herbage , called Maidasht , in which were numerous encampments of Lur Ilyats. » #2941 Austen Henry Layard, Early Adventures in Persia, Susiana, and Babylonia, John Murray, London, 1887, ~ vol. 1 p. 224
SOURCE for Maidest
« Nous arrivons au caravansérail de Maïdest. A un quart de lieue, est le hameau qui lui donne son nom. Près de cet édifice coule un ruisseau que l'on passe sur un pont; les bords en étaient gelés. Le caravansérail est le lieu de repos des caravanes. Nous y fîmes prendre haleine à nos chevaux. [We arrive at the caravanserai of Maïdest. A quarter of a league away is the hamlet that gives it its name. Near this building flows a stream that we cross over a bridge; its banks were frozen. The caravanserai is the resting place for caravans. We let our horses breathe there.] » #3179 Adrien Dupré, Voyage en Perse, fait dans les années 1807, 1808 et 1809, en traversant la Natolie et la Mésopotamie, 1819 ~ vol. 1 p. 232
SOURCE for Moydasht
« January 22. and lodged at Moydasht: 6 hours riding.January 23 and 24.-We lay at Moydasht. » #3146 Yule, Henry Colonel, The Diary Of William Hedges, The Hakluyt Society, London, 1889 ~ p. 216
SOURCE for Nawar River
« Nāwar River 3 » #3044 Kātib Çelebi ed: Gottfried Hagen and Robert Danko, An Ottoman Cosmography, Translation of Cihānnümā, Brill, Leiden, 2021 ~ pt. 2 p. 375

R172-021 Kermanshah
R172-021 Kermanshah : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Bahtaran , Bakhtaran , Kermansah , Kermanshah , Kermanshahan , Qahremanshahr ,
VARIANT names: Caramanscia , Carmancha , Karamanscia , Karmasin , Kermanchah , Kerman-Chah , Kermanshah , Kirmansha , Kirmanshahan , Kirmisin , Qarmasin , Qirmisin ,
SOURCE for Caramanscia
« Arrivammo con non piccolo ſtento dopo tredici giorni, che uſciti eramo da Babilonia, alla prima Città di Perſia nominata Caramanſcià, numeroſa di abitanti al numero allora di dieci mila ora però ſono due anni, che è ſtata affatto rovinata dal partito degl'Aguani. [We arrived with no small difficulty thirteen days after we left Babylon at the first city of Persia called Karamanshah, which at that time had a population of ten thousand, but which has now been completely ruined by the party of the Aguans for two years.] » #3643 Leandro : di Santa Cecilia, Persia ovvero secondo viaggio di f. Leandro di Santa Cecilia carmelitano scalzo dell'oriente. Scritto dal medesimo,, nella stamperia di Angelo Rotilj nel palazzo de Massimi, Roma, 1757 ~ p. 19
SOURCE for Carmancha
« Nous arrivâmes à Carmancha le douziéme fur les huit heures du matin. Cette Ville eft la der niere de Perſe, et n'a rien de parsiculier finon que c'eſt une grande Ville où l'on voit quantité de ruines. Je croy que c'eſt le lieu de toute la Perſe, où il y a un plus grand nombre de cimetieres, co qui fait connoître que cette Ville a été autrefois fort peuplée. [We arrived at Carmancha on the twelfth at eight o'clock in the morning. This city is the last in Persia, and has nothing particularly remarkable about it except that it is a large city where one sees a great many ruins. I believe it is the place in all of Persia where there are the greatest number of cemeteries, which shows that this city was once very populated.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 pp. 131-2
SOURCE for Karamanscia
« Accompagnatomi per tanto con alcuni Mercadanti, in tre giorni giunſi a Karamanfcia, ove ebbi rincontro, che mercè l'impegno di Mester-Darel Fattore Ingleſe, era ſtata ridata la cafa, e la libertà al Padre, il quale per riaverſi dal. fofferto travaglio fi era portato a Baffora, ſollecitandomi a darmi fretta nel cammino. [Accompanied therefore by some merchants, in three days I reached Karamanfaya, where I learned that, thanks to the efforts of Master Darrel, the English Farmer, the house and liberty had been restored to the Father, who, to recover from the suffering he had suffered, had taken me to Baffora, urging me to hasten on my journey.] » #3643 Leandro : di Santa Cecilia, Persia ovvero secondo viaggio di f. Leandro di Santa Cecilia carmelitano scalzo dell'oriente. Scritto dal medesimo,, nella stamperia di Angelo Rotilj nel palazzo de Massimi, Roma, 1757 ~ p. 191
SOURCE for Karmasin
« Kermanshah, or Kermanshahan, as it was more generally called in former times, is a place of considerable antiquity as well as the modern capital of the district of the same name. (1) fn. 1 The Arab pronunciation of theof the town varies betweenKarmasin and Kirmlsln. » #3178 Jackson, A. V. Williams, Persia past and present; a book of travel and research, with more than two hundred illustrations and a map, The Macmillan Company, London, 1906 ~ p. 230
SOURCE for Kermanchah
« Nous arrivames le 23 en fix heures à Kirmanchah (3), ancienne ville à 30 fieues au Sud-Oueſt de Hemedan, fui-vant le Géographe Turc.
fn. 3 Kirmanchah eſt ſuivant les Etvals à 23 d de long. fur 34 d. 30 m. de lat. ſuivant le Canon de long. fur 34 d. 10 m. de lat. (4) Dinever eft fuivant le Géographe Turc 82 d. de long. fur 36 de lat. ſuivant les Etvals à 73 d. de long. fur 35 de lat. et fui-le Canon à 76 d. de long. fur 35 de lat. [We arrived on the 23rd at four o'clock in Kirmanchah (3), an ancient town 30 fieues to the South-West of Hemedan, before the Turkish Geographer.
fn. 3 Kirmanchah is according to the Etvals 23 d in length. fur 34 d. 30 m. in lat. following the Canon long. fur 34 d. 10 m. in lat. (4) Dinever is according to the Turkish Geographer 82 d. in length. fur 36 in lat. following the Etvals 73 d. in length. fur 35 in lat. and after the Canon 76 d. in length. fur 35 in lat.] »
SOURCE for Kerman-Chah
« Désirant håter notre arrivée à Kermán-Cháh, nous nous remîmes en chemin. Après avoir quelque temps marché dans la vallée, et traversé ensuite des collines incultes et pres-que nues, nous atteignîmes, le 19 novembre, vers midi, cette ville située au milieu d'une belle plaine. Avant d'y entrer, on passe le long de jardins plantés de divers arbres, et arrosés .par des eaux abondantes, que des canaux en-tretenus avec soin apportent des montagnes voisines. [Wishing to hasten our arrival at Kerman-Sha, we set out again. After walking for some time in the valley, and then crossing uncultivated and almost bare hills, we reached, on November 19, around noon, this town situated in the middle of a beautiful plain. Before entering it, one passes along gardens planted with various trees, and watered by abundant water, which carefully maintained canals bring from the neighboring mountains.] » #3179 Adrien Dupré, Voyage en Perse, fait dans les années 1807, 1808 et 1809, en traversant la Natolie et la Mésopotamie, 1819 ~ vol. 1 p. 232
SOURCE for Kermanshah
owtrad web file OWTRAD Dataset tmcIRa0100 last updated 3may01 gives « Kermanshah, 47.067, 34.317, IR, nkn, exact, 21, tmcIRa0100_048a »
« Thence there is a gradual descent to the plain, and Kermanshah is reached at 18 miles. » #3485 Routes in Persia Volume II. (North-Western Persia), Printed at the government monotype press, Simla, 1923 ~ p. 154
« A short ride next day of four farsaks brought us to Kermanshah , the first town that we had seen in Persia . It stands in a fine , wellwatered plain , surrounded by lofty serrated mountains towering one above the other, with high and precipitous peaks , then still covered with snow. » #2941 Austen Henry Layard, Early Adventures in Persia, Susiana, and Babylonia, John Murray, London, 1887, ~ vol. 1 p. 224
« We watered our horses at a small stream just below, and in the immediate skirts of the town; but not at the Kara Soo, as the maps had led me to expect from their placing that river west of Kermanshah. The appearance of the place, from this point of view, was that of a very large provincial town, but not of one which was the seat of Royalty. There were neither lofty minarets nor fine domes to be seen, and excepting the harem of the Shah Zadé, seated on an eminence in the midst of a verdant garden, and the octagonal and flat-topped kiosque of his own dwelling in the castle, there were no striking objects to arrest the attention. » #1185 Buckingham, J. S., Travels in Assyria, Media, and Persia, including a journey from Bagdad by Mount Zagros, to Hamadan, the ancient Ecbatana, researches in Ispahan and the ruins of Persepolis, and journey from thence by Shiraz and Shapoor to the sea-shore, Henry Colburn: Gregg International Publishers Limited, London: London, 1829:1971, ~ p. 74
« our conjectures were soon set at rest by one of the company, with a long beard, saluting us in the European military fashion, and in the French language, bidding us welcome to Kermanshah. The party consisted of the Euro-pean residents of the city, together with their united trains of servants and followers: of these there were Messieurs De Veaux and Court, the two French officers, to whom we had letters; two Italians; and another person, call-ing himself a Spaniard, of whom more hereafter.We did not come within sight of the town till we had entered a deep and broad ravine, at the top of which it is situated. Kermanshah is encompassed with gardens, and decked with numerous small kiosks (pleasure-houses). It is laid out in walks, canals, and reservoirs: of water, all of which have a picturesque effect on the approach. » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 pp. 13-14
« la ville de Kermanshah, dernière place forte ottomane aux mains d'un seigneur kurde. La frontière passe à l'époque par le Qareh Su, qu'on traverse sur le pont dit Pol-i Shah, [The city of Kermanshah, the last Ottoman stronghold in the hands of a Kurdish lord. At that time, the border ran through the Qareh Su, which was crossed via the bridge known as Pol-i Shah.] » #3620 Stefanos Yerasimos, Les voyageurs dans l'Empire Ottoman (XIV - XVI siecles). Bibliographie, itineraires et inventaire des lieux habites., Imprimerie De La Sociêtê Turquie D'histoire,, Ankara, 1991 ~ p. 80
« Kirmanshah, approached from the south-west, added no elements of picturesqueness to the effect. A ruinous wall much too large for the shrunken city it encloses, parts of it lying in the moat, some ruinous loopholed towers, lines of small domes denoting bazars below, » #3644 Bishop, Isabella L., Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan, John Murray, London, 1891 ~ vol. 1 p. 98
« Es Aga Hassan oriundo de Bagdad, comerciante rico, rodeado, por su carácter oficial, de la mayor consideracion; la casualidad hizo, empero, que, á los tres dias de conocerle, se ausentase, y sin él, único con quien hablaba yo árabe, y me aconsejaba para la continuacion del viaje, me hallé en Kermanshah como en un desierto. [Aga Hassan, originally from Baghdad, was a wealthy merchant, surrounded by the highest regard due to his official position; however, chance caused him to leave three days after I met him, and without him, the only one with whom I spoke Arabic and who advised me on the continuation of the journey, I found myself in Kermanshah as if in a desert.] » #3180 Adolfo Rivadeneyra, Viaje Al Interior De Persia, ~ vol. 2 p. 107
SOURCE for Kirmansha
« January 9. We rose from Bisetoon and lay at Kirmansha. » #3146 Yule, Henry Colonel, The Diary Of William Hedges, The Hakluyt Society, London, 1889 ~ p. 215
SOURCE for Kirmanshahan
« Kirmanshähän, thence 6 to Jakarmis, thence 5 to Hisäkävän village, » #1764 ed. Le Strange, G., The geographical part of the Nuzhat-al-qulub composed by Hamd-Alla¯h Mustawfi¯ of Qazwi¯n in 740 (1340), E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1919 ~ p. 162
« Kirmanshah (or, more properly, Kirmanshahan), was probably founded by Bahram IV in the fourth century A.D. and named 'city of the kings of Kirman' because Bahram had been governor of Kirman province during the reign of his brother, Shahpur III. The Sassanian city was somewhat to the north of the present town, nearer Taq-i Bustan, and was captured by the Arabs in A.D. 649. » #888 Matheson, S., Persia. An Archaeological Guide, Faber and Faber Limited, 1976 ~ p. 131
« Kirmānshāhān 6 » #3044 Kātib Çelebi ed: Gottfried Hagen and Robert Danko, An Ottoman Cosmography, Translation of Cihānnümā, Brill, Leiden, 2021 ~ pt. 2 p. 375
SOURCE for Kirmisin
« Ebul Feda appelle Kirmanchah Kirmiſin, et la place à neuf lieues de Halvan. {Ebul Feda calls Kirmanchah Kirmisin, and places it nine leagues from Halvan.] » #2562 Jean Otter, Voyage en Turquie et en Perse, Paris, 1748, ~ vol. 1 p. 180
SOURCE for Qarmasin
« Qarmāsin ou Qarmisin V B2 Kirmānšāh. Iran. Cité de la circonscription de Hamadan. I 196, 197; Η 358, 361; Hur 19, 41; Qud 148, 198, 199, 226, 244; F 209, 211-17; Y 270; R 166; Muq 28, 51, 135, 257, 258, 384, 386, 393, 401. Yaq IV, 69-70; LS 186-87; Schw. 480 + index; DKI 371; ΕΙ II 1094-95 s.v. Kirmānšah. » #2912 Georgette Cornu, Atlas du monde arabo-islamique a l'epoque classique IXe-Xe siecles, E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1985, ~ p. 42
SOURCE for Qirmisin
« [Kermanshahan] = [Qirmisin] » #846 Talbert, Richard (ed.), Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 2000, ~ p. 1318

R172-021a Tauk Bostaun
R172-021a Tauk Bostaun : place IRN NIMA/GNS feature: ANS UFI: 10117320 coordinate: lat 34.387568 long 47.131282 NIMA/GNS names: Taq-e Bostan , طاق بستان , VARIANT names: Dag Bostan , Takht-i-Bostan , Tak-i-Bostan , Takt-i-Bostan , Taq-e Bostan , Taq-i Bustan , Tauk Bostaun , SOURCE for Dag Bostan « e dirimpetto alla Città dalla parte meridionale, vedeſi un ampia ſpelonca, incavata a forza di ſcalpello nel faflo, in lunghezza, larghezza, ed altezza ugvale di paſſi XLIV: Nel mezzo di eſla D. vi è una gran Vaſca ſoſtenu-ta da quattro Ninfe, il corpo delle quali è tutto immer-ſo neli acqua, e le Teſte loro furono rotte dai Barbari. E' tanta l'acqua, che dalla gran vaſca ridonda, che adu-nata in un ampioCanale G. full'imboccatura della ſpelonca, da cui eſce, và a formare il Fiume, del quale d parlato, e che prima di dilatarli, non può guardarli tampoco con un Cavallo. [and opposite the City on the southern side, there is a large cave, hollowed out with a chisel in the stone, equal in length, breadth, and height to a height of 1,500 meters. XLIV: In the middle of the D. there is a large basin supported by four Nymphs, whose bodies are completely immersed in the water, and whose heads were broken by the Barbarians. There is so much water that it overflows from the large basin that, gathering in a wide Canal G., it fills the mouth of the cave from which it flows, and forms the River of which we have spoken, and before it has dilated, even a horse cannot cross it.] » #3643 Leandro : di Santa Cecilia, Persia ovvero secondo viaggio di f. Leandro di Santa Cecilia carmelitano scalzo dell'oriente. Scritto dal medesimo,, nella stamperia di Angelo Rotilj nel palazzo de Massimi, Roma, 1757 ~ pp. 19-20 SOURCE for Takht-i-Bostan « and Flandin was left alone to accomplish the task of copying the Sassanian inscriptions at Takht-i-Bostan. (1) fn. 1 I. 428, 443, 448.» #3568 Booth, Arthur John, The discovery and decipherment of the trilingual cuneiform inscriptions, Longmans, Green, and Co., London, 1902 ~ p. 119 SOURCE for Tak-i-Bostan Identification of a Late Sasanian stonecutting workshop at Taq-E Bostan, Kermanshah, Iran [accessed 23 Aug 2025] SOURCE for Takt-i-Bostan « and drove to the Takt-i-Bostan, where several tanks of clear water, a house built into the rock, a number of Kurds on fine horses, the arched recesses in the rock which contain the sculptures, » #3644 Bishop, Isabella L., Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan, John Murray, London, 1891 ~ vol. 1 p. 112 SOURCE for Taq-e Bostan « Je m'écartai de la compagnie pen-dant la route, pour aller voir à Taki-Bostan (1) un ancien monument dont les Perſans m'avoient beaucoup par-lé; je croyois ſur leur rapport, qu'il méritoit la curioſité d'un Voyageur, et je trouvai au bas d'une haute mon-tagne, qui eft à l'extrémité occidentale de Biſutoun, deux niches l'une à côté de l'autre, taillées dans le roc affez profondément, l'une de 20 pieds, l'autre d'environ 10 pieds de haut. fn. 1Tak veut dire une voûte ou un ouvrage fait en guiſe d'arc, et Boltan un jardin. [I departed from the company during the road, to go to Taki-Bostan (1) to see an ancient monument of which the Persians had spoken to me a lot; I believed on their report, that it deserved the curiosity of a Traveler, and I found at the foot of a high mountain, which is at the western extremity of Biſutoun, two niches one beside the other, cut in the rock quite deeply, one of 20 feet, the other of about 10 feet high. fn. 1 Tak means a vault or a work made in the guise of an arch, and Boltan a garden.] » #2562 Jean Otter, Voyage en Turquie et en Perse, Paris, 1748, ~ vol. 1 pp. 184-5 SOURCE for Taq-i Bustan «Ṭāq-i Bustān 3—here Khusraw’s (horse) Shabdiz is found » #3044 Kātib Çelebi ed: Gottfried Hagen and Robert Danko, An Ottoman Cosmography, Translation of Cihānnümā, Brill, Leiden, 2021 ~ pt. 2 p. 375 « The carved capitals believed to have come from Bisitun, and other fragments of statuary, are scattered in the little garden. The early afternoon is the best time to photograph both of the grottoes and a bas-relief of the investiture of Ardashir II (A.D. 379-383) on the cliff wall just before reaching the grottoes. This relief shows the god Hormizd (Ahura Mazda) on the right, and a rare portrayal of Mithras standing on a lotus, with the sun's rays forming a halo, on the left. Ardashir II is accepting the ribboned diadem from Hormizd, and Mithras holds a ceremonial bundle of sacred twigs, known as the 'barsom', often depicted in religious scenes of later Achaemenian date. A vanquished Roman lies under the feet of Ardashir and Hormizd. Next comes the small ivan artificially cut from the rock in the reign of Shahpur III (A.D. 383-388), son of Ardashir II, and the reliefs at the back show Shahpur III with his grandfather, Shahpur II (A.D. 309-379), on the right, together with an inscription in Pahlavi. » #888 Matheson, S., Persia. An Archaeological Guide, Faber and Faber Limited, 1976 ~ p. 130 SOURCE for Tauk Bostaun « April 25. We went this morning to examine the celebrated ancient sculptures in this neighbourhood, at a place called Tauk Bostaun, distant six miles from the town. We paid another visit to these antiquities the day before our departure from Kermanshah. » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 p. 34

R172-021b Be-sitoon
R172-021b Be-sitoon : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Bisitan , Bisitun , Bisotun , بیستون ,
VARIANT names: Bagistana , Baptana , Beesitoon , Behistan , Be-sitoon , Be-Sitoon mountain , Besitun , Bisetoon , Bisitan , Bisitun , Bistoun , Bisutun , Takht-i Rustam , terrace of the horse Shabdiz , Vastan ,
SOURCE for Bagistana
« C2 Bisutun/Bagistana/Vastan?/Baptana ACHRL RE Bagistana; Herzfeld 1968, 13-14;Gyselen 1989 » #846 Talbert, Richard (ed.), Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 2000, ~ p. 1316
SOURCE for Baptana
SOURCE for Beesitoon
« Beesitoon » #3070 James Justinian Morier, A Journey Through Persia, Armenia, and Asia Minor, to Constantinople, in the Years 1808 and 1809, Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, London, 1812 ~ p. 413
SOURCE for Behistan
« The main road continues on for another couple of kilometres to Bisitun (Behistan) whose great cliff, the 'Baghistanon Oros' or 'Mountain of the Gods' of the ancients, rises dramatically from the plain, with the old Royal road skirting its foot. » #888 Matheson, S., Persia. An Archaeological Guide, Faber and Faber Limited, 1976 ~ p. 126
SOURCE for Be-sitoon
« Six miles from Be-sitoon, at a short distance on our right, we saw the capitals and bases of some pillars, which may be well worthy the attention of any traveller following the same track: indeed it was much to be regretted that our time did not permit us to examine them » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 p. 71
SOURCE for Be-Sitoon mountain
« As we rode on, I observed one of these crested heights standing considerably higher than the others, and of a peculiarly shattered, and therefore pinnacled brow, as if it had first received the thunderbolt which had scathed its humbler brethren. This, I learnt, was the celebrated Be- Sitoon mountain. » #3184 Sir Robert Ker Porter, Travels in Georgia, Persia, Armenia, Ancient Babylonia, Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, London, 1821 ~ vol. 2 p. 146
SOURCE for Besitun
« I halted on the brow 121of a slope under the imposing rock front of Besitun to wait for orders. It was wildly magnificent: the huge precipice of Piru, rising 1700 feet from the level, the mountains on both sides of the valley approaching each other, and behind Piru a craggy ravine, glorified here and there by touches of amber and pink upon the clouds which boiled furiously out of its depths. In the foreground were a huge caravanserai with a noble portal, a solitary thing upon the snow, not a dwelling, but offering its frigid hospitality to all comers; a river with many windings, and the ruinous hovels of Besitun huddled in the mud behind. » #3644 Bishop, Isabella L., Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan, John Murray, London, 1891 ~ vol. 1 p.120-1
SOURCE for Bisetoon
« January 8. We rose from Sahana and lay at Bisetoon, y best Caravan-sarai I have seen in Persia, near a very fine large fountaine issuing out of a Rock: 5 hours riding. » #3146 Yule, Henry Colonel, The Diary Of William Hedges, The Hakluyt Society, London, 1889 ~ p. 215
SOURCE for Bisitan
SOURCE for Bisitun
« Bisitön is a miserable village of 400 houses with a good water supply from an excellent spring under the Bisitün Rock. The supply is unlimited. It would be a bad halting place in summer as there is no shade. » #3485 Routes in Persia Volume II. (North-Western Persia), Printed at the government monotype press, Simla, 1923 ~ p. 155
SOURCE for Bistoun
« Bistoûn » #3179 Adrien Dupré, Voyage en Perse, fait dans les années 1807, 1808 et 1809, en traversant la Natolie et la Mésopotamie, 1819 ~ vol. 2 p. 490
SOURCE for Bisutun
« BISUTÜN, (BIHISTON of the Arabic geographers, Bistün in present local parlance), a mountain ca. 30 km. E. of Kirmanshah on the main road from Baghdad to Hamadan.The name is found in Greek sources (Diodorus 2.13 and Isidore of Charax) τὸ βαγίστανον όρος, and in early Islamic authors (as al-Khwarizmi and Hamza al-Isfahani) where we find the archaic form Baghistan, Old Persian bagastāna "place of the gods", (or one divinity in particular). Later Islamic authors have the form Bihistün (Bahistūn) which in modern times became Bisutün (Bistün). The site is mentioned many times in Arabic literature since it lay on the main road from 'Irak to Khurasan.High above the road is the famous bas-relief of Darius the Great with cuneiform inscriptions in three languages, Old Persian, Accadian, and Elamite. Beside the road below was the relief of the Parthian king Gotarzes, unfortunately now almost obliterated by a modern New Persian inscription.Bisutûn was regarded as a world wonder by the Muslims. In the books of those authors who follow Abú Zayd al-Balkhi appears a short description of the sculptures which is fanciful since the Bisutün sculptures are confused with those of nearby Tak-i Bustan (considered Khusraw II Parwiz with his horse, a work of Kattüs b. Sinimmar). Ibn Hawkal gives the curious explanation of the Darius relief with his captives as a teacher and pupils. Most Islamic authors thought the sculptures depicted Shirin and Khusraw II.The trilingual inscription of Darius provided the key to the decipherment of all cuneiform inscriptions.Bibliography: Le Strange, 187; al-Khwarizmi (ed. Vloten), 111; the Arab geographers are summarised in Schwarz, Iran im Mittelalter, iv, Leipzig 1921, 487 f. For the O.P. inscriptions, cf. R. G. Kent, Old Persian, New Haven, Conn. 1953.108. For photographs see F. Sarre and E. Herzfeld, Iranische Felsreliefs, 189-198, plates 33-5.(E. HERZFELD-[R. N. FRYE]) » #2645 The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd Edition, Brill, Leiden, ~ vol. 1 p. 1248
« Á las doce atravesé por un puentecillo el riachulo Shamshemal, y tomando á la izquierda, llegué al pueblo de Bisutun, situado al pié de la desnuda roca del mismo nombre; la tan celebrada mole, roca cuarzosa de color gris, y extraordinariamente dura, tiene un centenar de metros de alto; y sin variacion en ella, se prolonga hácia Occidente, más allá del meridiano de Kermanshah. [At twelve o'clock I crossed the Shamshemal stream by a small bridge, and turning left, I arrived at the village of Bisutun, situated at the foot of the bare rock of the same name; the much celebrated mass, a quartz rock of gray color, and extraordinarily hard, is a hundred meters high; and without variation in it, it extends towards the West, beyond the meridian of Kermanshah.] » #3180 Adolfo Rivadeneyra, Viaje Al Interior De Persia, ~ vol. 2 pp. 89-90
SOURCE for Takht-i Rustam
« Takht-i Rustam, also called the city of Noah, 3—it is Mt. Bisutūn, a high place like the mountain of Farhād » #3044 Kātib Çelebi ed: Gottfried Hagen and Robert Danko, An Ottoman Cosmography, Translation of Cihānnümā, Brill, Leiden, 2021 ~ p. 375
SOURCE for terrace of the horse Shabdiz
« leagues the terrace of the horse Shabdiz lying one league to the right of the road, with the portraits of King Khusraw and Queen Shirin carved on the rocks at a place where two springs gush out that turn two mills » #1764 ed. Le Strange, G., The geographical part of the Nuzhat-al-qulub composed by Hamd-Alla¯h Mustawfi¯ of Qazwi¯n in 740 (1340), E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1919 ~ pp. 161-2
SOURCE for Vastan

R172-022 Sahanah
R172-022 Sahanah : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Sahna , Sahneh , Sehneh , صحنه ,
VARIANT names: Saana , Sahana , Sahanah , Sahane , Sahannah or Sanna , Sahna , Sahnah , Sahne , Sahneh , Sanah , Sanna , Sannah , Sehenè or Sahanè , Sehneh , Sihna ,
SOURCE for Saana
« It was about noon when we reached Saana, a large village seated among gardens, on the slope of a hill and having good water before it in the plain. Tbe great public khans, or caravanserai. are now discontinued, that of Bisitoon being the last to tbe eastward; so that passengers are obliged to seek for shelter among the villagers, or sleep in the open air. We halted here about half an hour, chiefly to learn the practicability of reaching a more advanced station of halt before night; » #1185 Buckingham, J. S., Travels in Assyria, Media, and Persia, including a journey from Bagdad by Mount Zagros, to Hamadan, the ancient Ecbatana, researches in Ispahan and the ruins of Persepolis, and journey from thence by Shiraz and Shapoor to the sea-shore, Henry Colburn: Gregg International Publishers Limited, London: London, 1829:1971, ~ p. 147
SOURCE for Sahana
« January 7. We rose from Kengauar and lay at Sahana: 7 houres riding. » #3146 Yule, Henry Colonel, The Diary Of William Hedges, The Hakluyt Society, London, 1889 ~ p. 215
« De Maidacht à Sahana, jours. 1 » #3632 Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste, Les six voyages de Jean Baptiste Tavernier, Ecuyer Baron d'Aubonne, qu'il a fait en Turquie, en Perse, et aux Indes,, Chez Gervais Clouzier et Claude Barbin, 1676 ~ p. 286
SOURCE for Sahanah
« September 21. -At four o'clock this morning, (our usual hour, ) we started from Sanna, or Sahanah, » #3184 Sir Robert Ker Porter, Travels in Georgia, Persia, Armenia, Ancient Babylonia, Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, London, 1821 ~ vol. 2 p. 145
« We started for Sahanah, a distance of six-teen miles, at eight o'clock in the evening. A quarter of a mile from Be-sitoon, on our left hand, we saw, by the light of the moon, some mounds which we were told had been a field-fortification thrown up by Nadir Shah: » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 p. 80
SOURCE for Sahane
« Presque au fond se trouve Sahanè, où nous arrivâmes à deux heures après-midi. C'est un bourg planté de vignes et d'arbres fruitiers.On y perçoit un droit de capitation, qui est de trois riales pour les Arméniens ou Juifs, et d'un carapoul pour les Musulmans. Les marchandises y payent aussi un droit de péa-ges, [Almost at the bottom is Sahane, where we arrived at two o'clock in the afternoon. It is a village planted with vineyards and fruit trees.A poll tax is collected there, which is three rials for Armenians or Jews, and one carapoul for Muslims. Goods also pay a toll.] » #3179 Adrien Dupré, Voyage en Perse, fait dans les années 1807, 1808 et 1809, en traversant la Natolie et la Mésopotamie, 1819 ~ vol.1 p. 252
SOURCE for Sahannah or Sanna
« At last we reached the village of Sahannah , or Sanna, where we spent the day . It was July 8 -just one year since I had left England on my adventurous journey. » #2941 Austen Henry Layard, Early Adventures in Persia, Susiana, and Babylonia, John Murray, London, 1887, ~ vol. 1 p. 243
SOURCE for Sahna
« village of Ṣaḥna (and?) fortress of Bakhtigān, also called Mt. Lanqāwar (and?) village of Jamjāl 3—it is opposite the city of Noah » #3044 Kātib Çelebi ed: Gottfried Hagen and Robert Danko, An Ottoman Cosmography, Translation of Cihānnümā, Brill, Leiden, 2021 ~ p. 375
« Sahna » #3070 James Justinian Morier, A Journey Through Persia, Armenia, and Asia Minor, to Constantinople, in the Years 1808 and 1809, Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, London, 1812 ~ p. 413
SOURCE for Sahnah
« in 5 leagues to Sahnah village, » #1764 ed. Le Strange, G., The geographical part of the Nuzhat-al-qulub composed by Hamd-Alla¯h Mustawfi¯ of Qazwi¯n in 740 (1340), E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1919 ~ p. 161
SOURCE for Sahne
« Le jour ſuivant nous fimes fix heu res de chemin, et campames à Sahnè gros bourg. [The following day we traveled for several hours and camped at Sahnè, a large town.] » #2562 Jean Otter, Voyage en Turquie et en Perse, Paris, 1748, ~ vol. 1 p. 188
SOURCE for Sahneh
« There is good and ample camping space on the bank of the stream N. E. of Sähneh. Sähneh is a small but flourishing village, situated in a well-watered and cultivated valley, among gardens and plantations, at the foot of a range of precipitous hills, in which are some ancient caves and sculptures. Sähnch is remarkable for its walnut and mulberry trees. Water is plentiful. Potatoes are grown here. » #3485 Routes in Persia Volume II. (North-Western Persia), Printed at the government monotype press, Simla, 1923 ~ p. 157
SOURCE for Sanah
« Por camino montañoso, completamente desierto, pero ancho casi siempre, fuí á Sanah. [By a mountainous road, completely deserted but almost always wide, I went to Sanah. ] » #3180 Adolfo Rivadeneyra, Viaje Al Interior De Persia, ~ vol. 2 p. 83
SOURCE for Sanna
« Sanna was our menzil, four farsangs from Kangavar. This village was small , and in every way of humbler pretensions than our last quarters ; » #3184 Sir Robert Ker Porter, Travels in Georgia, Persia, Armenia, Ancient Babylonia, Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, London, 1821 ~ vol. 2 p. 145
SOURCE for Sannah
« This village of Sannah lies at an altitude of about 5500 feet, among poplar plantations and beautiful gardens, in which fine walnut trees are conspicuous. Though partly ruinous it is a flourishing little place, its lands being abundantly watered by streams which run into the Gamasiab. » #3644 Bishop, Isabella L., Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan, John Murray, London, 1891 ~ vol. 1 p. 125
SOURCE for Sehenè or Sahanè
« Tornando dunque al mio proposito, dico che il mercoledi mat-tina partimmo da Scehr-neu, e con non dissimil giornata, ma un poco migliore, perchè non avevamo neve dal cielo, benchè ve ne fosse molta in terra, andammo ad alloggiar la sera a Sehenè o Sahanè, terra grossa abitata e da Curdi e da Persiani. [Returning then to my subject, I say that on Wednesday morning we left Scehr-neu, and with a not dissimilar day, but a little better, because we had no snow from the sky, although there was a lot of it on the ground, we went to lodge in the evening at Sehenè or Sahanè, a large land inhabited by both Kurds and Persians.] » #1530 Pietro Della Valle, Viaggi di Pietro della Valle: il pellegrino, G. Gancia, Brighton, 1843, ~ vol. 1 pp. 439-440
SOURCE for Sehneh
SOURCE for Sihna
« Nizām al-Mulk was assassinated on 10 Ramadan 5/14 October 1092 near Sihna, between Kanguwar and Bisutun, as the court was on its way from Isfahan to Baghdad. » #2645 The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd Edition, Brill, Leiden, ~ vol. 8 p. 72

R172-023 Concovar
R172-023 Concovar : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: PPLA2 UFI: 15360297 coordinate: lat 34.50195101 long 47.96660413
NIMA/GNS names: Kangavar , کنگاور ,
VARIANT names: Chienghicuer , Concobar , Concovar , Jeniara , Kandavar , Kangavar , Kangawar , Kangowar , Kangur , Kanguvar , Kengauar , Kengavar , Kengawar , Kienghevar , Kingawar , Konkobar , Kungavar , Quingavar ,
SOURCE for Chienghicuer
« Il venerdì al 20 di gennaio andammo ad allog-giare in un' altra grossa terra chiamata Chienghicuer; e già cominciai a conoscere il vantaggio grande che tiene il paese della Persia a quel della Turchia, di bontà, di popolazione, di coltura e d'ogni altra circostanza; [On Friday the 20th of January we went to lodge in another large town called Chienghicuer; and I already began to perceive the great advantage that the country of Persia has over that of Turkey, in kindness, population, culture and every other circumstance;] » #1530 Pietro Della Valle, Viaggi di Pietro della Valle: il pellegrino, G. Gancia, Brighton, 1843, ~ vol. 1 p. 440
SOURCE for Concobar
« C2 [Kangavar]/ConcobarHRL Kangavar RE Κογκοβ?ρ; cf. RE Bagistana;Azarnoush 1981, 82-94 » #846 Talbert, Richard (ed.), Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 2000, ~ p. 1318
SOURCE for Concovar
« We commenced our march to Concovar, another sixteen mile stage, at half-past three in the afternoon ; » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 p. 80
SOURCE for Jeniara
« On paſſe par la Ville de Jeniara fort grande, mais fort pleine de ruines, et P'on trouve aprés pluſieurs Villages. [We pass through the City of Jeniara, very large, but very full of ruins, and afterwards we find several villages.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 p. 131
SOURCE for Kandavar
« We reached the vale in six hours, having travelled as many farsangs from Sahadabad; and this place was to be our menzil.Kandavar, the ancient Κογκαβάρ, reduced to a village, maintains something of prolonged existence, by preserving a name so near in sound to its venerable appellation of antiquity, and shewing a few human habitations, still mingling with the ruins of the past. The village consists of about three hundred houses, most of which occupy the lofty eminence, so long celebrated as having been the site of a superb temple of Diana. » #3184 Sir Robert Ker Porter, Travels in Georgia, Persia, Armenia, Ancient Babylonia, Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, London, 1821 ~ vol. 2 p. 140
SOURCE for Kangavar
SOURCE for Kangawar
« The road to Kangawar lies through a broad valley, which has many streams. Among the mountains which encompass it are the Kuh-i-Hassan, Boka, the Kuh-i-Paran, and the Kuh-i-Bozah. ... Seeing a caravan of asses approaching, I rode on as fast as I could to the well-situated little town of Kangawar, expecting him to follow shortly. At present the entrance into Kangawar is up the bed of a stream. » #3644 Bishop, Isabella L., Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan, John Murray, London, 1891 ~ vol. 1 pp. 129-130
SOURCE for Kangowar
« Early next morning we arrived at Kangowar, a large town situated on a hill- side . » #2941 Austen Henry Layard, Early Adventures in Persia, Susiana, and Babylonia, John Murray, London, 1887, ~ vol. 1 p. 243
SOURCE for Kangur
« Kaylūr 7 [Kangūr 75] parasangs » #3044 Kātib Çelebi ed: Gottfried Hagen and Robert Danko, An Ottoman Cosmography, Translation of Cihānnümā, Brill, Leiden, 2021 ~ pt. 2 p. 375
SOURCE for Kanguvar
« Then from Kanguvar it is 5 leagues to Bidastan » #1764 ed. Le Strange, G., The geographical part of the Nuzhat-al-qulub composed by Hamd-Alla¯h Mustawfi¯ of Qazwi¯n in 740 (1340), E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1919 ~ p. 166
SOURCE for Kengauar
January 6.-My Nephew Hedges and I rose from Farespa (leaving Mr. Dowglasse and my Cousin Letter with y Camels) and lay at Kengauar (1). fn. 1 We have now got into the direct route from Hamadan to Bagh-dad, and it is more easily followed. This is Kangavar (Kongaver, etc.), a place of old note, the Κογκοβ?ρ of Isidore of Charax. The next stage is Sahāna, and then Bisutün (Bihistün, Baghistan, "the place of gardens", Βαγίστανον οι Βαγίστανη of the Greeks), the site of the famous spring, and of the rock-inscriptions in cuneiform, with which the name of Rawlinson is for ever associated. The next stage is the well-known city Kirmanshah. Then Pul-i-Shah ("King's Bridge"), Mah-i-dasht, Härünābād.-Y.
SOURCE for Kengavar
« De Sahana à Kengavar, jours. 1 » #3632 Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste, Les six voyages de Jean Baptiste Tavernier, Ecuyer Baron d'Aubonne, qu'il a fait en Turquie, en Perse, et aux Indes,, Chez Gervais Clouzier et Claude Barbin, 1676 ~ p. 286
SOURCE for Kengawar
« lt was about an hour from hence, and past sunset, when we reached Kengawar, having been nearly twelve hours on the road; our course being about east by north, and the distance forty miles. » #1185 Buckingham, J. S., Travels in Assyria, Media, and Persia, including a journey from Bagdad by Mount Zagros, to Hamadan, the ancient Ecbatana, researches in Ispahan and the ruins of Persepolis, and journey from thence by Shiraz and Shapoor to the sea-shore, Henry Colburn: Gregg International Publishers Limited, London: London, 1829:1971, ~ p. 150
SOURCE for Kienghevar
« Au fond est, sur une petite éminence, un grand village, où nous arrivons à deux heures. Cet endroit, appelé Kienghevar, que l'on croit être l'ancienne Konkobar, semble, en effet, avoir été une ville de quelque étendue. [In the background, on a small rise, is a large village, which we arrive at at two o'clock. This place, called Kienghevar, which is believed to be the ancient Konkobar, seems, in fact, to have been a town of some size.] » #3179 Adrien Dupré, Voyage en Perse, fait dans les années 1807, 1808 et 1809, en traversant la Natolie et la Mésopotamie, 1819 ~ vol. 1 p. 254
SOURCE for Kingawar
« Kingāwar 5—it is somewhat ruined » #3044 Kātib Çelebi ed: Gottfried Hagen and Robert Danko, An Ottoman Cosmography, Translation of Cihānnümā, Brill, Leiden, 2021 ~ p. 375
SOURCE for Konkobar
« Kangavar is a place of genuine antiquity; it was known, under the name of Konkobar, to the Greek geographer Isidor of Charax in the first century of our era; (3)
fn. 3 The first scholar to identify Kanga-var with Concobar, I believe, was D'Anville, Compendium of Ancient Geography, pt. 2, p. 460, London, 1791. Since that time much has been written about the site; see Rawlinson, JRGS. 9. 112; Buckingham, Travels in Assyria, Media, and Persia, pp. 150-154, London, 1829; Masson, Illus-trations of Isidorus of Charax, in JRAS. 12 (1850), pp. 97-124; Ker Porter, Travels, 2. 139-144; Texier, Description de l'Arménie, la Perse, etc., 1. 160 seq., pls. 62-64; Flandin and Coste, Voyage en Perse, Ancienne, 1. pls. 20-23, Moderne, pls. 72-74, Texte, pp. 11-14; Dieulafoy, L'Art Antique de la Perse, pt. 5, pp. 7-8, 11, 207; Curzon, Persia, 1. 51, n. 1; Mar-quart, Erānšahr, p. 24; and E. A. Floyer, Unexplored Baluchistan, pp. 424-425, London, 1882. »
#3178 Jackson, A. V. Williams, Persia past and present; a book of travel and research, with more than two hundred illustrations and a map, The Macmillan Company, London, 1906 ~ p. 237
SOURCE for Kungavar
« Kungavar » #3070 James Justinian Morier, A Journey Through Persia, Armenia, and Asia Minor, to Constantinople, in the Years 1808 and 1809, Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, London, 1812 ~ p. 413
SOURCE for Quingavar
« como de una legua, de formacion caliza y yesosa, que cierran áridas montañas, detras de las cuales se halla Quingavar, poblacion de seis mil almas, y donde existen ruinas al parecer de un gran templo. Difícil es clasificar el estilo á que pertenecen, no por los embates del tiempo, sino por lo incompleto del trabajo; los capiteles, las cornisas, los bása-mentos, si bien pueden parecer de órden dóricd, sólo están trazados á grandes rasgos, [about a league away, of limestone and gypsum formation, enclosing arid mountains, behind which lies Quingavar, a town of six thousand souls, and where there are ruins apparently of a great temple. It is difficult to classify the style to which they belong, not because of the ravages of time, but because of the incompleteness of the work; the capitals, the cornices, the bases, although they may seem of the Doric order, are only roughly sketched,] » #3180 Adolfo Rivadeneyra, Viaje Al Interior De Persia, ~ vol. 2 p. 82

R172-024 Sadawar
R172-024 Sadawar : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Asadabad , Qal'eh Shahzadeh , اسد آباد ,
VARIANT names: Asadabad , Kala Shazada , Saadabad , Sadawah , Sadawar ,
SOURCE for Asadabad
« We accomplished this in three stages, over a mountainous road, rising to a pass, during the first march to Asadabad, 2250 feet above Turbat itself. The Godar-i-Baidar commands a splendid view of the grass green hollows on its north, and notwithstanding incessant rain and inseparable discomforts, there was much to charm the eye in the landscape presented. » #1253 Goldsmid, F. J., Journey from Bandar Abbas to Mash-Had by Sistan, with Some Account of the Last-Named Province, Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, London, 1873, 43:65-83 ~ p. 81
« Asadābād at mile 24 is a scattered town, the suburbs extending to 14 miles. It is well watered by streams of good sweet water from the hills. Streams flow through the streets. Asadābād has 100 shops and several surais. The town is surrounded by gardens. The camping ground, which is by the side of a small torrent in the sloping plain N.-E. of the town, is spacious and on a high level. There is a telegraph office. » #3485 Routes in Persia Volume II. (North-Western Persia), Printed at the government monotype press, Simla, 1923 ~ p. 159
« Asadabad » #3070 James Justinian Morier, A Journey Through Persia, Armenia, and Asia Minor, to Constantinople, in the Years 1808 and 1809, Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, London, 1812 ~ p. 413
SOURCE for Kala Shazada
« Kala Shazada » in {map#1341 in #1787 Stewart, C. E., The Country of the Tekke Turkomans, and the Tejend and Murghab Rivers, Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography, 1881 (Sep.) 3:9:513-46 ~ fig. Map of Khorasan and neighbouring countries}
SOURCE for Saadabad
« La naturaleza de las rocas que dejaba á mi izquierda, y de las que median hasta Saadabad, es por lo ge-neral de granito blanco con planos de crucero in-elinados á 45°. En Saadabad habitan algunas familias judías dedicadas á fabricar vino'y aguardiente; ... Sigue á Assadabad una depresion del terreno como de una legua, de formacion caliza y yes???, que cierran áridas montañas, [The nature of the rocks I left to my left, and those extending to Saadabad, is generally white granite with cross-sections inclined at 45°.
In Saadabad live some Jewish families dedicated to making wine and spirits; ... Beyond Assadabad lies a depression in the terrain about a league deep, composed of limestone and gypsum, enclosed by arid mountains.] » #3180 Adolfo Rivadeneyra, Viaje Al Interior De Persia, ~ vol. 2 pp. 81-2
SOURCE for Sadawah
« in about six hours from Kengawar we came on a fine fertile soil, when, after passing through many gardens, and over streams of water, we entered the large village of Sadawah, ... The village of Sadawah occupies, with its numerous gardens, an extent of scarcely less than three or four miles in circuit; » #1185 Buckingham, J. S., Travels in Assyria, Media, and Persia, including a journey from Bagdad by Mount Zagros, to Hamadan, the ancient Ecbatana, researches in Ispahan and the ruins of Persepolis, and journey from thence by Shiraz and Shapoor to the sea-shore, Henry Colburn: Gregg International Publishers Limited, London: London, 1829:1971, ~ p. 154
SOURCE for Sadawar
« AT seven in the morning, we commenced our march to Sadawar. We first ascended a stony pass, which led into an extensive plain of an oval form to the North. We then passed through one of the numerous villages which lie scattered over the valley; and three hours from the pass in the mountains, reached the village of Sadawar, seated at the base of the Elwund mountain, which forms the northern boundary of the valley. » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 p.

R172-024a roofed caravanserai
R172-024a roofed caravanserai : place IRN (caravanserai) NIMA/GNS feature: none independent coordinate: lat 34.876629 long 48.220811 † basis (p) Supplement: Tajabad-e Sofla Caravanserai کاروانسرای تاج آباد سفلی VARIANT names: abandoned caravanserai , caravanserai , Karwansera Meear Kotel Sadawah , roofed caravanserai , Taj Abad caravanserai , Tajabad-e Sofla Caravanserai , SOURCE for abandoned caravanserai « Vers le milieu se trouve un caravansérail abandonné, bâti anciennement par Hadji-Ali-Khan. Il s'est détaché de la montagne un grand nombre de pierres de marbre de différentes grosseurs, que l'on voit sur la route. Près du caravansérail les pierres nous parurent avoir quelques parcelles de cuivre. [Towards the middle is an abandoned caravanserai, built long ago by Hadji-Ali-Khan. A large number of marble stones of different sizes have been detached from the mountain, which can be seen on the road. Near the caravanserai the stones appeared to us to have some particles of copper.] » #3179 Adrien Dupré, Voyage en Perse, fait dans les années 1807, 1808 et 1809, en traversant la Natolie et la Mésopotamie, 1819 ~ vol. 1 p. 257 SOURCE for caravanserai « mutataſi poi la grandine in ne ve,e pioggia, fummo dall'empito del vento ſpinti all'ingiù del monte, ed in termine di altre tre ore arrivaffimo ad un Caravanserai, che ſtà a piedi di eſſo, dove non aven-do con che pagar il pedaggio, convenne all'Aleppino laſciare in pegno una ſua piſtola, la quale poi in Amadam fi riebbe, ſenza pagare coſa alcuna. [The hail then turned to snow and rain, and the force of the wind drove us down the mountain, and after another three hours we reached a caravanserai, which was on foot away. Not having the means to pay the toll, the Aleppino was forced to leave his pistol as a pledge, which he later got back in Amadam without paying anything.] » #3643 Leandro : di Santa Cecilia, Persia ovvero secondo viaggio di f. Leandro di Santa Cecilia carmelitano scalzo dell'oriente. Scritto dal medesimo,, nella stamperia di Angelo Rotilj nel palazzo de Massimi, Roma, 1757 ~ p. 22 SOURCE for Karwansera Meear Kotel Sadawah « Near the foot of the hill we came to a small khan, called Karwansera Meear Kotel Sadawah, which had been erected by some humane individual, as a shelter for passengers. During the four winter months, this mountain is said to be impassable by caravans, from the snows with which it is covered; and it is asserted that not a season passes without the death of many shepherds and peasants from the cold alone. » #1185 Buckingham, J. S., Travels in Assyria, Media, and Persia, including a journey from Bagdad by Mount Zagros, to Hamadan, the ancient Ecbatana, researches in Ispahan and the ruins of Persepolis, and journey from thence by Shiraz and Shapoor to the sea-shore, Henry Colburn: Gregg International Publishers Limited, London: London, 1829:1971, ~ p. 160 SOURCE for roofed caravanserai « Near the base of the mountain we passed a caravanserai: the centre was roofed in at the top, different from these buildings in general, and a very necessary protection against the severe cold in this mountainous region during the winter season. Bands of robbers have at different times occupied the building, and converted into a place of molestation to the traveller what had been built for his protection. » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 p. 90 SOURCE for Taj Abad caravanserai «1668-046 Tāj Abād Iran (Islamic Republic of) N34 52 35.88 E48 13 14.62 0.28 ha 6.56 ha» [accessed 10 Jan 2026] SOURCE for Tajabad-e Sofla Caravanserai

R172-024b neat stone bridge
R172-024b neat stone bridge : place IRN
Supplement: no visual sign apart from canal
VARIANT names: neat stone bridge ,
SOURCE for neat stone bridge
« Two miles from Hamadan, we passed a considerable stream of water, by a neat stone bridge. Near it were many marble tombstones, elegantly sculptured in flowers and inscriptions in the Cufic and Arabic characters. » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 p. 92

R172-025 Hamadan
NIMA/GNS names: Ecbatana , Hamadan , Hamedan , همدان ,
VARIANT names: Agbatana , Amadam , Ecbatana , Ekbatana , Hagmatana , Hamadan , Hamadhan , Suſa di Aſſuero ,
SOURCE for Agbatana
« HAMADHAN (HAMADAN), city in central Iranlocated in a fertile plain just south of Mt. Alwand, 48° 31' E. (Greenw.), 34° 48' N., altitude ca. 1800 metres/5900 ft.Hamadhan is a very old city. Whether the name is first mentioned in cuneiform sources dating about 1100 B.C., telling of the conquests of Tiglatpileser I, is uncertain but unlikely. Herodotus (I, 98) says that the Median king Deiokes in the seventh century B.C. built the city called Agbatana, or Ekbatana according to other Classical authors. » #2645 The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd Edition, Brill, Leiden, ~ vol. 3 p. 105
SOURCE for Amadam
« e la mat-tina di buon' ora partiſſimo camminando, nella neve che all'altezza di quattro palmi era caduta in quella notte,che biſognò calpeſtare fino ad Amadan, dove giungemmo all' ore venti una, ed entrati in caſa, la trovammo, che non eravi luogo, da poterſi riparare dal freddo, perche ci erano ſtari tolti i legni delle porte, e finestre. [and early in the morning we set out, walking through the snow that had fallen to a depth of four palms that night, which we had to trample down to Amadan, where we arrived at twenty-one o'clock, and when we entered the house, we found that there was no place to shelter from the cold, because the wood of the doors and windows had been taken away.] » #3643 Leandro : di Santa Cecilia, Persia ovvero secondo viaggio di f. Leandro di Santa Cecilia carmelitano scalzo dell'oriente. Scritto dal medesimo,, nella stamperia di Angelo Rotilj nel palazzo de Massimi, Roma, 1757 ~ p. 23
« Arrivai finalmente a dì 24. Gennaro in Amadan [I finally arrived on the 24th. January in Amadan] » #3643 Leandro : di Santa Cecilia, Persia ovvero secondo viaggio di f. Leandro di Santa Cecilia carmelitano scalzo dell'oriente. Scritto dal medesimo,, nella stamperia di Angelo Rotilj nel palazzo de Massimi, Roma, 1757 ~ p. 192
« Ainſi nous partîmes enſemble d'Hifpahan le 5. de Juillet 1701. pour Amadam avec une petite Caravane qui y alloit. Aprés voir paffe par pluſieurs Villes et Villages qu'il feroit empuyéux de nommer, nous y arrivâmes le dix-neuvième du même mois. [Thus we departed together from Hifpahan on July 5th, 1701, for Amadam with a small caravan that was going there. After passing through several towns and villages that it would be difficult to name, we arrived there on the nineteenth of the same month.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 p. 126
SOURCE for Ecbatana
owtrad web file OWTRAD Dataset tmcIRa0100 last updated 3may01 gives « Ecbatana, 48.583, 34.767, IR, nkn, approx, 59, tmcIRa0100_049a »
some descrepancy on co-ordinates
« ECBATANA, cidade de - Nome antigo da cidade persa de Hamadan, en 34° 49' lat. N. e 48° 27' long. E., a sudoeste de Teerão. Diogo do Couto, poré (X, VI, 12.°), propende para a identificação com Tabriz. [ECBATANA, city of - Ancient name of the Persian city of Hamadan, in 34° 49' lat. N. and 48° 27' long. E., southwest of Tehran. Diogo do Couto, however (X, VI, 12th), tends to identify it with Tabriz.] » #2603 Visconde De Lagoa, Glossario Toponimico Da Antiga Historiografia Portuguesa Ultramarina, Oficina Grafica, Casa Portuguesa Rua Das Gaveas, 1953, ~ vol. D-N p. 33
« When it lost the name of Ecbatana in that of Hamadan , it seems to have lost all its honours too » #3184 Sir Robert Ker Porter, Travels in Georgia, Persia, Armenia, Ancient Babylonia, Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, London, 1821 ~ vol. 2 p. 101
SOURCE for Ekbatana
SOURCE for Hagmatana
« As you approach Hamadan itself, one of the most elevated of all Iranian cities, delightfully cool in summer, very cold in winter, you see the impressive snow-capped Mount Alvand (3,570 m.) overshadowing the famous Median capital, ancient Hagmatana ('The Place of Assembly'), known to the Greeks as Ecbatana, the site of which is now covered by modern Hamadan. » #888 Matheson, S., Persia. An Archaeological Guide, Faber and Faber Limited, 1976 ~ p. 109
SOURCE for Hamadan
« Hamadan is a large town (population 50,000), traversed by tortuous, bumpy and narrow streets. There are big bāzārs, a carpet factory, post and telegraph office and British and Russian banks. There is much dense wood in the vicinity of the town; also rich cultivation, as it lies at the edge of a fertile plain. The main industry is leather manufacture, the tanneries being the best in Persia. The water supply is excellent and fuel is fairly plentiful. » #3485 Routes in Persia Volume II. (North-Western Persia), Printed at the government monotype press, Simla, 1923 ~ p. 161
« Arrivés à quatre heures du soir à Hamadân, nous descendîmes chez un Arménien, Rustèm-Khân, fils et délégué du gouverneur de cette province, Méhémet-Husséin-Khân, était absent. [Arriving at four o'clock in the evening in Hamadan, we stayed at the house of an Armenian, Rustem Khan, son and delegate of the governor of this province, Mehemet Hussein Khan, who was absent.] » #3179 Adrien Dupré, Voyage en Perse, fait dans les années 1807, 1808 et 1809, en traversant la Natolie et la Mésopotamie, 1819 ~ vol. 1 p. 258
« Hamadan is a large and important place situated at the eastern extremity of an extensive and thickly peopled plain . » #2941 Austen Henry Layard, Early Adventures in Persia, Susiana, and Babylonia, John Murray, London, 1887, ~ vol. 1 p. 252
« We were on horseback this morning at six o'clock ; having little more than a farsang to ride before we should reach the ancient city of the Medes. I had dispatched my Ispahan mehmandar some time before dawn , to apprise the vizier of Hamadan of my approach » #3184 Sir Robert Ker Porter, Travels in Georgia, Persia, Armenia, Ancient Babylonia, Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, London, 1821 ~ vol. 2 pp. 90-1
« fn. 5 According to Istakhri, p. 197, the distance from Gondēshäpür to al-Lûr was four farsakhs, then thirty farsakhs to Shābür Khäst (no trace of a town or settlement), twenty-two farsakhs from the latter to Nihawand, which lies fourteen farsakhs from Hamadan. (For the town of Shapürkh(w)äst, see Le Strange, The Lands, pp. 201 ff.; Hudüd al-'alam, tr. Minorsky, p. 383.)) »
#2871 W. Barthold, An Historical Geography of Iran, Princeton University Press, New Jersey, 1984, ~ fn. 5 p. 180
« Two miles from Hamadan, we passed a considerable stream of water, by a neat stone bridge. Near it were many marble tombstones, elegantly sculptured in flowers and inscriptions in the Cufic and Arabic characters. » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 p. 92
« The whole distance of our journey from Sadawah to Hamadan was about eight hours, and our course on the whole about east-south-east. On entering this town, we passed through a burying-ground, of which the tombs were of an unusual kind; some of these were like stone chests, or sarcophagi, of the common size of the human form, closely covered on the top » #1185 Buckingham, J. S., Travels in Assyria, Media, and Persia, including a journey from Bagdad by Mount Zagros, to Hamadan, the ancient Ecbatana, researches in Ispahan and the ruins of Persepolis, and journey from thence by Shiraz and Shapoor to the sea-shore, Henry Colburn: Gregg International Publishers Limited, London: London, 1829:1971, ~ p. 160
« The view of Hamadan from this height, overlooking the plain of many colors, repaid me for the ascent, if nothing else did, for it presented the distant city to me in still another light. The Musallah, once crowned with walls, stood out clear to the view, but looked barren and desolate. Fine gardens, which afford a delightful resort for an afternoon in the suburbs, especially in the vicinity of the Armenian village of Sheverin, border the town. » #3178 Jackson, A. V. Williams, Persia past and present; a book of travel and research, with more than two hundred illustrations and a map, The Macmillan Company, London, 1906 ~ p. 174
e'l giorno seguente, a mezzodi, arri-vammo alla città di Hamadan, fin dove andava la nostra caro-vana, e fin dove avevamo coi mulattieri noleggiato. [and the next day, at midday, we arrived at the city of Hamadan, as far as our caravan was going, and as far as we had hired the muleteers.]
Fueron bastante penosas las cuatro últimas jornadas de Nubaran á Hamadan; [The last four days from Nubaran to Hamadan were quite arduous;]
SOURCE for Hamadhan
SOURCE for Suſa di Aſſuero
« La Città di Amadan, o fia l'antica Suſa di Aſſuero, è Città Regia della Perfia, fituata in una valta pianura, formata in ordine di Teatro, fiancheggiata in diſtanza di un ora da altiffimi monti, ed il principale, che da Levante, Mezzo Giorno, e Ponente le fa corona, è il monte denominato l' Alvent, il qua-le nelle fue estremità, ricoperto ſempre fi vede di nevi. [The City of Amadan, or the ancient Susa of Aſſuero, is a Royal City of Persia, located in a valley-plain, formed in the order of a theatre, flanked at a distance of an hour by very high mountains, and the main one, which crowns it from the east, south, and west, is the mountain called Alvent, which at its extremities is always covered with snow.] » #3643 Leandro : di Santa Cecilia, Persia ovvero secondo viaggio di f. Leandro di Santa Cecilia carmelitano scalzo dell'oriente. Scritto dal medesimo,, nella stamperia di Angelo Rotilj nel palazzo de Massimi, Roma, 1757 ~ p. 24

R172-027 Kujur Minar
R172-027 Kujur Minar : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Gugjeh Menar , Gujeh Menar , گوجه منار , گوگجه منار ,
VARIANT names: Gugjeh Menar , Kujur Minar ,
SOURCE for Gugjeh Menar
SOURCE for Kujur Minar
« not a traveller passed to diversify the dull uniformity of the scene ; and we reached Kujur Minar, our destination, so dispirited and feverish , that though our lodging was good, and our dinner tolerable, we could scarcely eat or sleep. » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 p. 116

R172-028 Chummurum
R172-028 Chummurum : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Chamarom , Chamarum , Chamram , Chamran , Chatram , چترم , چمران ,
VARIANT names: Chamarom , Chummurum ,
SOURCE for Chamarom
SOURCE for Chummurum
« May 16.-After a few hours of imperfect rest, we started at three in the morning for the village of Chummurum, distant twenty miles. » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 p. 117

R172-030 Rubaut Kereem
R172-030 Rubaut Kereem : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Robat Karim , Shahriar , Shahryar , رباط كريم ,
VARIANT names: Qustana , Ribat Karim , Robad Querim , Robat Karim , Rubaut Kereem ,
SOURCE for Qustana
« Qus?āna V D2 Ribāt Karim à environ 30 km au SO de Téhéran. Iran. Dernière étape avant Rayy sur Hamadan-Rayy. la route I 214; H 383; Hur 22; Qud 200; R 168; Muq 400. Yaq IV, 94-95; Schw. 805.907. [Qus?āna V D2 Ribat Karim, about 30 km SW of Tehran. Iran. Last stop before Rayy on Hamadan-Rayy. The route I 214; H 383; Hur 22; Qud 200; R 168; Muq 400. Yaq IV, 94-95; Schw. 805.907.] » #2912 Georgette Cornu, Atlas du monde arabo-islamique a l'epoque classique IXe-Xe siecles, E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1985, ~ p. 43
SOURCE for Ribat Karim
« 7th September.-Started at 6 A.M. , and, after a hot and dusty ride of six parasangs, reached Ribát Karím, a populous and rather pretty village, during the forenoon. » #3380 Browne, Edward Granville, A year amongst the Persians; impressions as to the life, character, and thought of the people of Persia, received during twelve month's residence in that country in the years 1887-8, Adam and Charles Black, 1893 ~ p. 549
SOURCE for Robad Querim
« Siete horas y media tardé en llegar á Robad Querim, sin nada de particular que referir, excepto el haber visto unas rocas eruptivas, á poco de salir de Abdul Azim, un camello blanco, ejemplar suma-mente raro, y á distancias, algun « sitio de fuego», idénticos á los que vi poco antes de llegar á Teherán. [It took me seven and a half hours to reach Robad Querim, with nothing of particular note to report, except having seen some eruptive rocks shortly after leaving Abdul Azim, a white camel, an extremely rare specimen, and at distances, some "fire sites", identical to those I saw shortly before arriving in Tehran.] » #3180 Adolfo Rivadeneyra, Viaje Al Interior De Persia, ~ vol. 2 p. 27
SOURCE for Robat Karim
SOURCE for Rubaut Kereem
« Four miles from Rubaut Kereem, we passed a succession of hillocks , which were pointed out to us as being much infested with banditti of the Bukhtiari tribe. We arrived at the town at one o'clock, and, being now only twentyfour miles from Teheraun , dispatched a villager forward to give Major Willock notice of our arrival . » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 p. 120

R172-031 Teheraun
R172-031 Teheraun : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: PPLC UFI: -3087341 coordinate: lat 35.705 long 51.4216
NIMA/GNS names: Teheran , Tehran , Tehran , تهران ,
VARIANT names: Teharone , Teheran , Teheraun , Tehran , Theheran , Tihran , Tyroan ,
SOURCE for Teharone
« This daye we came to Teharone [Tehrān], a fine towne lying vpon a playn, beinge very bare, haueing many plesant litle townes round aboute it. This towne is walde round aboute, » #3214 Stodart, Robert; introduction and notes by Sir. E. Denison Ross, The Journal of Robert Stodart: Being an account of his experiences as a member of Sir Dodmore Cotton's Mission in Persia in 1628-29. Published from the unique manuscript preserved in the Bodleian Library, Luzac and Co, 1935 ~ p. 55
SOURCE for Teheran
Teheran in « Map Teheran to Isfahan » #1116 Curzon, George N., Persia and the Persian Question, Cass: Longmans Green and Co, 1966: 1892, ~ vol. 2 between pp. 2 and 3
« However, once turned in the right direction, they proved excellent animals, and in one and a half hours we were driving through the semi-civilized streets of Teheran. » #3069 Crawshay-Williams, Eliot, Across Persia, Edward Arnold, London, 1907 ~ p. 299
« ISFAHAN is fair, Shiraz is beautiful, but Teheran - Tahran khaili khub ast-Teheran is very beautiful,' this is the en-comium which I heard bestowed, over and over again, upon the modern capital of Iran as I journeyed northward from Yezd. During a week's stay in the metropolis I found the city sufficiently attractive to make me sympathize, in part at least, with the enthusiasm of the Persians, even if Teheran cannot boast of many of the natural beauties of such a city as Shiraz. » #3178 Jackson, A. V. Williams, Persia past and present; a book of travel and research, with more than two hundred illustrations and a map, The Macmillan Company, London, 1906 ~ p. 418
« At length, about sunset, we entered the city by the Derwázé- i-Naw (New Gate), and ... as it was now late, to take up temporary quarters at a caravansaray situated not far from the gate whereby we had entered. » #3380 Browne, Edward Granville, A year amongst the Persians; impressions as to the life, character, and thought of the people of Persia, received during twelve month's residence in that country in the years 1887-8, Adam and Charles Black, 1893 ~ p. 82
« I was ready to leave Tehran at nine in the morning; » #3180 Adolfo Rivadeneyra, Viaje Al Interior De Persia, ~ vol. 2 p. 5
SOURCE for Teheraun
« The sun rose in fiery splendour over the mountains of Teheraun, but the city itself is in so low a situation, that we could not distinguish it till we were not more than two miles distant. » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 pp. 120-1
SOURCE for Tehran
« April 18th.-Left by Shah Abdool Azeem gate, and passed through small suburb of town » #3696 Claude Clerk, Notes in Persia, Khorassan, and Afghanistan, The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, 1861 vol. 31:pp. 37-65 ~ p. 54
« Tehrán to Kabát Gumbaz, 64 H. R., 22 ?.*August 19th, 1857.-Left the city by the Shahabdoolazheem, or southern gate. » #3696 Claude Clerk, Notes in Persia, Khorassan, and Afghanistan, The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, 1861 vol. 31:pp. 37-65 ~ p. 37
SOURCE for Theheran
« Theheran » in {map#1253 Carte de la Perse, de la Turquie d'Asie et d'une partie de la Tartarie Indépendante / Dressée par P. Lapie, ... pour les Voyages de Chardin ; Gravée par Blondeau, ..., , 1810, }
SOURCE for Tihran
« Just as endurance was on the point of giving way, we turned from the road through a large gateway into the extensive grounds which surround the British Legation, a large building forming three sides of a quadrangle, with a fine stone staircase leading up to the central door. » #3644 Bishop, Isabella L., Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan, John Murray, London, 1891 ~ vol. 1 p. 181
SOURCE for Tyroan
« for by this time we are hous'd in Tyroan.
TYROAN, by her continued greatnesse and Antiquity seemes to be that Rhazunda, mentioned by Strabo and Ptolomy. It is seated in the midst of a faire large Plain; which albeit it be invironed with hills of stupendious height in most parts at good distance, yet some wayes it affoords a delicate Horizon. The ayre here is fresh and sweet in the morning and towards Sunset, but in the Sunnes perpendicular glances, wee found it hot and ra|ging: the houses are of white bricks, hardned in the Sunne; above three thousand houses are numbred in Tyroan; of which, the Dukes and Buzzar are the fairest and most observable; » #1608 Herbert, Thomas, Sir, Some Yeares Travels into divers parts of Asia and Afrique. Describing especially the two famous Empires, the Persian, and great Mogull: weaved with the history of these later times ... With a revivall of the first discoverer of America. Revised and enlarged by the Author., Printed by R. Bip. for Jacob Blome and Richard Bishop, London, 1638, ~ p. 193

R172-033 Soolimanea
R172-033 Soolimanea : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Heredi , Karadj , Karadje , Karaj , Karej , Keredi , Leredi , Qasabeh-e Karaj , قصبه كرج , كرج ,
VARIANT names: Carah , Charah , Karadj , Karaj , Soolimanea ,
SOURCE for Carah
« The 17th daye in the evening we sett out from Teherone and ridd all night, hauing traveled 6 leauges, and picht att Carah [Kerej]. Here we rested the 18th daye. » #3214 Stodart, Robert; introduction and notes by Sir. E. Denison Ross, The Journal of Robert Stodart: Being an account of his experiences as a member of Sir Dodmore Cotton's Mission in Persia in 1628-29. Published from the unique manuscript preserved in the Bodleian Library, Luzac and Co, 1935 ~ p. 55
SOURCE for Charah
« From Tyroan we rode to a Village call'd Charah, a base inhospitable place; it affoorded us no sustenance, but torment, so much as the scalding sands and frying Sunne could operate, as in too great measure we had experi|ence of: From hence to Taurys is two dayes riding. The Carravans-raw is thus shaped. » #1608 Herbert, Thomas, Sir, Some Yeares Travels into divers parts of Asia and Afrique. Describing especially the two famous Empires, the Persian, and great Mogull: weaved with the history of these later times ... With a revivall of the first discoverer of America. Revised and enlarged by the Author., Printed by R. Bip. for Jacob Blome and Richard Bishop, London, 1638, ~ p. 194
SOURCE for Karadj
« Karadj » in {map#1438 in #3474 Kleiss, Wolfram, Karawanenbauten in Iran. Materialien zur iranischen Archäologie, Materialien zur iranischen Archa¨ologie, D. Reimer, Berlin, 1996 Band 2:Teil 1: ~ fig. Abb. 23. Karawanenrouten im Gebiet von Teheran}
SOURCE for Karaj
SOURCE for Soolimanea
« May 29-30.-June 1.-Nothing worthy of notice occurred in the first three days of our march. Soolimanea, our first stage, was twenty-four miles, Sougherabad twelve, and Sufur Khojah thirty. » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 p. 144

R172-034 Sougherabad
R172-034 Sougherabad : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Sonqorabad , سنقر آباد ,
VARIANT names: Sangurrabaut , Sonqorabad , Sougherabad ,
SOURCE for Sangurrabaut
« Next night we made our Manzeill at Sangurrabaut, a Town consisting of an hundred Cottages. In this place we buried a civill Gentleman, Mr. Welflit our comrade, under a broad spreading Chenoar tree, and fixt a brazen scrole over him, which spoke his Name and Nation. » #1608 Herbert, Thomas, Sir, Some Yeares Travels into divers parts of Asia and Afrique. Describing especially the two famous Empires, the Persian, and great Mogull: weaved with the history of these later times ... With a revivall of the first discoverer of America. Revised and enlarged by the Author., Printed by R. Bip. for Jacob Blome and Richard Bishop, London, 1638, ~ p. 196
SOURCE for Sonqorabad
SOURCE for Sougherabad
« May 29-30.-June 1.-Nothing worthy of notice occurred in the first three days of our march. Soolimanea, our first stage, was twenty-four miles, Sougherabad twelve, and Sufur Khojah thirty. » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 p. 144

R172-035 Sufur Khojah
R172-035 Sufur Khojah : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Safar Khvajeh , Safar Khwajeh , صفر خواجه ,
VARIANT names: Safar Khvajeh , Sufur Khojah ,
SOURCE for Safar Khvajeh
SOURCE for Sufur Khojah
« May 29-30.-June 1.-Nothing worthy of notice occurred in the first three days of our march. Soolimanea, our first stage, was twenty-four miles, Sougherabad twelve, and Sufur Khojah thirty. » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 p. 144

R172-032 caravanserai
R172-032 caravanserai : place IRN (caravanserai)
VARIANT names: caravanserai , Karavanserail Karadj , Shah Abbasi Caravanserai Karaj ,
SOURCE for caravanserai
« May 28. One of my horses dying, I obtained an order for three of the King's posthorses . We started from Teheraun in the evening, and arrived at a caravanserai in the course of the night. » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 p. 144
SOURCE for Karavanserail Karadj
« Abmessungen: Außenmaße 65 x 60 m, Hofmaße 35 x 31 m. Breite der Stallgänge 4,80 m. Kuppeldurchmesser 5,30 m, Kuppelinnenhöhe 6,70 m (Abb. 171).Baumaterial: Gebrannte Ziegel und Naturstein am Sok-kel (Treppen).Bauliche Besonderheiten und Zustand: Das Karavan-serail ist gut erhalten und wird wirtschaftlich genutzt.Inschriften: sind keine bekannt.Datierung: Safavidisch, 17. Jahrhundert. [Dimensions: Exterior dimensions 65 x 60 m, courtyard dimensions 35 x 31 m. Width of the stable passages 4.80 m. Dome diameter 5.30 m, dome interior height 6.70 m (Fig. 171).Building material: Fired bricks and natural stone on the sac (stairs).Structural features and condition: The caravanserai is well preserved and in commercial use.Inscriptions: None known.Dating: Safavid, 17th century.] » #3474 Kleiss, Wolfram, Karawanenbauten in Iran. Materialien zur iranischen Archäologie, Materialien zur iranischen Archa¨ologie, D. Reimer, Berlin, 1996 Band 2:Teil 1: ~ p. 100
SOURCE for Shah Abbasi Caravanserai Karaj

R172-036 Casbin
R172-036 Casbin : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Kazvin , Qazvin , قزوين ,
VARIANT names: Casbin , Casbine , Casbyn , Casbyne , Cashan , Casuin , Casvin , Caswin , Kasveen , Kazvin , Qazvin , Qazwyn ,
SOURCE for Casbin
« The most part of our European Chorographers who have dis|cours'd of the Cities of Persia, affirm Casbin to be the ancient Ar|sacia, and that before it was call'd Europa till the Parthians gave it that name from Arsaces, the first of their Emperors; that is it the same with that City, which the Greeks call'd Ragea, and the ho|ly Scripture Rages of Media. » #236 Chardin, J., The travels of Sir John Chardin into Persia and the East Indies : the first volume, containing the author's voyage from Paris to Ispahan : to which is added, the coronation of this present king of Persia, Solyman the Third, Printed for Moses Pitt in Duke-Street Westminster, London, 1686 ~ p. 380
« June 2. On the morning of the 2d, we came to Casbin, the seat of a Prince Governor . » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 p. 144
« enbiando el rey orden para que á las siete ó las ocho de la ma-ñana el Enbaxador entrase en Casbin. [The king sent orders for the Ambassador to enter Casbin at seven or eight in the morning.] » #3245 García de Silva y Figueroa, Manuel Serrano y Sanz, Comentarios De D. Garcia De Silva Y Figueroa De La Embajada Que De Parte Del Rey De España Don Felipe III Hizo Al Rey Xa Abas De Persia, La Spciedad de Bibliofilos Espanoles, Madrid, 1905 ~ vol. 5 p. 79
SOURCE for Casbine
« The 10th of August in the yeare of our Lord 1628. This night about 11 acloke att night we sett forward to come homwardes bound, leauing the King in this citie of Casbine in the cuntrey of Arach, otherwise called Media. » #3214 Stodart, Robert; introduction and notes by Sir. E. Denison Ross, The Journal of Robert Stodart: Being an account of his experiences as a member of Sir Dodmore Cotton's Mission in Persia in 1628-29. Published from the unique manuscript preserved in the Bodleian Library, Luzac and Co, 1935 ~ p. 64
SOURCE for Casbyn
« rom that hatefull Towne we hasted, and next night got into Casbyn. » #1608 Herbert, Thomas, Sir, Some Yeares Travels into divers parts of Asia and Afrique. Describing especially the two famous Empires, the Persian, and great Mogull: weaved with the history of these later times ... With a revivall of the first discoverer of America. Revised and enlarged by the Author., Printed by R. Bip. for Jacob Blome and Richard Bishop, London, 1638, ~ p. 196
SOURCE for Casbyne
« This daye being Saturdaye we came to Casbyne [Qasvin], wher the Kyng is, a very large cytie, hauing traveled 6 leauges. This citye lieth in the cuntrey of Arach ['Iraq]. » #3214 Stodart, Robert; introduction and notes by Sir. E. Denison Ross, The Journal of Robert Stodart: Being an account of his experiences as a member of Sir Dodmore Cotton's Mission in Persia in 1628-29. Published from the unique manuscript preserved in the Bodleian Library, Luzac and Co, 1935 ~ p. 56
SOURCE for Cashan
« The 27. we departed at mid-night, and, having travell'd five Leagues, we were got, by Sun|rising,
description
PAGE 188
near the City of Casuin, or Cashan; » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 188
SOURCE for Casuin
SOURCE for Casvin
« nous arriuafmes deux heures auant Soleil couchant du lendemain premier iour de Decembre à CASVIN, OU KASBIN, et eſt pour le preſent la ville capitale des terres du Sophi. El-le eſt dans l'ancienne Medie, à dix iournées ou enuiron de TAVRIS, dans vne grande plaine, entre collines toutesfois ou montaignes. [We arrived two hours before sunset the next day, the first day of December, at Casvin, or Kasbin, and is at present the capital city of the lands of Sophi. It is in ancient Media, ten days or so from Tavrís, in a large plain, between hills or mountains.] » #3614 unknown ed. M. Morisot, Relations veritables et curieuses de l'isle de Madagascar, et du Bresil. : Auec l'histoire de la derniere guerre faite au Bresil, entre les Portugais et les Hollandois. ; Trois relations d'Egypte, et vne du royaume de Perse, Chez Augustin Courbé, Paris, 1651 ~ p. 126
SOURCE for Caswin
« The 11. we came to the Citie of Caswin, where we were forc'd to continue nine dayes, » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 287
« EIght days long stayd we in Caswin » #3675 John Struys, trans. John Morrison, The Perillous and Most Unhappy Voyages of John Struys; through Italy, Greece, … Media, Persia, …, and other places in Europe, Africa and Asia, London, 1683 ~ p. 307
SOURCE for Kasveen
« Kasveen » in {map#1387 in #3566 J. D. Rees, Notes of a journey from Kasreen to Hamadan across the Karaghan country, ~ fig. Map of a journey from Kasveen to Hamadan}
SOURCE for Kazvin
« Next day we reached Kazvín after a short stage, during which we descended into the plain of which I have already spoken. » #3380 Browne, Edward Granville, A year amongst the Persians; impressions as to the life, character, and thought of the people of Persia, received during twelve month's residence in that country in the years 1887-8, Adam and Charles Black, 1893 ~ p. 78
« Kazvin is a large and flourishing town of 40,000 inhabitants. Its bazārs are good and it has a post and telegraph office » #3485 Routes in Persia Volume II. (North-Western Persia), Printed at the government monotype press, Simla, 1923 ~ p. 166
SOURCE for Qazvin
during the time (1548–97) that the Safavid capital was Qazvin. #EB2002
« thence-with the city of Qazvin lying 4 leagues distant on the left hand » #1764 ed. Le Strange, G., The geographical part of the Nuzhat-al-qulub composed by Hamd-Alla¯h Mustawfi¯ of Qazwi¯n in 740 (1340), E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1919 ~ p. 168
SOURCE for Qazwyn
« Qazwyn » in {map#1253 Carte de la Perse, de la Turquie d'Asie et d'une partie de la Tartarie Indépendante / Dressée par P. Lapie, ... pour les Voyages de Chardin ; Gravée par Blondeau, ..., , 1810, }

R172-037 Serah Dahn
R172-037 Serah Dahn : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Seyadahan , Siadehan , Siahdehan , Siakh-Degen , Siakhdekhan , Takestan , Takistan , تاكستان ,
VARIANT names: Serah Dahn , Siadehan ,
SOURCE for Serah Dahn
« June 3.-We reached Serah Dahn, a march of twenty-two miles, in seven hours . The village is small, but surrounded by extensive fields of corn ready for the sickle . » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 p.146
SOURCE for Siadehan

R172-038 Aubhaur
R172-038 Aubhaur : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Abhar , Abkhar , ابهر ,
VARIANT names: Abhar , Aubhaur , Habar ,
SOURCE for Abhar
« thence 4 to the city of Abhar » #1764 ed. Le Strange, G., The geographical part of the Nuzhat-al-qulub composed by Hamd-Alla¯h Mustawfi¯ of Qazwi¯n in 740 (1340), E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1919 ~ p. 168
SOURCE for Aubhaur
« June 4.-From Serah Dahn to Aubhaur, thirty- one miles, was an uninteresting march over a succession of low hills . Aubhaur stands in the midst of a clump of trees, and is surrounded by a well-cultivated tract of land . The Persians assign it a high antiquity. » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 p. 147
SOURCE for Habar
« Habar vient enfuite, ville ancienne et de grande étendue, mais fort ruinée, dans laquelle habitent pluſieurs Armeniens: comme ils font de bon vin les voyageurs ont ſoin d'en rem-plir leurs oudres. [Habar comes enfuite, an ancient and extensive city, but very ruined, in which several Armenians live: as they make good wine, travelers take care to fill their ewes with it.] » #3632 Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste, Les six voyages de Jean Baptiste Tavernier, Ecuyer Baron d'Aubonne, qu'il a fait en Turquie, en Perse, et aux Indes,, Chez Gervais Clouzier et Claude Barbin, 1676 ~ p. 65

R172-038a Saingula
R172-038a Saingula : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Khorosan , Sa'in Qal`eh , Sain-Kalekh , صائين قلعه ,
VARIANT names: Quhud , Sa'in Qal`eh , Saingula , Sangala ,
SOURCE for Quhud
« From Sultaniyyah in 5 leagues to the village of Quhud, which the Mongols call Sain Qalcah, » #1764 ed. Le Strange, G., The geographical part of the Nuzhat-al-qulub composed by Hamd-Alla¯h Mustawfi¯ of Qazwi¯n in 740 (1340), E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1919 ~ p. 168
SOURCE for Sa'in Qal`eh
SOURCE for Saingula
« June 5.-We left our quarters before dusk, marched sixteen miles, and halted for a few hours at the village of Saingula ; » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 p. 147
SOURCE for Sangala
« Nous logeâmes dans un gros Bourg nommé Sangala. Il n'y a point dans ce lieu de Caravanſerail, mais on loge dans des maiſons plus mal propres que des étables à cochons, et pour fon argent a-t'on bien de la peine à trouver des vivres. [We stayed in a large town called Sangala. There is no caravanserai in this place, but one stays in houses more filthy than pigsties, and for one's money one has great difficulty finding provisions.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 p. 60

R172-039 Sultanieh
R172-039 Sultanieh : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Sa`idiyeh , Soltaneyyeh , Soltaniyeh , Sultaniye , Sultaniyeh , سلطانيه ,
VARIANT names: Soltaneyyeh , Sultanie , Sultanieh , Sultaniyye , Sulthanie ,
SOURCE for Soltaneyyeh
« From Sultaniyyah to Ray and Varamin » #1764 ed. Le Strange, G., The geographical part of the Nuzhat-al-qulub composed by Hamd-Alla¯h Mustawfi¯ of Qazwi¯n in 740 (1340), E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1919 ~ p. 168
SOURCE for Sultanie
« Le Caravanſerail où nous logeâmes le vingt-ſeptiéme s'appelle Queurqueboula et n'eſtqu'à demye lieue de Sultanie. Cette ville paroît fort belle de loing, ce qui me donna envie de l'aller voir. Quand je fus dedans je ne trouvay rien de plus laid. Quelques Moſquées et quelques maifons particulieres en font toute la beauté: le reſte paroît des nits à rats. Les dehors et les jardins ſeulement en font beaux. Par les ruïnes qu'on y voit, il eſt aifé de juger que cette ville étoit autrefois plus grande qu'elle `n'eſt aujourd'huy. [The caravanserai where we stayed on the twenty-seventh is called Queurqueboula and is only half a league from Sultanie. This city appears very beautiful from afar, which made me want to go and see it. When I was inside, I found nothing uglier. A few mosques and some private houses constitute its entire beauty; the rest looks like rat holes. Only the exteriors and gardens make it beautiful. From the ruins one sees there, it is easy to judge that this city was once larger than it is today.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 p. 57
« On the 2 of Decemb. we set forward and came in good time to Sultanie, » #3675 John Struys, trans. John Morrison, The Perillous and Most Unhappy Voyages of John Struys; through Italy, Greece, … Media, Persia, …, and other places in Europe, Africa and Asia, London, 1683 ~ p. 301
SOURCE for Sultanieh
« June 5.-We left our quarters before dusk, marched sixteen miles, and halted for a few hours at the village of Saingula ; we then proceeded to Sultanieh, eighteen miles distant. » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 p. 147
« June 6.-In the middle of the plain is Sultanieh , a city founded six hundred years ago by Sultan Khodabundah, but now completely in ruins. Amidst the heaps of fallen houses, the only building worthy of notice is the tomb of the founder. It » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 p. 148
« Sultanieh » #3070 James Justinian Morier, A Journey Through Persia, Armenia, and Asia Minor, to Constantinople, in the Years 1808 and 1809, Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, London, 1812 ~ p. 412
SOURCE for Sultaniyye
« Zanján on 15th November for Sultániyyé. The road from Zanján to Sultániyyé runs through a perfectly flat stony plain bounded by low hills to the north and the south, and is devoid of interest. » #3380 Browne, Edward Granville, A year amongst the Persians; impressions as to the life, character, and thought of the people of Persia, received during twelve month's residence in that country in the years 1887-8, Adam and Charles Black, 1893 ~ p. 75
SOURCE for Sulthanie
« Iune 21. having stay'd till the great Heat were over, we left Senkan after Sun-set, taking our way, by Moon-light, through a Plain of six Leagues, at the end whereof we came, with the Sun-rising, to Sulthanie. It had been so calm and cold in the Night, that we had hardly
description
PAGE 186
the use of our Limbs, so that we had much ado to alight. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ pp. 185-6

R172-040 Zinjaun
R172-040 Zinjaun : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Zanjan , Zenjan , زنجان ,
VARIANT names: Samgael , Senjan , Senkan , Zanjan , Zarigan , Zinjaun ,
SOURCE for Samgael
« Le vingt-troisieme nous arrivâmes à la ville de Samgael, au-delà de laquelle nous nous arrêtâmes, [On the twenty-third we arrived at the city of Samgael, beyond which we stopped,] » #3227 LeBrun, Corneille, Voyages de Corneille Le Brun par la Moscovie, en Perse, et aux Indes Orientales., Wetstein, Amsterdam, 1718 ~ p. 175
SOURCE for Senjan
« However, I have more inclination for not too remote realities, and I request to be informed how many inhabitants Senjanhas, and am told 50,000, a considerable exaggeration, as I suspect. How much is the revenue of the town? Eighty-six thousand tuman in maliat, 10,500 charvar of wheat and barley, and 10,000 charvar of straw. And what is the strength of the garrison? Two thousand foot and 1300 cavalry soldiers, but the force can be doubled if necessary. Of the inhabitants of Senjan only 5 per cent are Parsis or Persians. » #3654 Sven Hedin, Overland To India, Macmillan and Co., London, 1910 ~ vol. 1 pp. 147-8
SOURCE for Senkan
« The City of Senkan was heretofore of a considerable bigness, and famous for its Trading, before Tamberlane destroy'd it: but what reduc'd it to the condition it is in now, is the Turk, who hath taken and plunder'd it several times. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 185
« On the first of the next Moneth we came into a litle City called Senkan » #3675 John Struys, trans. John Morrison, The Perillous and Most Unhappy Voyages of John Struys; through Italy, Greece, … Media, Persia, …, and other places in Europe, Africa and Asia, London, 1683 ~ p. 301
SOURCE for Zanjan
SOURCE for Zarigan
« Nous arrivâmes ſur les fix hen res du matin vingt-cinquième à van village nommé Merbad, où fur les dix heures du ſoir aprés neuf heures de beaux chemins nous allâmes à Zarigan. [We arrived on the twenty-fifth of the morning at the village named Merbad, where at ten o'clock in the evening after nine hours of beautiful roads we went to Zarigan.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 p. 55
SOURCE for Zinjaun
« Zinjaun is the capital of the district of Khumseh, and is governed by Abdoolah Meerza one of the King's sons, who resides here. The town is large and populous ; it is enclosed in a mud wall, in good repair. The bazaar is superior to those at Hamadan and Kermanshah , and almost equal to that at Bagdad. » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 p. 150

R172-041 Armaghanah
R172-041 Armaghanah : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Aramkhana , Armaghan Khaneh , Armaghankhaneh , Armakhana , Mazra`eh-ye Qareh Dash , ارامخان , ارمخن , ارمغان خانه , ارمغانخانه , مزرعۀ قره داش ,
VARIANT names: Armaghan Khaneh , Armaghanah ,
SOURCE for Armaghan Khaneh
SOURCE for Armaghanah
« In a march of twenty four miles we reached the small town of Armaghanah, in the bosom of a verdant valley. » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 p. 152

R172-042 Auk-kend
R172-042 Auk-kend : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Agh Kand , Ak-Kend , Aq Kand , Aqkand , Kaghaz Kanan , Kaghaz Konan , آق كند , کاغذ کنان ,
VARIANT names: Aqkand , Auk-kend ,
SOURCE for Aqkand
SOURCE for Auk-kend
« June 9. Our next day's journey was to Auk-kend, a distance of twenty-eight miles, over a hilly uninteresting country. » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 p. 152

R172-042c flat bridge 23 arches
R172-042c flat bridge 23 arches : place IRN (bridge)
Supplement: bist ve seh pel mianeh بیست و سه پل میانه
VARIANT names: flat bridge 23 arches , ford , Mianeh Bridge , stone bridge ,
SOURCE for flat bridge 23 arches
« We were nearly two hours in reaching the bottom. Beyond this, is an open plain of considerable extent. About a mile from the foot of the mountain, we crossed a river, running to the S. W., by a flat bridge of twenty-three equal arches, two miles beyond Mæana. » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 p. 156
SOURCE for ford
« nous paffämes à gué la riviere de Miana qui eft large et pro. fonde. On y conftruiſoit un pont deffus pour lors. [We forded the Miana river, which is wide and deep. A bridge was being built there at that time.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 p. 50
SOURCE for Mianeh Bridge
SOURCE for stone bridge
« A deux heures de Miana on paſſe une riviere ſur un beau pont de pierre qu'on laiſſe ruïner, et dont les arcades font creuſes par dedans: il eſt bâti de brique et de pierre de taille, et eſt auſſillong que le pont-neuf de Paris. [Two hours from Miana, one crosses a river on a beautiful stone bridge which is left to ruin, and whose arches are hollowed out inside: it is built of brick and dressed stone, and is as long as the Pont Neuf in Paris.] » #3632 Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste, Les six voyages de Jean Baptiste Tavernier, Ecuyer Baron d'Aubonne, qu'il a fait en Turquie, en Perse, et aux Indes,, Chez Gervais Clouzier et Claude Barbin, 1676 ~ p. 63

R172-042b ancient fort
R172-042b ancient fort : place IRN (fort)
VARIANT names: abandoned fort , ancient fort , Châteaux des filles d'honneur , Qiz Qalasi ,
SOURCE for abandoned fort
« Preſque au bas de la deſcente du côté d'Iſpahan ſur la croupe d'une petite montagne détachée de toutes les autres, il y a un Fort abandonné: Il eſt proche du grand chemin et d'une riviere, qui de meſine que celle qui eſt de l'autre côté de la montagne à deux heures de Miana, [Almost at the bottom of the descent on the Isfahan side, on the crest of a small mountain detached from all the others, there is an abandoned fort: It is close to the main road and a river, which is similar to the one on the other side of the mountain, two hours from Miana.] » #3632 Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste, Les six voyages de Jean Baptiste Tavernier, Ecuyer Baron d'Aubonne, qu'il a fait en Turquie, en Perse, et aux Indes,, Chez Gervais Clouzier et Claude Barbin, 1676 ~ p. 64
SOURCE for ancient fort
« almost perpendicular in rude rugged masses . By the bright light of the moon, we saw down the river, at a little distance from the bridge, and at a considerable elevation, the remains of an ancient fort , standing on a detached rock of an irregular form. This rises nearly perpendicular on all sides, and is said to be the haunt of robbers . Our Mehmaundaur spoke of the danger of travelling here without an officer appointed by the King. It was not far hence that Mr. Brown, the African traveller, was murdered, whose misfortune may be attributed to his not taking with him a Mehmaundaur. » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 p. 154
SOURCE for Châteaux des filles d'honneur
« Comme nous commencions à la defcendre, nous vêmes ſur un ro cher fort efcarpé deux petits forts affez proches l'un de l'au-tre; on apelle ces forts les Châ-teaux des filles d'honneur; per-ſonne ne m'en pût donner l'ex-plication. Ces Châteaux fer-voient de retraite à des Vo. leurs qui pilloient, et rançon-noient les Caravanes. Scha-Abas détruifit ces Voleurs, il en fit mourir une bonne partie, et fit ruiner ces Châteaux. [As we began our descent, we saw two small forts quite close to each other on a very steep rock; these forts are called the Castles of the Maids of Honor; no one could explain their name to me. These castles served as a refuge for thieves who pillaged and ransomed caravans. Scha-Abas destroyed these thieves, he killed a good number of them, and he had these castles ruined.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 p. 51
SOURCE for Qiz Qalasi

R172-042a Qezel Ozan bridge
R172-042a Qezel Ozan bridge : place IRN (bridge) NIMA/GNS feature: none independent coordinate: lat 37.324191 long 47.818239 † basis (p) VARIANT names: Kiz Bridge , Kizil Ozan bridge , Mianeh bridge , Qezel Ozan bridge , Qizil Uzun, Zendjan , three-arched bridge , SOURCE for Kiz Bridge Kiz Bridge [accessed 20 Nov 2025] SOURCE for Kizil Ozan bridge « we arrived at the range of mountains called Kaufilan Koh, Mountain of Tigers. At the top of this range we first saw the Kizil Ozan, the Golden Stream.The moon, which had been shining brightly, became at length partially obscured by a cloud, and showed to effect the bold outline of these black and craggy mountains, and at the same time reflecting on the river beneath, gave it the appearance of some vast shining serpent creep-ing through the dark and lonesome valley. According to Rennell, the Kizil Ozan is the Gozan of Scripture. We crossed it at one in the morning, over a handsome brick bridge; and by so doing, quitted Irak, and entered upon the district of Azerbijan, the government of Abbas Meerza, the Prince Royal of Persia. ... The structure of this bridge, as far as we could judge, indicates both skill and taste in the architect. It consists of three large arches, the centre the largest: the arches are lofty, to allow a passage for the water at the highest floods: the piers, which are very massy at the base, are relieved from the spring of the arches by a smaller arch, which gives a lightness of appearance and diminishes the pressure. Part of the sides are fallen in, and the bridge itself stands a fair chance of soon becoming impassable, when the communication of this road will be stopped for many months in the year. » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 pp. 153-4 SOURCE for Mianeh bridge Mianeh 1972 - Brick built bridge with several pointed arches [accessed 20 Nov 2025] SOURCE for Qezel Ozan bridge SOURCE for Qizil Uzun, Zendjan Qizil Uzun, Zendjan - Bidjar 1985 - Two remaining pointed arches and a bridge pier in the middle of the river at Zendjan - Bidjar [accessed 20 Nov 2025] SOURCE for three-arched bridge « Les Perfans ont beaucoup racommodé les chemins dans cette montagne au bas de laquelle nous paſſames ſur un beau pont à trois arcades. Le fleuve qui coule deſſous eſt trés large et trés rapide, il pa-roît auifi trés profond: on le nomme Querfilheufé. [The Perfans have greatly improved the roads in this mountain, at the foot of which we crossed a beautiful three-arched bridge. The river that flows below is very wide and very fast, it also appears very deep: it is called Querfilheufé.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 pp. 51-2

R172-044 Turcoman Sha-ee
R172-044 Turcoman Sha-ee : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Torkaman , Torkaman Chay , Turkmanchai , ترکمان ,
VARIANT names: Torkaman Chay , Turcoman Sha-ee ,
SOURCE for Torkaman Chay
SOURCE for Turcoman Sha-ee
« June 11.-We left Mæana in the night, travelled twenty-one miles over a hilly country, and arrived in the morning at the village of Turcoman Sha-ee, the neighbourhood of which is in a good state of cultivation. » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 p. 159

R172-045 Tikhmadash
R172-045 Tikhmadash : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Takmeh Dash , Tekma Dash , Tekmah Dash , Tekmeh Dash , Tikmeh Dash , Tima Dasht , Toklemah Dash , تكلمه دش , تكم دش , تکمه داش , تیکمه داش ,
VARIANT names: Tekma Dash , Tikhmadash , Tikme-Tash ,
SOURCE for Tekma Dash
SOURCE for Tikhmadash
« June 12. The next day's march was to Tikhmadash , twenty-four miles , road N. W. and hilly as usual. We passed two caravanserais in ruins, and saw several villages . » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 p. 159
SOURCE for Tikme-Tash
« In the course of the morning we passed a fine - looking though somewhat ruined building, situated on the left side of the road opposite to the village of Tikmé - Tásh, which our companion informed us was a palace built for the Shah nearly forty years ago, on the occasion of his visiting this part of his dominions. Since then it has remained unused, and has been allowed to fall into disrepair. Another neglected palace of this sort exists farther east, at Sultániyyé. » #3380 Browne, Edward Granville, A year amongst the Persians; impressions as to the life, character, and thought of the people of Persia, received during twelve month's residence in that country in the years 1887-8, Adam and Charles Black, 1893 ~ p. 66

R172-047 Oojoon
R172-047 Oojoon : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Bash Siz , Bashsiz Owjan , باش سیز , باشسیز اوجان ,
VARIANT names: Bashsiz Owjan , Oojoon ,
SOURCE for Bashsiz Owjan
SOURCE for Oojoon
« June 13. We next came to the village of Wasmitch; a laborious journey, though the distance was not more than twenty-six miles. In two hours we passed the village of Oojoon. After crossing a low bottom of marshy ground, we saw a number of oblong tombstones, about six feet long, and two wide and thick. » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 p. 160

R172-048 Tabriz
R172-048 Tabriz : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Tabriz , Tauris , Tebriz , تبريز ,
VARIANT names: Tabriz , Tauris , Tauriz ,
SOURCE for Tabriz
« TABRIZ, the traditional capital of the Persian province of Adharbāydjān [q.v.] and now the administrative centre of the ustan of eastern Adharbaydjān (lat. 38° 05' N., long. 46° 18' E., altitude ca. 1,340 m/4,400 feet). » #2645 The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd Edition, Brill, Leiden, ~ vol. 10 p. 41
« Next day, Tuesday, 1st November, after a tedious march of nearly ten hours, broken by a short halt about 2 P.M. at a disconsolate village called Miyán, we reached Tabríz, the capital of the province of Azarbaijan, the residence of the Vali- ahd, or Crown Prince, and one of the largest, if not the largest, of the cities of Persia. » #3380 Browne, Edward Granville, A year amongst the Persians; impressions as to the life, character, and thought of the people of Persia, received during twelve month's residence in that country in the years 1887-8, Adam and Charles Black, 1893 ~ p. 57
SOURCE for Tauris
« Tabrix ou Tauris, cidade da Pérsia. II —834. » #1837 Correa, Gaspar, Lendas da India, etc. [Edited by R. J. de Lima Felner. With plates.], Typographia da Academia Real das Sciencias, 1858-64, ~ vol. 4 pt. 2 p. 90
« Le quatriére jour nous par-tîmes à minuit, afin d'être de bonne heure à Tauris, où l'on arriva à cinq heures du matin. Les PP. Georges et Pierre Ca-pucins nous y receurent fort a-greablement dans leur hofpice. [On the fourth day we left at midnight, in order to be early in Tauris, where we arrived at five o'clock in the morning. Fathers George and Peter Capucins received us very pleasantly in their hospice.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 p. 40
« Il faut retourner à l'étang qu'on trouve au pied d'une mon-tagne à fix lieuës de Tauris, où ceux qui veulent ſuivre la route ordinaire d'Iſpahan par Zangan et Sultanie, laiſſent à gauche le chemin d'Ardeüil et de Caſbin. [We must return to the pond which is found at the foot of a mountain at a distance of 10 leagues from Tauris, where those who wish to follow the ordinary route from Isfahan via Zangan and Sultanie leave on the left the road to Ardeüil and Casbin.] » #3632 Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste, Les six voyages de Jean Baptiste Tavernier, Ecuyer Baron d'Aubonne, qu'il a fait en Turquie, en Perse, et aux Indes,, Chez Gervais Clouzier et Claude Barbin, 1676 ~ p. 63
SOURCE for Tauriz
« On Thursday September 14th the governor informed the ambassador that the king of Persia desired the Portuguese to journey to the city of Tauriz (Tabriz), to await the ambassador that the king desired to send to the governor of India. » #2516 Afonso de Albuquerque, ed.Raymundo Antonio de Bulhão Pato, Henrique Lopes de Mendonça, Cartas de Affonso de Albuquerque, seguidas de documentos que as elucidam, Academia Real Das Sciencias de Lisboa, 1884, 1898 ~ vol. 2 p. 51

R172-049a Shehruk
R172-049a Shehruk : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Sahrak , Shahrak ,
VARIANT names: Shaharak , Shahrak ,
SOURCE for Shaharak
« 17. Shaharak (15 miles-220 miles 2 furlongs). -Abundance of good water; grass plentiful; villages and cultivation near. » #3508 Angus Hamilton, Afghanistan, William Heinemann Ltd, London, 1906 ~ p. 333
SOURCE for Shahrak

R172-050 Golijah
R172-050 Golijah : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Gavi Daraq-e Kandi , Gavidaraq , Gureh Daraq , Guy Daraq-e Tazeh Kand , Guydaraq , Karadara , Kuydaraq , Taza-kend , Taza-Kend , Tazeh Kand , گوره درق , گوی درق کندی , گویدرق ,
VARIANT names: Guydaraq ,
SOURCE for Guydaraq

R172-051 Aher : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Ahar , اهر ,
VARIANT names: Ahar ,
SOURCE for Ahar

R172-052 Hoja Kishlaukh
R172-052 Hoja Kishlaukh : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: PPLF UFI: -3829087 coordinate: lat 38.798793 long 47.064963
NIMA/GNS names: Qeshlaq , Qeshlaq-e Kaleybar , Qeshlaq-e Kolukh , قشلاق , قشلاق کلیبر ,
VARIANT names: Qeshlaq ,
SOURCE for Qeshlaq

R172-053 Arabshehr
R172-053 Arabshehr : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: `Arabshah Khan , Garavsheh , Gorusheh , عربشاه خان , گروشه , گروشه ,
VARIANT names: `Arabshah Khan , Arabshehr ,
SOURCE for `Arabshah Khan
SOURCE for Arabshehr
« Arabshehr, five miles distant from the last stage ; a very pretty village, situate in a small but fruitful valley, and overhung with craggy mountains. » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 p.171

R172-054 Yokhari Perasewaun
R172-054 Yokhari Perasewaun : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: PPL UFI: 10083274 coordinate: lat 39.0108 long 47.1626
NIMA/GNS names: Shah Yurdi , شاه یوردی ,
VARIANT names: Shah Yurdi , Yokhari Perasewaun (?) ,
SOURCE for Shah Yurdi
SOURCE for Yokhari Perasewaun (?)
« In the course of the day, we passed the beautiful little village of Yokhari Perasewaun, situate in the midst of corn- fields ; » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 p. 172

R172-055 Gulakundee
R172-055 Gulakundee : place IRN
VARIANT names: Gulakundee (?) ,
SOURCE for Gulakundee (?)
« nd at sunset arrived at Gulakundee, a village in the mountain heights, where I bivouacked for the night on the roof of a house . » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 p. 172

R172-056 river Arras
R172-056 river Arras : place IRN
VARIANT names: river Arras ,
SOURCE for river Arras

R172-057 Meralian
R172-057 Meralian : place IRN
VARIANT names: Maralyan ,
SOURCE for Maralyan

R172-059 Khanakhi
R172-059 Khanakhi : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Avetaranots' , Canaqci , Chanakhchi , Chanakhchy ,
VARIANT names: Chanakhchi , Khanakhi ,
SOURCE for Chanakhchi
SOURCE for Khanakhi
« At some distance on the left hand we saw Khanakhi , a well-built town, in which is a Russian force. » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 p. 178

R172-060 Sheesha
R172-060 Sheesha : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Shoushi , Shusha , Shushi , Susa ,
VARIANT names: Sheesha , Shoushi ,
SOURCE for Sheesha
« On arriving at the summit of a mountain I came in sight of Sheesha. The town is built on a huge mass of sloping rock of great height . The ascent is so precipitous that the housess appear to be hanging on it like bird-cages. » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 p. 179
SOURCE for Shoushi

R172-061 Tartar river
R172-061 Tartar river : place IRN
VARIANT names: Tartar river ,
SOURCE for Tartar river
« At sunset, having travelled about thirty miles, we forded the river Tartar » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 p. 191

R172-062 Berda : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: PPLA UFI: -2705246 coordinate: lat 40.3744444 long 47.1266667
NIMA/GNS names: Barda , Barda , Barda ,
VARIANT names: Barda , Berda ,
SOURCE for Barda
SOURCE for Berda
« The ruins at Berda are said to be very ancient ; by some thought to be those of a city of Amazons, who, according to history, once inhabited this country ; » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 p. 194

R172-063 Lug : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Lak , Lyak ,
VARIANT names: Lak , Lug ,
SOURCE for Lak
SOURCE for Lug
« On leaving the forest we came to a small village called Lug, and thence went ten miles in an easterly direction, across a marshy plain : at dusk we arrived at Lumberan, » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 p. 196

R172-064 Lumberan
R172-064 Lumberan : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Lambaran , Lanbaran , Lemberan , Mammadli ,
VARIANT names: Lambaran , Lumberan ,
SOURCE for Lambaran
SOURCE for Lumberan
« On leaving the forest we came to a small village called Lug, and thence went ten miles in an easterly direction, across a marshy plain : at dusk we arrived at Lumberan, » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 p. 196

R172-065 Kur river
R172-065 Kur river : place IRN
VARIANT names: Kur river ,
SOURCE for Kur river
« arrived on the banks of the Kur, which forms the southern boundary of the extensive province of Shirvan . This river, the Cyrus of the ancients, is considerably larger than the Araxes , but less rapid in its course : not far hence, it receives the waters of the Araxes , and the united streams then disembogue into the Caspian sea. It was on the banks of this river that Cyrus was massacred , together with his army, by the neighbouring mountaineers. We hailed the village on the opposite side, and a boat was immediately sent, which conveyed us over. » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 p. 197

R172-066 Koordameer
R172-066 Koordameer : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Kiordamir , Kjurdamir , Kurdamir , Kyurdamir , Kyurdarmir ,
VARIANT names: Koordameer , Kurdamir ,
SOURCE for Koordameer
« I arrived at the village of Koordameer, a distance of thirty-four miles, and threw myself down to sleep in the first vacant space I could find . » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 p. 198
SOURCE for Kurdamir

R172-067 Nova Shumakhi
R172-067 Nova Shumakhi : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Samaxi , Schemacha , Shamakhy , Shemakha ,
VARIANT names: Nova Shumakhi , Samachi , Samaxi , Schamachie , Schemacha ,
SOURCE for Nova Shumakhi
« The road hence, led over mountains abounding in plentiful crops, but with nothing else in the appearance of the scenery to recommend it to notice : the range continued to Nova Shumakhi, where I arrived in the evening. » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 p. 199
SOURCE for Samachi
« Celui-ci étoit à trois lieues de Samachi, et comme ces montagnes ne produifent point de bois, on est obligé de s'y fervir de fiente de chameau, pour faire du feu, comme en Egypte. Nous continuâmes notre route à 2. heures après minuit et traverfa mes la riviere de Sabanija, où nous ne trouvámes que des cailloux au lieu d'eau. En approchant de Samachi nous pailames à côté de quel-ques jardins fruitiers. On nous fit carrêter à la doüane pour compter nos chameaux, ce qui fut bien tot fait, et puis nous entrámes dans la ville: C'etoit le deuxième jour du mois, et nous allames loger au Caravanserai des Armeniens, où un 2. Août, marchand de cette nation nous regala. [This place was three leagues from Samachi, and since these mountains produce no wood, one is obliged to use camel dung for firewood, as in Egypt. We continued our journey at 2:00 PM and crossed the Sabanija River, where we found only pebbles instead of water. Approaching Samachi, we stopped beside some fruit orchards. We were stopped at the customs house to have our camels counted, which was done very quickly, and then we entered the city. It was the second day of the month, and we went to stay at the Armenian Caravanserai, where, on August 2nd, a merchant of that nation entertained us.] » #3227 LeBrun, Corneille, Voyages de Corneille Le Brun par la Moscovie, en Perse, et aux Indes Orientales., Wetstein, Amsterdam, 1718 ~ pp. 150-1
SOURCE for Samaxi
SOURCE for Schamachie
« The next day, Dec. 30. we left Pyrmaraas, about eight in the Morning, taking our way straight to Schamachy, into which we made a very noble entrance. Within two leagues of the City, we met with one afoot, who came to tell us, from the Chan, that we were welcom, and that he would come out of the City in person to receive us. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 154
SOURCE for Schemacha

R172-068 Bakoo : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: PPLC UFI: -2705195 coordinate: lat 40.3952778 long 49.8822222
NIMA/GNS names: Baki , Baku , Baky ,
VARIANT names: Baku , Bakuje ,
SOURCE for Baku
« We descended rapidly hence into the low and arid plain, at the extremity of which is situated the sea-port town of Bakoo, where herds of double-humped camels were cropping the scanty pasture . » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 p. 201
SOURCE for Bakuje

R172-069 Abosharon fire temple
R172-069 Abosharon fire temple : place IRN (chahar taq)
VARIANT names: Abosharon fire temple , Surakhani Fire Temple ,
SOURCE for Abosharon fire temple
« Sixteen miles north-east of the town, on the ex-tremity of the peninsula of Abosharon, I came, after ascending a hill, in sight of the object of my curiosity. The country around, is an arid rock. Enclosed within a pentagonal wall, and standing nearly in the centre of the court, is the fire temple, a small square building, with three steps leading up to it from each face. Three bells of different sizes are suspended from the roof. At each corner, is a hollow column, higher than the surrounding buildings, from the top of which issues a bright flame; a large fire of ignited naphtha is burning in the middle of the court, and outside several places are in flames. The pentagon, which on the outside forms the wall, comprises, in the interior, nineteen small cells, each inhabited by a devotee. » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 p. 206
SOURCE for Surakhani Fire Temple

R172-070 Kuba : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Kuba , Kuwa , Quba ,
VARIANT names: Kuba , Quba ,
SOURCE for Kuba
« July 8.-At mid-day I reached Kuba, once the residence of a Tartar Khan, but now in possession of the Russians, who have here a garrison of three thousand men. » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 p. 214
SOURCE for Quba

R172-071 Durbund
R172-071 Durbund : place IRN
VARIANT names: Derbent , Durbund ,
SOURCE for Derbent
« Cette côte est fort dangereuſe jufques à Derbent, parce que les Samgales, qui habitent ces montagnes, pillent de tous côtés, en forte qu'on n'oferoit y aborder. [This coast is very dangerous up to Derbent, because the Samgales, who inhabit these mountains, pillage on all sides, in such a strong way that one could not approach them.] » #3227 LeBrun, Corneille, Voyages de Corneille Le Brun par la Moscovie, en Perse, et aux Indes Orientales., Wetstein, Amsterdam, 1718 ~ p. 146
« Nov. 19. Schachewerdi, Governour of Derbent sent to complement us, upon the occasion of our arrival there, two Persons, very well clad, one whereof was Brother to the Kaucha of Niasabath. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 150
SOURCE for Durbund
« Durbund, the modern capital of the province of Daghestan, stands on the site of the city of Albania, and corresponds in position with the Al-bania pyla of the ancients. The walls, which are of undoubted antiquity, are visible to the height of the mountain, and, by the appearance of the water, may be traced a considerable distance into the Caspian Sea: they divide the city into three compartments; the highest, comprising a square of half-a-mile, constitutes the citadel: the town is in the centre, and there are a few gardens in the lower division. Near the sea, I was shown the foundation of a house built by Peter the Great, who visited this city soon after it had been taken by the Russians. The highest portion of the walls is in the middle di-vision, and it is about thirty feet high, twenty thick at the foundation, decreasing to twelve in the upper part, over which is a parapet three feet thick . » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 p. 220-1

R172-073 Astrakhan
R172-073 Astrakhan : place IRN
VARIANT names: Aftracan , Astrakhan ,
SOURCE for Aftracan
« Nous nous embarquâmes à Aftracan le douzième Juillet pour continuer notre voyage, et allâmes diner à trois werftes de la ville, à un lieu où les marchands Armeniens nous avoient fait prepa-rer un bon repas, [We embarked at Aftracan on the twelfth of July to continue our journey, and went to dine three werftes from the town, at a place where the Armenian merchants had prepared a good meal for us,] » #3227 LeBrun, Corneille, Voyages de Corneille Le Brun par la Moscovie, en Perse, et aux Indes Orientales., Wetstein, Amsterdam, 1718 ~ p. 143
SOURCE for Astrakhan
« We reached Astrakhan, a distance of twelve versts, in an hour's drive. We crossed a branch of the river Wolga, on which the city is built . » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 p. 245

R172-072 Kizliar
R172-072 Kizliar : place IRN
VARIANT names: Kizlar , Kizliar ,
SOURCE for Kizlar
SOURCE for Kizliar
« July 19. I reached Kizliar, only ten versts distant, at an early hour. » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 p. 239

R172-000 Bussorah
R172-000 Bussorah : place IRQ
NIMA/GNS names: Al Basrah , Basra , Basra , Basrah , Bassora , Bassorah , Bassorah , Bassra , Busra , Busrah , Bussora ,
VARIANT names: Al Basrah , Al-Basra , Baçora , Balsara , Basra , Basrah , Bassora , Bassorah , Basurate , Bussorah , Pi-ssi-lo ,
SOURCE for Al Basrah
« La conquista di Hormoz da parte degli Arabi risale alla seconda metà del VI1 secolo; già sotto il califfato di ‘Umar (634-644 A.D.), il Governatore di al-Basrah, Abu Musa ‘Abdallah ibn Qais al-Ashari, ed il Governatore di Oman e Bahrein, Uthman ibn Abi’As ath-Thaqafi, avevano attraversato il Golfo Persico servendosi di naviglio locale, ed avevano occupata alcuni caposaldi costieri nel Fars, penetrando nello Zagros. » #294 Piacentini, Valeria Fiorani, L'emporio ed il regno di Hormoz (VIII-fine XV sec. d. Cr.) : vicende storiche problemi ed aspetti di una civiltáa costiera del golfo persico, Istituto Lombardo di Scienze e Lettere, Milano, 1975 ~ p. 37
SOURCE for Al-Basra
« Al-Basra’s hinterland was vast: merchants arrived from Aleppo, Damascus, Mausil, Bagdad and minor market centres (266). Therefore, Al-Basra could be affected by the Ottoman- Safavid struggle for eIraq-e ‘Arab despite its long independence from either of the two foes. Disruptions of trade occurred when warfare rendered traffic along connecting overland routes impossible (267). Along the sealanes, no serious obstructions of traffic bound for Al-Basra on the part of the Safavids were recorded after the 1620’s, although the covetous eye of individual Safavid port officials would occasionally fall on a richly laden vessel on its way to Al-Basra (268). More detrimental were the protracted wars prior to the eviction of Huseyn Pāšā: in 1665, he confiscated provisions and boat-loads of goods which travelled upstream from Al-Basra in order to feed his ill-prepared forces defending the province near Al-Qurna (269).
fn. 266 ARA VOC 1210, fl.937rff.: J. Barra, Al-Basra, to Amsterdam, dated 20/10/1656.
fn. 267 For the situation in the 1620’s see C. ROMER (1989), Die osmanische Belagerung Bagdads 1034-35/1625-26. Ein Augenzeugenbericht, Der Islam LXVI/1, 119-136.
fn. 268 Somewhat surprisingly, the governor of Bandar-e Kong prevented an English ship from leaving for Al-Basra in spring 1640, after the peace of Zuhab, see EFI1 VI, 245f: W. Thurston et al., Al-Basra, to London, dated 22/6/1640. IOR G/36/102B, on the other hand, is mistaken in blaming Safavid-Ottoman hostilities for slackening trade, as suggested in D. Rizk KHOURY (1991), 63: except for an aborted expedition into Azarbalgan the two empires were at peace. On the other hand, the Afrasiyab-Ottoman struggle for the fortress Zakiya, the Cretan wars, and the Dutch blockade of Safavid ports in 1645 reduced the volume of trade in that season, Nevertheless, sufficient coins were exported to sustain the trading season in Sind, EFI1 VIII, 60f.: J. Spiller, Sindi road, to Surat, dated 8/12/1646.
fn. 269 This episode is recorded both in Ottoman and Basran chronicles, see S. LONGRIGG (1925), 114, and archival sources. However, some of the latter specify that the merchants thus dispossessed on their way to Bagdad were Armenians, not Basran traders, see ARA VOC 1528ff.: J. Vogel, Al-Basra, to Amsterdam, dated 8/3/1666. » #2879 Rudiger KLEIN, Trade in the Safavid Port City Bandar Abbas and the Persian Gulf Area (ca. 1600-1680) A Study of Selected Aspects - Thesis, School of Oriental and African Studies, London, 1993/4 ~ p. 118
SOURCE for Baçora
« As galés turcas meteram-se pelo canal que há entre aquela ilha e o con tinente e daí soltaram rumo para Baçorá. Enquanto o galeão de Gonçalo Pereira Marramaque seguia para Ormuz a reboque de algumas fustas, » #2821 Monteiro, Armando da Silva Saturnino, Batalhas e combates da Marinha Portuguesa, 1992 ~ vol. 3 p. 161
« A 30 de Janeiro fui avizado de Ormuz como os Turcos, que estão de goarnição em Babilonia, desceram pelo Eufrates abaixo e tomarão huma terra que se chama Zaquia, onde fizerão huma fortaleza a borda do rio Eufrates, na terra da banda da Persia, obra de um dia e meyo de caminho da cidade de Baçora pelo rio acima. [On the 30th of January I was told from Hormuz how the Turks, who are in charge of Babylon, have gone down the Euphrates and will take a land called Zaquia, where they will build a fortress on the bank of the Euphrates River, in the land on the side of Persia, work a day and a half way upriver from the city of Baçora.] » #2545 Edic¸a~o cri´tica por Armando Cortesa~o e Lui´s de Albuquerque, Obras completas de D. Joa~o de Castro, Academia Internacional da Cultura Portuguesa, Coimbra, 1968-1981 ~ vol. 3 p. 286
SOURCE for Balsara
« The thirteenth day of May, 1581. I embarked my selfe at Balsara: and the sixteenth wee valed downe about three flight shot. » #3292 John Newberry, Two Voyages of John Newberry, in: Purchas, Samuel, Hakluytus posthumus, or Purchas his pilgrimes : contayning a history of the world in sea voyages and lande travells by Englishmen and others in 20 vols., Glasgow : J. Maclehose, , 1905, vol. 8 pp. 449-481 ~ p. 455
SOURCE for Basra
« ... free from interference by Omani ships, but a group which
« With much of their military energy absorbed on the European front, the Ottomans were ambivalent about protracted campaigning against Persia as well (Murphey, pp. 230-34, 247; Bacqué-Grammont, 1993a, p. 222). Yet it was the Ottomans who launched three campaigns against Persia (as opposed to ten in the Balkans) duringṬahmāsb’s reign. The first of these was the War of the Two Iraqs of 1533-34, which returned Baghdad to Ottoman control and gave them a tenuous hold over Basra. The invasion of Iraq came after the Safavid governor of Baghdad, Ḏu’l-Faqār Beyg, had embraced Sunnism and offered the keys to the city to the sultan. In 1546 a complicated tribal struggle that involved the Mošaʿšaʿ and the ruler of Zakiya, near Basra, caused the Ottoman to send an expedition to southern Iraq that resulted in renewed, firmer Ottoman control over the city (Posch, 2000, pp. 80-86; Bacqué-Grammont, 2004, pp. 13 f.) With much of their military energy absorbed on the European front, the Ottomans were ambivalent about protracted campaigning against Persia as well (Murphey, pp. 230-34, 247; Bacqué-Grammont, 1993a, p. 222). Yet it was the Ottomans who launched three campaigns against Persia (as opposed to ten in the Balkans) duringṬahmāsb’s reign. The first of these was the War of the Two Iraqs of 1533-34, which returned Baghdad to Ottoman control and gave them a tenuous hold over Basra. The invasion of Iraq came after the Safavid governor of Baghdad, Ḏu’l-Faqār Beyg, had embraced Sunnism and offered the keys to the city to the sultan. In 1546 a complicated tribal struggle that involved the Mošaʿšaʿ and the ruler of Zakiya, near Basra, caused the Ottoman to send an expedition to southern Iraq that resulted in renewed, firmer Ottoman control over the city (Posch, 2000, pp. 80-86; Bacqué-Grammont, 2004, pp. 13 f.) » at www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iraq-iv-safavid-period [Vol. XIII, Fasc. 5, pp. 556-560 and Vol. XIII, Fasc. 6, p. 561]
« After I had eaten, Mr. Beaumont offered me one of the ship's boats to take me to Basra. Rather more than an hour's row across the river, here very broad with a Rluggish stream, and up the creek in the midst of palm groves, brought me to Lhe town. I proceeded at once to the residence of Mr. Barsac, who received me very courteously, and begged me to accept a room in his house. » #2941 Austen Henry Layard, Early Adventures in Persia, Susiana, and Babylonia, John Murray, London, 1887, ~ vol. 2 p. 179
SOURCE for Basrah
suffered much were the Armenian merchants trading the Gulf. They were based at Julfar near Isfahan and for several years at the turn of the century were harrassed continuously. The Iman found it convenient to declare war against them - a device appearing to legalise the piracy it actually represented - and was particularly favoured by the location of Muscat in prosecuting this war. For example, in September 1700, hearing that an Armenian ship had left Bandar Abbas for Basrah, two ships were sent from Muscat to try to intercept it. This they failed to do but on reaching Basrah boarded it, took possession, and left with it whilst it was still laden with its cargo of corn and barley ... » #2816 Bathurst, Raymond Denis, The Ya’rubi dynasty of Oman, (unpublished thesis), University of Oxford, 1967 ~ p. 201
SOURCE for Bassora
« L'importance des liaisons commerciales entre Bassora et Ormuz et le fait qu'Ormuz fût l'escale obligée des marchandises venant de l'Inde, explique que Bassora (en dépit de la suzeraineté exercée par âah Isma'il depuis 1508)69 ait cherché à nouer rapidement des contacts avec les Portugais. fn. 69. Cf. Encyclopédie de l'islam. 1. Leyden, E. J. Brill, 1960, s. e. Basra, p. 1119. Sah Ismail succéda à cette date au dernier souverain aqqoyunhu réfugié à Bagdad, dont l'autorité sur le Bas-Irak était déjà toute nominale. [ The importance of commercial links between Bassora and Ormuz and the fact that Ormuz was the obligatory stopover for goods coming from India, explains why Bassora (despite the suzerainty exercised by âah Isma'il since 1508)69 sought to quickly establish contact with the Portuguese. fn. 69. See Encyclopedia of Islam. 1. Leyden, E.J. Brill, 1960, s. e. Basra, p. 1119. Sah Ismail succeeded on this date to the last Aqqoyunhu sovereign who took refuge in Baghdad, whose authority over Lower Iraq was already quite nominal. ] » #2953 Dejanirah Silva-Couto, L'expédition portugaise à Bassora en 1551 in Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 2002. 146? année,: N. 2:pp. 461-486 ~ p. #2953 Dejanirah Silva-Couto, L'expédition portugaise à Bassora en 1551 in Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 2002. 146? année,: N. 2:pp. 461-486 ~ p. 476
« Bassora » #3179 Adrien Dupré, Voyage en Perse, fait dans les années 1807, 1808 et 1809, en traversant la Natolie et la Mésopotamie, 1819 ~ vol. 2 p. 491
SOURCE for Bassorah
« In the time of Hossein Pasha, the son of Ali Pasha, both of them mentioned in the Travels of Pietro della Valle and Tavernier, the city of Bussorah was distant nearly two miles from the banks of the river, and Minawi was then a distinct village, serving as the port or landing-place. It was this Hossein who extended the walls of the former town down to the river, and enclosed the village of Minawi within it, by which means all the intermediate fields and gardens which had never before, nor have even since been built upon, became incorporated with the rest. The newly enclosed village was then fortified by a strong wall continued all around it, and formed nearly an eighth of the whole space enclosed within the walls of Bussorah, even when thus extended. » #1185 Buckingham, J. S., Travels in Assyria, Media, and Persia, including a journey from Bagdad by Mount Zagros, to Hamadan, the ancient Ecbatana, researches in Ispahan and the ruins of Persepolis, and journey from thence by Shiraz and Shapoor to the sea-shore, Henry Colburn: Gregg International Publishers Limited, London: London, 1829:1971 ~ pp. 365-6
SOURCE for Basurate
« Basurate » in {map#1069 Carte française du Golfe Persique, anonyme, 1600-1799, Bibliothèque nationale de France, département Cartes et plans, CPL GE SH 18E PF 209 DIV 2 P 8 RES} see AHduGP map 66
SOURCE for Bussorah
« February 20.-We anchored within ten miles of Bussorah. Captain Taylor, the political agent, came on board, was received with thecustomary salute, and after dinner returned ashore. The next morning, the ship anchored oppositethe town. » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 1 pp. 46-7
« The city of Bussorah is enclosed within a wall, eight miles in circumference. Of this space, the greatest portion is laid out in gardens and plantations of date trees. » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 1 p. 69
SOURCE for Pi-ssi-lo
(#326 Chau Ju-kua (trans. Hirth, F and Rockhill, W W), His work on the Chinese and Arab Trade in the twelth and thriteenth centuries entitled Chu-fan-chi, Office of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 1911 pp. 117, 122 note 13)

R172-001 Zobeir
R172-001 Zobeir : place IRQ
NIMA/GNS feature: none UFI: 14704387 coordinate: lat 30.39606 long 47.7083
NIMA/GNS names: Az Zubayr , Ma`had al Mu`allimat al Masa'i al Markazi - Az Zubayr , الزبير , معهد المعلمات المسائي المركزي - الزبير ,
VARIANT names: al-Zubayr , Az Zubayr , old Basra , Zobeir ,
SOURCE for al-Zubayr
« and beginning our
measurement from old Basra (the present al-Zubayr), we proceed
12 miles = 19.32 km (4 farsakh) to the Shatt aI-Arab. From here to
the modern town of Muhayrij set between the former confluence of
Tigris Channels I and 2, » #2970 John Honsman, Charax And The Karkheh, Iranica antiqua, 1967 vol. 7:pp. 21-58 ~ p. 51
SOURCE for Az Zubayr
#Error
SOURCE for old Basra
« in fig. 70 » #2979 ed. Hennann Gasche, The Persian Gulf shorelines and the Karkheh, Karun and Jarrahi Rivers: A Geo-Archaeological Approach. A Joint Belgo-Iranian Project. First Progress Report – Part 3, Akkadica, Brussels, 2007 vol. 128:pp. 1-72 ~ p. 23
« Old Basra, the ruins of which lie about 8 mile south-west by west of the modern town, and extend for about 3 miles in the same direction up to the walls of Zobeir, was founded by the Caliph Omar in A. D. 638. In the Middle Ages Old Basra was famous as a seat of learning, and as the port for the sea-borne commerce between the flourishing Mesopotamia of the Caliphate and the countries of the further East. » #2726 Gazetteer of Arabia, British Library: India Office Records and Private Papers, IOR/L/MIL/17/16/2/2, 1917, ~ vol. 1 p. 395
SOURCE for Zobeir
« March 5.-Mr. Hamilton, two officers of the Alligator, and myself, went to Zobeir, a town eight miles distant, to examine some ruins in the neighbourhood, supposed, by some, to be those of the ancient city of Bussorah. » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 1 p. 65

R172-002 Koorna
R172-002 Koorna : place IRQ
NIMA/GNS names: Al Qurna , Al Qurnah , Qurnah ,
VARIANT names: Apamia , Corna , Gorno , Khorna , Koorna , Kourna , Qurnah ,
SOURCE for Apamia
« Apamia » in {map#1081 L'Euphrate et le Tigre / Par le Sr d'Anville, Anville, Jean-Baptiste d', 1779, Bibliothèque nationale de France, département Cartes et plans, GE D-14899}
« The town of Bussorah is seated near the western bank of the combined streams of the Euphrates and Tigris, about fifty miles below the point of their union at Kourna,(3) and seventy above the point of their discharge into the sea.
fn. 3 Kourna, at the junction of the Tigris and Euphrates, is one of the three Apameas built by Seleucus, in honour of his first wife, Apamea. » #1185 Buckingham, J. S., Travels in Assyria, Media, and Persia, including a journey from Bagdad by Mount Zagros, to Hamadan, the ancient Ecbatana, researches in Ispahan and the ruins of Persepolis, and journey from thence by Shiraz and Shapoor to the sea-shore, Henry Colburn: Gregg International Publishers Limited, London: London, 1829:1971 ~ p. 360
SOURCE for Corna
« CORNA, lugar de-Kurna ou Qurnah, em 31° 02' lat. N. e 47° 28' long. E., na Mesopotâmia, na confluência dos rios Tigre ou Tigris e Eufrates. [João de Bar- ros-Da Ásia] » #2603 Visconde De Lagoa, Glossario Toponimico Da Antiga Historiografia Portuguesa Ultramarina, Oficina Grafica, Casa Portuguesa Rua Das Gaveas, 1953 ~ vol. A-C p. 270
« Corna » in {map#1046 Atlas de Lázaro Luís FOL. 8R, Lazaro Luis, 1563, Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, atlas de dez folhas} see AHduGP map 32
SOURCE for Gorno
« The Euphrates appears always to have formed its principal junction with the Tigris at Gorno, or Khorna ; but as , from the most early ages , it sent off canals on both sides , for the purposes of agriculture or communication, so it has happened that one of these which passed by Old Basra, and fell into the Khore Abdillah, has been mistaken by Pliny and Arrian for the real mouth. » #852 Vincent, William, The commerce and navigation of the ancients in the Indian Ocean, T. Cadell jun. and W. Davies, London, 1807 ~ vol. 1 p. 432
SOURCE for Khorna
« Khorna signifies an horn (361) in Arabic, evidently marking its connexion with the Greck, Latin, and English; and here the river divides upwards in that form. From Khorna, down to the division of the stream again which embraces the Delta, is the part properly called the Shat-el-Arab, or river of the Arabs. … The junction formed at Khorna was certainly known to Ptolemy, and, I am persuaded, was the grand confluence in all ages;
fn. 361 The era of Dil-kharnim, or Alexander, from his figure with the borns of Hammon, as is supposed by some, is well known in Asia; and in this compound we find the plural of Kharna, or Khorna.» #852 Vincent, William, The commerce and navigation of the ancients in the Indian Ocean, T. Cadell jun. and W. Davies, London, 1807 ~ p. 422
SOURCE for Koorna
« At nine, we arrived off the town of Kooma, the ancient Apamea, a city built by Seleucus Nicator, in honour of his wife Apamea. Kooma is situate at the extremity of a narrow slip of land, formed by the conluence of the Euphrates and Tigris. » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 1 p. 81
SOURCE for Kourna
SOURCE for Qurnah
Amara, Qalat Salih, Turaba, Azair and Qurnah all match up with modern populated places in {map#1079 The Marshes, Thesiger, , #120 Thesiger, Wilfred P., The Marsh Arabs, Pengiun Books Ltd., London, 1967 ~}

R172-003 Il Azer, (Ezra)
R172-003 Il Azer, (Ezra) : place IRN (tomb)
Supplement: marqad nabi allah euzir مرقد نبي الله عزير
VARIANT names: Il Azer, (Ezra) , Tomb of Ezra ,
SOURCE for Il Azer, (Ezra)
« At a little before daylight, we passed a build-ing, called Il Azer, (Ezra), reported by tradition to be the tomb of that prophet. It is surmounted by a large dome covered with glazed tiles of a turquoise colour. The tomb is held in high veneration both by Jews and Mahometans, and is said to contain great riches-the offerings of pilgrims, particularly those of the former persuasion. » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 1 p. 89
SOURCE for Tomb of Ezra

R172-005 Filifileh
R172-005 Filifileh : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Fulaifila , Fulayfilah ,
VARIANT names: Filifileh , Fulaifila ,
SOURCE for Filifileh
« March 14. We visited the remains of anancient building on the right bank of the Tigris, composed of a large square mound of sun-burnt bricks, sixty paces long, forty-eight wide, and about twenty feet high. This place the Arabs called Filifileh, from a lady. of rank and beauty, who, they said, flourished in the reign of King Kisra: a causeway ex-tended to the east, interrupted by the river, to a similar mound, called Sooroot, so named from a handsome young husbandman who lived on the opposite bank, and with whom Filifileh is said to have fallen desperately in love. » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 1 p. 104
SOURCE for Fulaifila

R172-004 Ali Shurgee
R172-004 Ali Shurgee : place IRN
VARIANT names: Ali Shurgee , Imam Ali Al Sharqi shrine ,
SOURCE for Ali Shurgee
« Ten, P. M. On the left banks of the river, we passed a place marked by a large clump of trees, called Ali Shurgee, where the Ma-hometan prophet Ali is said to have left the print of his foot in his ascent to heaven. » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 1 p. 103
SOURCE for Imam Ali Al Sharqi shrine

R172-006 Koote : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Al Kut , Kut , Kut al `Amarah , Kut al Imara , Kut-al-Almarah , Kut-al-Imarah ,
VARIANT names: Jeoazar , Jeouazar , Koote , Kut ,
SOURCE for Jeoazar
« Wednesday, 9 May. We continued our way from an hour before daybreak till ten o'clock, when in the distance we saw the two mosques of Jeoazer. I noticed that most of my Turks were pre-paring to go there across country, as it was only half a league away, » #1571 Carre, Abbe, The Travels of the Abbe´ Carre´ in India and the Near East, 1672 to 1674. Translated from the manuscript journal of his travels in the India Office by Lady Fawcett and edited by Sir Charles Fawcett with the assistance of Sir Richard Burn, Hakluyt Society:Asian Educational Services, London:New Delhi, 1947:1990, ~ vol. 3 p. 854
« Wednesday, 9 May. We continued our way from an hour before daybreak till ten o'clock, when in the distance we saw the two mosques of Jeoazer. I noticed that most of my Turks were pre-paring to go there across country, as it was only half a league away, whereas I was told it would take three or four hours by water in our danak; so I took one of my servants with me and went with the Turks to the town, where they had plenty of time to do any business they wished. I shall say nothing about this town, I have already done so before on p. 53 [vol. 1, p. 81]; so, after urging my Turks to expedite their business, about three o'clock we returned on foot to Bahy Joazer, which is only a quarter of a league away by land. Here there are the house and office of a Turk at the point where the two branches of the river separate; of these the one passing Joazer goes on to Qurna, where it joins the Euphrates, as stated on p. 56 [vol. 1, p. 85]. (1) We found the danak here and followed our route till six o'clock in the evening. All our people were tired out, having rushed to Joazer on foot across burning plains, so they wanted to rest and pass the night on the bank, which was shaded by trees and bushes. I was really angry with them and told them that we were too near to the town of Joazer, where the Arabs had seen us nearly all day, and that they would certainly follow us and try by some trap to seize our boat, if they saw we were spending the night so near the place. But they would not listen nor believe what I said; and after having anchored our danak by the river-bank, each man put his carpet and his things for the night on the grass, to sleep in the cool under some trees.fn. 1 For the reasons given in the note on p. 81 of vol. 1, the Shatt-al-Hai would seem in Carré's time to have made a loop (not shown in current maps) near its junction with the Shatt-al-Dijla, like that on the Dujailah canal, where it joins the Tigris at Maqasis Fort, as shown in the India and Adjacent Countries, Turkey in Asia and Persia, Sheet No. 2, Baghdad (a map made in 1917 by the Survey of India), for the loop comes within two miles of the fort and then curves away from it. The present junction is at Kut-al-Amara, but neither here, nor in his previous journey (vol. 1, p. 81) does Carré mention that place. Tavernier (Voyages, ed. 1718, 1, 240) also puts the bifurcation of the two arms of the Tigris, not at Kut-al-Amara, but by the remains of an ancient town with large walls (which certainly does not correspond to Kut-al-Amara, for even at the beginning of the 19th century it was 'a miserable little village': Enc. of Islam, 11, 1163); and he mentions 'Amurat' (? Kut-al-Amara) only as one of the places he passed lower down the river (cf. the summary of his statements at pp. 120-1 of Desert Route and at p. 68 of Wilson's Persian Gulf). No name like Jeoazar (of which Carré's spelling varies as shown in the text) has been traced on any map of this locality, except 'Je Ouaset', shown on the Shatt-al-Dijla branch of the R. Tigris in the Carte de Perse; but this seems to correspond to Carré's 'Houaset' (vol. 1, p. 82), »
#1571 Carre, Abbe, The Travels of the Abbe´ Carre´ in India and the Near East, 1672 to 1674. Translated from the manuscript journal of his travels in the India Office by Lady Fawcett and edited by Sir Charles Fawcett with the assistance of Sir Richard Burn, Hakluyt Society:Asian Educational Services, London:New Delhi, 1947:1990, ~ vol. 3 p. 854
SOURCE for Jeouazar
« Jeouazar » #1571 Carre, Abbe, The Travels of the Abbe´ Carre´ in India and the Near East, 1672 to 1674. Translated from the manuscript journal of his travels in the India Office by Lady Fawcett and edited by Sir Charles Fawcett with the assistance of Sir Richard Burn, Hakluyt Society:Asian Educational Services, London:New Delhi, 1947:1990, ~ Map. Syria and Iraq facing p. 37 in vol. 1
SOURCE for Koote
« Towards evening, we saw the apparent remains of ancient buildings, in a northerly direction, and at dusk reached the village of Koote, which is considered half-way between Bussorah and Bagdad. » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 1 p. 107
SOURCE for Kut

R172-008 Tauk Kisra
R172-008 Tauk Kisra : place IRN
VARIANT names: Taq Kisra , Tauk Kisra ,
SOURCE for Taq Kisra
SOURCE for Tauk Kisra
« At night,we came in sight of Tauk Kisra, an ancient arch,which we visited the following day. » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 1 p. 124

R172-009 Suleiman Pauk tomb
R172-009 Suleiman Pauk tomb : place IRN (tomb) NIMA/GNS feature: none independent coordinate: lat 33.098441 long 44.581347 † basis (p) VARIANT names: Mosque of Salman al-Farsi , Suleiman Pauk tomb , SOURCE for Mosque of Salman al-Farsi Mosque of Salman al-Farsi [accessed 27 Oct 2025] SOURCE for Suleiman Pauk tomb

R172-007 Seleucia
R172-007 Seleucia : place IRQ
NIMA/GNS feature: ANS UFI: -3110770 coordinate: lat 33.093836 long 44.520503
Supplement: 33.15, 44.5333333,Seleucia,ANS corrected to 3.093836, 44.520503,Seleucia,ANS
VARIANT names: Seleucia ,
SOURCE for Seleucia
city in Mesopotamia on the river Tigris founded by Seleucus Nicator in 312 BC and the chief city of the Seleucid empire, sacked by the Romans c. AD 162
« March 20.-We landed first on the W. bank of the river, on the site of the ancient Seleucia. » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 1 p. 124
«Seleucia (/s?'lju?ʃ?/; Ancient Greek: Σελεύκεια), also known as Seleucia-on-Tigris, Seleucia on the Tigris or Seleucia ad Tigrim, was a major Mesopotamian city, located on the west bank of the Tigris River within the present-day Baghdad Governorate in Iraq. It was founded around 305 BC by Seleucus I Nicator as the first capital of the Seleucid Empire, and remained an important center of trade and Hellenistic culture after the imperial capital relocated to Antioch. The city continued to flourish under Parthian rule beginning in 141 BC; ancient texts claim that it reached a population of 600,000. Seleucia was destroyed in 165 AD by Roman general Avidius Cassius and gradually faded into obscurity in the subsequent centuries.» < en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucia > [accessed 13 Aug 2001]