R178path Niebuhr.kmz

R178path Niebuhr

R178-000 Abufchahhr
R178-000 Abufchahhr : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: PPL UFI: -3057164 coordinate: lat 28.9684 long 50.8385
NIMA/GNS names: Abu Shehr , Abuschehr , Bandar Abu Shehr , Bandar Bushehr , Bandar-e Bushehr , Bouchehr , Buschir , Bushehr , Bushire , بندر بوشهر , بوشهر ,
VARIANT names: Abbeseer , Abïishehr , Abou-Chahr , Abousher , Abu Shahr , Abufchahhr , Alexandri , Antiochia in Persis , Bender-Bouchehr , Bocher , Booshuhr , Bouchyr , Bushahr , Bushehr , Bushir , Bushire , Chersonesos , Mesambria , Rev Ardeshir , Seleucia on the Erythraean Sea ,
POSSIBLE LOCATION at Bushire FOR Bascarde [Dames], POSSIBLE LOCATION at Bushire FOR Areon [Kempthorne],
SOURCE for Abbeseer
« Abbeseer (55 B) : Bushehr ? » #1939 Couto, Dejanirah, Bacqué-Grammont, Jean-Louis, and Taleghani, Mahmoud (eds.), Atlas historique du golfe Persique (XVIe-XVIIIe siècles), Turnhout, Brepols, 2006 ~ index p. 412
« Abbeseer » in {map#1022 Persische Golf, Compiled by Jan de Marre. Published in Amsterdam by Johannes van Keulen, 1753, The Hague, Nationaal Archief, 4.VEL S6B 033 kaart(13)}
SOURCE for Abïishehr
« 22. Abushehr (Büshir), 28° 59' 7" N.B., 50° 49' 37" O.L. v. G., aan het uiteinde van een door zandbanken omringden landtong gelegen, is de voornaamste haven van Perzie, met omstr. 20 000 inw. Het werd reeds door Jaqüt in het midden der eeuw vermeld1), ook door Balbi (1586) Met Reixel = Rlshehr op Portug. kaarten (waarover lager), werd waarschijnlijk Büshir bedoeld. Van Loon heeft het als Abbeseer. Het bleef een onbeduidend plaatsje lot Nadir Shah (1688—1747) er, weinige jaren vóór zijn dood. aanving de vloot te bouwen waarmede hij hoopte zijn gezag over de geheele Golf te vestigen. Gamron, reeds vervallen door de aanhoudende onlusten gedurende den Afghaanschen inval, geraakte ook onder Nadir niet weder tot bloei, en zoowel de Nederl. als de Eng. O. I. Cie kozen achtereenvolgens andere havens voor hun bedrijf: Basra, Bender Rïg, het eiland Kharak. Ook te Büshir had onze Compagnie eenigen tijd een kantoor, maar de Engelschen, die er zich vestigden in 1764, voerden er met korte tusschenpoozen, wanneer weder Gamron of Basra de voorkeur kregen, van den aanvang af den boventoon. Nearchus landt hier en noemt het Mesambria (wellicht, meent Tom., de nabootsing van een verloren Perz. naam, b. v. madema vairiya — „wat zich te midden van den vloed bevindt", of wel naiwa-rauia — „Middag", in de beteekenis van den bestaanden naam van deze kust germsïr — heete landstreek). Hij beschrijft het als een „schiereiland met vele tuinen, waarin alle soorten van vruchtboomen groeien", hetgeen tot op zekere hoogte nog heden het geval is. Ptolemaeus heeft Chersonesos voor het schiereiland, zonder nadere aanduiding. Vincent (p. 395) meent dat de Grieken hiermede een woordelijke vertaling kunnen gegeven hebben van een reeds bestaanden oud-Perz. naam: Mesen — eiland, Ber — vasteland: Mesen-ber-ia, dat is dus omgekeerd Cherso nese. Dit heeft echter geen ingang gevonden.
I) De Morgan (Études Géograph., II, 300.) zegt ten onrechte dat Bushïr gesticht werd door Nadir Shah en hij haar Aba Chahr = Perè des cités noemde. Ook deze afleiding is betwistbaar, want Abü is een arab. en shehr het enkelvoud van een Perz. woord, waardoor de samenkoppeling dus onaannemelijk wordt. Houtum Schindler (bij Curzon, II, 231, note) vond in den Karnamek {Boek der Daden) van Ardeshïr Babekan, den eerste der Sasaniden, dat hij, vluchtende naar de kust voor de Parthen, „toen hij de zee aanschouwde God prees en daar aan een plek den naam Bokht- (= heeft verlost) Artakhshir gaf en er een tempel, aan het vuur gewijd, stichtte." De latere verkorting tot Büshir zou dan aannemelijk zijn (vgl. Bahmishlr van Bahman Ardeshir). Het is echter niet waarschijnlijk, dat deze afleiding het raadsel voor goed heeft opgelost.
[22. Abishehr (Büshir), 28° 59' 7" N., 50° 49' 37" E., situated at the extremity of a spit of land surrounded by sandbanks, is the principal port of Persia, with approx. 20 000 inh. It was already mentioned by Jaqüt in the middle of the century1), also by Balbi (1586) With Reixel = Rlshehr op Portug. cards (about which below), Büshir was probably meant. Van Loon has it as Abbeseer. It remained an insignificant place for Nadir Shah (1688-1747) a few years before his death. began to build the fleet with which he hoped to establish his authority over the entire Gulf. Gamron, already dilapidated by the continuing disturbances during the Afghan invasion, did not flourish again under Nadir either, and both the Nederl. as the Eng. O. I. Cie successively chose other ports for their company: Basra, Bender Rig, the island of Kharak. Our Company also had an office at Büshir for some time, but the English, who settled there in 1764, predominated from the outset at short intervals, when Gamron or Basra were again preferred. Nearchus lands here and calls it Mesambria (perhaps, thinks Tom., the imitation of a lost Persian name, e.g. madema vairiya — "that which is in the midst of the flood," or naiwa-rauia — "Afternoon," in the meaning of the existing name of this coast germsir — hot country). He describes it as a "peninsula with many gardens, in which all kinds of fruit trees grow," which is still the case to a certain extent today. Ptolemy has Chersonesos for the peninsula, without specifying. Vincent (p. 395) believes that the Greeks may have given a literal translation of an already existing old Persian name: Mesen — island, Ber — mainland: Mesen-ber-ia, that is the reverse Cherso nese However, this has not found acceptance.
I) De Morgan (Études Géograph., II, 300.) wrongly says that Bushir was founded by Nadir Shah and he called it Aba Chahr = Perè des cités. This derivation is also debatable, because Abu is an Arab. and shehr the singular of a Persian. word, making the combination implausible. Houtum Schindler (at Curzon, II, 231, note) found in the Karnamek (Book of Deeds) of Ardeshir Babekan, the first of the Sasanids, that, fleeing to the coast of the Parthians, "when he beheld the sea he praised God and there gave a place the name Bokht- (= has redeemed) Artakhshir and founded there a temple dedicated to the fire." The later shortening to Büshir would then be plausible (cf. Bahmishlr of Bahman Ardeshir). probably, that this derivation has solved the riddle for good.] » #2863 ed. A. Hotz, Cornelis Cornelisz Roobacker's Scheeps- Journaal Gamron-Basra (1645); De Eerste Reis Der Nederlanders door de Perzische Golf. In Tijdschrift van het Koninklijk Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap, Tweede Serie, Deel Xxiv., Brill, Leiden, 1907 ~ p. 386
SOURCE for Abou-Chahr
#1839 Morgan, Jacques de, Mission scientifique en Perse Tome Second Études Géographiques, Ernest Leroux, Paris, 1895 vol. 2: ~ Fig. 142. Abou-Chahr p. 299
SOURCE for Abousher
« The same day in the evening, wee were at Abousher, which is a Castle. » #3292 John Newberry, Two Voyages of John Newberry, in: Purchas, Samuel, Hakluytus posthumus, or Purchas his pilgrimes : contayning a history of the world in sea voyages and lande travells by Englishmen and others in 20 vols., Glasgow : J. Maclehose, , 1905, vol. 8 pp. 449-481 ~ p. 457
SOURCE for Abu Shahr
« Confident of his ability to challenge the British themselves, Shaikh Salman carried out his first direct hostile act against the British on July 18, 1765. Six of his Gallivats captured two British ships on their way from Abu Shahr to Basra, a small Company ship called Sally and the Company’s yacht. A few days later they captured Fort William (286), one of the British ships trading under Company protection. The capture of these ships marked the beginning of a long and arduous struggle between the British and Kaᶜb.
fn. 286 B.P.C., Vol. 28. Letter from Basra, Aug. 14, 1765. » #2977 Abdul Amir Amin, British Interests in the Persian Gulf 1747-1778 - thesis, University of Maryland, 1962 ~ p. 142
SOURCE for Abufchahhr
« A Ahhrán je quittois le Kaffle, avec quelques autres perſonnes, qui étoient ausſi à Cheval, et j'arrivois à la verité un peu incommodé et fatigué, mais d'ailleurs fort heureuſement à Abuſchähhr. [At Ahhrán I left the Kaffle, with some other people, who were also on horseback, and I arrived in truth a little inconvenienced and tired, but otherwise very happily at Abuſchähhr.] » #3642 Niebuhr, Carsten, Voyage en Arabie et en d'autres pays circonvoisins, vol. 2, S.J. Baalde, Amsterdam, 1780 ~ vol. 2 p. 148
SOURCE for Alexandri
« Alexandri: ‘From the river Rhogomanis to a peninsula 500 stadia. Opposite
this is an island called Alexandri’.(120) Bushehr.(121)
fn. 120 Schoff, Periplus of the Outer Sea (as in n. 111) 21.
fn. 121 W. Henkelman, pers. comm. » #2996 Potts, D., The islands of the XIVth Satrapy. Pp. 375-396 in Oetjen, R., ed. New perspectives in Seleucid history, archaeology and numismatics: Studies in honor of Getzel M. Cohen., Beiträge zur Altertumskunde 355, De Gruyter, 2019 ~ p. 393
SOURCE for Antiochia in Persis
#382 Potts, D.T., The Arabian Gulf in Antiquity, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1990 pp 15-6 D. T. Potts reviews the possible locations and states that the suggestion put forward by W. W. Tarn that the city was located at Bushire has been generally accepted.
SOURCE for Bender-Bouchehr
« La veille de notre départ de Bender-Bouchéhr, nous primes congé du cheykh, [The day before our departure from Bender-Bouchehr, we took leave of the sheikh,] » #3179 Adrien Dupré, Voyage en Perse, fait dans les années 1807, 1808 et 1809, en traversant la Natolie et la Mésopotamie, 1819 ~ vol. 2 p. 52
« Bender-Bouchéhr » #3179 Adrien Dupré, Voyage en Perse, fait dans les années 1807, 1808 et 1809, en traversant la Natolie et la Mésopotamie, 1819 ~ vol. 2 p. 491
SOURCE for Bocher
« After an hour's talk with him, I re-embarked in my taranquaine, which is the name of the vessels that navigate the Persian Gulf (1). I followed our route with a light wind from the sea, which took us near the Persian coast. About four o'clock in the afternoon we saw Bocher [Bushire], a little town on the Persian coast of which I will speak in another place; and, in passing two leagues below it, we also saw Richer [Rishahr], which appears to be a large fortress on the seashore, built in former times by the Portuguese at the mouth of a little river (2). By it was a beach between two mountains and a village in a wood, the verdure of which was a pleasant sight from the sea. It was once inhabited and under Portuguese rule, but is now deserted except for some poor Persians and Arabs, subjects of the King of Persia. That night and the following day we continued on our way along the coast.
fn. 1 Hamilton (1, 41) calls these boats 'trankies'. As to their nature and the supposed derivation of the word, see Sir W. Foster's note (ibid., 1, 226), and Hobson-Jobson, 937, where Couto is cited as calling them 'terranquims' in 1554, and Hanway tarranquins' in 1753. Pietro della Valle (Viaggi, IV, 437; tr. Havers, 238) also speaks of the barques on the Persian Gulf called 'terrankim'.
fn. 2 This was the former fortress of the ancient town of Rishahr, mentioned by Curzon, II, 235, and Wilson, p. 74 » #385 ed. Fawcett, The Travels of the Abbe Carre in India and the near east 1672 to 1674, Hakluyt Society, London, 1947 ~ vol.1 pp. 94-5
SOURCE for Booshuhr
« I only stayed long enough in Booshuhr to enable arrangements to be made for my journey to Sheeraz, and started after a couple of days. The road to Sheeraz has been so often, and in some cases, especially by Colonel Taylor, so well described, that there remains very little to say about it. It leaves the town and proceeds over an expanse of hard sand which gradually becomes more and more wet, and it is necessary to be very careful in following the track, or else to have a guide; as off the road, one might very soon get into a quicksand. » #1795 MacGregor , Charles Metcalfe, Narrative of a Journey through the Province of Khorassan, and on the N. W. Frontier of Afghanistan in 1875, ~ vol. 1 p. 14
SOURCE for Bouchyr
« Nous faisons halte au second village, et à deux heures, après le soleil couché, nous nous remettons en route dans la compagnie d'une caravane qui se rendait comme nous à Bouchyr. [We stopped at the second village, and at two o'clock, after the sun had set, we set off again in the company of a caravan which was going, like us, to Bouchyr.] » ##3241 Aucher-Eloy, Relations de voyages en Orient de 1830 à 1838., Librairie Encyclopédique De Roret, Paris, 1843 ~ pt.2 p. 510
SOURCE for Bushahr
SOURCE for Bushehr
« The two principal ports of foreign trade were Masqat and Basrah through one or other of which passed the great bulk of the goods that either entered or left the Gulf. It was calculated that more than half of the Indian imports at Bushehr and Basrah and the bulk of those into Bahrain were received through Masqat; and, similarly, the goods arriving by land from Europe, Asia Minor, etc., were distributed from Basrah as a centre. Bushehr was now practically the only port of Persia, as Basrah was of Turkish Iraq; Bahrain served Hasa and Central Arabia through Zubarah and Qatif; and Masqat was almost exclusively a port of transit. Bushehr and Kuwait were sometimes used as bases from which to smuggle goods into Turkish Iraq and even across Turkish Iraq to Europe. » #660 Lorimer, John Gordon, Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, Oman and Central Arabia, Superintendent Government Printing, India, 1915 ~ vol. 1 pt. 1 p. 166
« Bushehr is situated at the northern end of a cigar-shaped peninsula of quaterny sandstone, about 12 miles long by 4 miles broad in the widest part, running parallel to the mainland and joined to it in the middle by a sandy plain about 20 miles wide, known as the Mashilah, which in winter more resembled a marsh. The town was a little above sea level, and until the early nineteenth century it was frequently an island, from rising tides.(3) In fact, in 1673 the town was described as being “surrounded on the west by a river, which is navigable for large boats, sand on the other side is embellished by woods and palm-groves. Most of the inhabitants are Arabs, the rest are Persians.”(4) However, already by mid-nineteenth century this flooding of the marsh was a rare occurrence, while towards the end of the century Bushehr had in fact become a peninsula.(5)
fn. 5. The origin of the name Bushehr is unclear. Popular etymology has it that the name means Abu Shahr or Father of the City, which is very doubtful. Equally doubtful is A. Houtum Schindler’s suggestion that the name is a contraction of Bokht Ardashir (Ardashir has delivered). Curzon 1892, vol. 1, p. 231; E`temad al-Saltaneh 1294-96/1877-80, vol. 1, p. 300 mentions that Bushehr sometimes became an island. For the situation in 1913, see Report on the Trade 1913-14, p. 1. » #3002 Willem Floor, Persian Gulf: Links with the Hinterland, Bushehr, Borazjan, Kazerun, Banu Ka`b and Bandar Abbas, Mage Publishers, Washington, 2015 ~ p. 4
SOURCE for Bushir
« The stoney peninsula of Bushir, 130 miles north west of Siraf, is connected to the mainland by a marshy area. Some surface findings at the end of the 19th century. Then Pezard's excavations in 1910 and finally Williamson' s survey have shed some light on the history of the city . » #2809 R. Boucharlat, J.-F. Salles, The History and Archaeology of The Gulf From The Fifth Century B.C. to the Seventh Century A.D.: A Review Of The Evidence, Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies, London, 1981, Vol. 11:pp. 65-94 ~ p. 69
« Bushlr has been identified with Antioch of Persis (Ptolemy, VI, 4, 2) already mentioned in an inscription from Magnesia upon the Meander (Tarn 1951 : 270 note 11). » #2809 R. Boucharlat, J.-F. Salles, The History and Archaeology of The Gulf From The Fifth Century B.C. to the Seventh Century A.D.: A Review Of The Evidence, Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies, London, 1981, Vol. 11:pp. 65-94 ~ p. 70
SOURCE for Bushire
« Nov. 9th.-We entered the gate of Bushire at sun-rise, rode to the British factory, and, leaving our horses, went straight to the bath; after which, we walked through the dirty and sandy town, to the Resident's house. » #1185 Buckingham, J. S., Travels in Assyria, Media, and Persia, including a journey from Bagdad by Mount Zagros, to Hamadan, the ancient Ecbatana, researches in Ispahan and the ruins of Persepolis, and journey from thence by Shiraz and Shapoor to the sea-shore, Henry Colburn: Gregg International Publishers Limited, London: London, 1829:1971, ~ p. 344
SOURCE for Chersonesos
« 22. Abïishehr (Büshir) … Hij beschrijft het als een "schiereiland met vele tuinen, waarin alle soorten van vruchtboomen groeien", hetgeen tot op zekere hoogte nog heden het geval is. Ptolemaeus heeft Chersonesos voor het schiereiland, zonder nadere aanduiding. Vincent (p. 395) meent dat de Grieken hiermede een woordelijke vertaling kunnen gegeven hebben van een reeds bestaanden oud-Perz. naam: Mesen = eiland, Ber = vasteland: Mesen-ber-ia, dat is dus omgekeerd Cherso nese. Dit heeft echter geen ingang gevonden. [22. Abïishehr (Büshir) ... He describes it as a "peninsula with many gardens, in which grow all kinds of fruit trees", which to some extent is still the case today. Ptolemy has Chersonesos for the peninsula, without further designation. Vincent (p. 395) believes that the Greeks could have given a literal translation of an already existing old Persian name: Mesen = island, Ber = mainland: Mesen-ber-ia, which is Chersonese in reverse. However, this has not found acceptance. ] » #2863 ed. A. Hotz, Cornelis Cornelisz Roobacker's Scheeps- Journaal Gamron-Basra (1645); De Eerste Reis Der Nederlanders door de Perzische Golf. In Tijdschrift van het Koninklijk Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap, Tweede Serie, Deel Xxiv., Brill, Leiden, 1907, ~ pp. 386-7
SOURCE for Mesambria
« ‘In this passage they had followed the winding of the coast round a peninsula, (on which they saw plantations and gardens, with all kinds of fruit-trees,) and anchored at a place called Mesambria.'* This, therefore, could be only descriptive of the peninsula of Bushire, to the northward of which this station is to be sought for. * Voyage of Nearchus, c. 39. » #1185 Buckingham, J. S., Travels in Assyria, Media, and Persia, including a journey from Bagdad by Mount Zagros, to Hamadan, the ancient Ecbatana, researches in Ispahan and the ruins of Persepolis, and journey from thence by Shiraz and Shapoor to the sea-shore, Henry Colburn: Gregg International Publishers Limited, London: London, 1829:1971 ~
SOURCE for Rev Ardeshir
« Finally, Bushir is certainly the Sasanian Rev Ardeshir (Whitehouse
and Williamson 1973: 40-2 ). It is an important foundation of Ardeahir I
(22 4-242 ) on t he Coast, which emphasises, if needed, the Sasanian kings'
interest in supervising the Gulf trade (Tabari, in Noldeke 1879: 19) .
Rev Ardeshir was the diocesan centre of the Christian archbishop of Fars,
created in 415 / 420 , but Christians were already numerous in 341 when
Shapur II persecuted them (Fiey 1969: 182; 1974: 283-4) . » #2809 R. Boucharlat, J.-F. Salles, The History and Archaeology of The Gulf From The Fifth Century B.C. to the Seventh Century A.D.: A Review Of The Evidence, Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies, London, 1981, Vol. 11:pp. 65-94 ~
SOURCE for Seleucia on the Erythraean Sea
#382 Potts, D.T., The Arabian Gulf in Antiquity, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1990 pp 15-6 Potts reviews the possible locations and states that the suggestion put forward by W. W. Tarn that the city was located at Bushire has been generally accepted.

R178-001 Tanquefir
R178-001 Tanquefir : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: none independent coordinate: lat 28.835473 long 51.078987 † basis (p)
VARIANT names: Tanquefir ,
SOURCE for Tanquefir
« Nous ne vin mes ce jour là, que jusqu'à Tânkefir. De coté et d'autres nous vimes des Jardins de Dattiers, mais les Villages qui s'y trouvoient tout prés, étoient ruinés, ou en tout, ou en partie, et le Terrein peu cultivé, quoique d'ailleurs, il fembloit naturellement être assés fertile. [We did not come that day except as far as Tânkefir. On either side we saw Date Palm Gardens, but the Villages which were very close to them were ruined, either in whole or in part, and the Land little cultivated, although otherwise it seemed naturally to be quite fertile.] » #3642 Niebuhr, Carsten, Voyage en Arabie et en d'autres pays circonvoisins, vol. 2, S.J. Baalde, Amsterdam, 1780 ~ vol. 2 p. 78

R178-001a Abidak
R178-001a Abidak : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: PPL UFI: -3053158 coordinate: lat 28.850827 long 51.191055
NIMA/GNS names: Ambarak , Ambarka , Anbarak , امبارك , انبارک ,
VARIANT names: Abidak , Ambarak ,
SOURCE for Abidak
« Abidak » in {map#1422 in #3642 Niebuhr, Carsten, Voyage en Arabie et en d'autres pays circonvoisins, vol. 2, S.J. Baalde, Amsterdam, 1780 ~ fig. Carte Itiners [Itinéraire] d'Abuschähr à Persepolis et de Retour}
SOURCE for Ambarak

R178-003 Kormudsch
R178-003 Kormudsch : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: PPL UFI: -3071571 coordinate: lat 28.6543 long 51.38
NIMA/GNS names: Khormoj , Khormuj , Khowr Muj , Khowrmuj , Khurmoj , Khurmudj , Khurmuj , خورموج ,
VARIANT names: Khurmuj , Kormudsch ,
SOURCE for Khurmuj
« Khurmuj » in {map#1172 Index Map to routes in Persia vol. IV part II., , 1922, [?308r] (1/2), British Library: India Office Records and Private Papers, IOR/L/MIL/17/15/12/10, f 308, in Qatar Digital Library}
« the northern end of the plain of Khormuj. This plain or valley is about 15 miles wide at the upper end and 65 miles long: it lies north and south. The margins are cultivated with date-trees, and there are numerous little villages at distances of from 3 to 6 miles. These villages consist of from thirty to fifty huts, made entirely of date-leaves plastered over with mud, and there is generally a square tower either of stone or mud in the centre of every village. The chief towns of the plain are Aram, Khormuj, and Kakee. Khormuj is the principal residence of Hyder Khan, chief of the Dashtie country. It consists of about 150 stone or mud built houses, occupied for the most part by the followers of the chief. The fort is large and new, and the rooms are richly decorated in the style of Shiraz. » #1195 Colvill, W.H., Land Journey along the Shores of the Persian Gulf, from Bushire to Lingah, The Geographical Journal, London, 1866-1867, 11:1:36-8 ~ p. 37
SOURCE for Kormudsch
« Le 18 Nous voyageames continuellement par une Plaine, pendant cineq heures, jusqu'à Kormudich. Nous y pasfames un Golfe qui d'Abufchähhr va dans l'interieur du païs, et qui là déja resfemble à un fleuve, fe tourne enfrite plus loin au fud et fe jette enfin encore dans le Golfe Perfique. [On the 18th, we traveled continuously across a plain for five hours until we reached Kormudich. There we passed a gulf which flows from Abufchähhr into the interior of the country, and which there already resembles a river, turns further on to the south and finally flows into the Persian Gulf.] » #3642 Niebuhr, Carsten, Voyage en Arabie et en d'autres pays circonvoisins, vol. 2, S.J. Baalde, Amsterdam, 1780 ~ vol. 2 p. 81

R178-004 Lauwar
R178-004 Lauwar : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Lavar , Lavar Ra'is Alam , Lavar Ra'is Gholam , Lavar-e Ra'is Gholam , Lavar-e Razmi , لاور رئيس غلام ,
VARIANT names: Lauwar , Lavar ,
SOURCE for Lauwar
« Le 20. nous fimes le Voyage de Kormudſch à Lauwar. ... Le Village Lauwar eft fitué dans une plaine très fertile, dans une Contrée mon-tagneufe, et a une petite forteresse et un Reis héréditaire, comme à Tanquefir. [On the 20th we made the journey from Kormudſch to Lauwar. ... The village of Lauwar is situated in a very fertile plain, in a mountainous region, and has a small fortress and a hereditary ruler, like Tanquefir.] » #3642 Niebuhr, Carsten, Voyage en Arabie et en d'autres pays circonvoisins, vol. 2, S.J. Baalde, Amsterdam, 1780 ~ vol. 2 p. 84
SOURCE for Lavar
« Lavar » in {map#1172 Index Map to routes in Persia vol. IV part II., , 1922, [?308r] (1/2), British Library: India Office Records and Private Papers, IOR/L/MIL/17/15/12/10, f 308, in Qatar Digital Library}

R178-005 Sehu : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Sahe , Sehu , Sohu , Sowhuk , سهو ,
VARIANT names: Sehu ,
SOURCE for Sehu
« Nous campâmes pas loin à l'Eſt de quelques Dattiers, auprès des quels il y-avoit eu un Village, nommé Sehu qui avoit été detruit, il y avoit quelque tems, par le Reit de Lauwar. [We camped not far to the East of some Date Palms, near which there had been a Village, named Sehu, which had been destroyed some time ago by the Reit of Lauwar.] » #3642 Niebuhr, Carsten, Voyage en Arabie et en d'autres pays circonvoisins, vol. 2, S.J. Baalde, Amsterdam, 1780 ~ vol. 2 p. 85

R178-008a Firaschbend
R178-008a Firaschbend : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Farash , Farashband , Farrash , Farrashband , فراشبند ,
VARIANT names: Farrachbent , Farrashband , Ferashband , Ferashbund , Ferashbund , Ferrachben , Ferrach-Bend , Firaschbend , Furrashbund ,
SOURCE for Farrachbent
« Farrachbent 8 Farsangs » #3179 Adrien Dupré, Voyage en Perse, fait dans les années 1807, 1808 et 1809, en traversant la Natolie et la Mésopotamie, 1819 ~ vol. 2 p. 492
SOURCE for Farrashband
« Farrashband » in {map#1158 Fig. 1 Location of Fahlian and other way stations on the Royal Road (Mostavi 1967), , , #3065 Nishiaki, Yoshihiro, Japanese excavations in the Mrav Dasht Plain, Iran. In: Archaeological Research and Preservation of Cultural Heritage in Iran, edited by K. Yamauchi, N. Murakami and T. Kanai, Fuefuki: Research Institute for Cultural Properties, Teikyo University, 2020 ~}
SOURCE for Ferashband
« Ferashband » in {map#1231 ‘Sketch of Lieut. Snodgrass’s Route from Bushire to Shiraz, via Feruzabad, A.D. 1810’, , , [1r] (1/2), British Library: Map Collections, IOR/X/3118, in Qatar Digital Library}
SOURCE for Ferashbund
« Ferashbund » in {map#1233 Route Map Shiraz to Bushire round trip, TAYLOR R L Lieutenant-Colonel, 1858, British Library: IOR X/3125, route map 5}
« We reached the village Ferashbund at the end of
38 miles, according to my reckoning; the distance from Firúzabad is reckoned at only 9 fursacks, and from Ahmedabad about 3 miles less. This village is embosomed in palm-groves. » #3038 Keith E. Abbott, Notes Taken on a Journey Eastwards from Shiráz to Fessá and Darab, Thence Westwards by Jehrúm to Kazerún, in 1850, The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, London, 1857 ~ pp. 179-80
SOURCE for Ferrachben
« Nous trouvâmes une route de Chyraz à Bender-Abassy, un peu avant d'ar- river à Ferrachben; la journée fut longue, environ huit farsangs. [We found a road from Chyraz to Bender-Abassy, a little before arriving at Ferrachben; the day was long, about eight farsangs] » ##3241 Aucher-Eloy, Relations de voyages en Orient de 1830 à 1838., Librairie Encyclopédique De Roret, Paris, 1843 ~ pt.2 p. 516
SOURCE for Ferrach-Bend
« De Bouchgûn nous gagnâmes Ferrach-Bend qui en est éloigné de onze heures . [From Bouchgûn we reached Ferrach-Bend which is eleven hours away.] » #3388 Eugène Flandin, Pascal Xavier Coste, Voyage En Perse pendant les annees 1840 et 1841. Relation du voyage, Gide et J. Baudry, Paris, 1851 ~ p. 332
SOURCE for Firaschbend
« On dit encore, que Firafchblend, un autre Village, pas loin de là, n'auroit ausfi plus la quatrième partie des habitans, qu'il a eu autrefois. [It is also said that Firafchblend, another village not far from there, no longer has a quarter of the inhabitants it once had.] » #3642 Niebuhr, Carsten, Voyage en Arabie et en d'autres pays circonvoisins, vol. 2, S.J. Baalde, Amsterdam, 1780 ~ vol. 2 p. 87
SOURCE for Furrashbund
« 5. FURRASHBUND-38 miles north-west-109 miles, 10 hours-274 hours. Road, level and good, across plain of Feerozabad, for first 10 miles; then undulating and very rugged over a succession of ridges and defiles; the most difficult between 20 and 26 miles. » #3091 C M Macgregor, Central Asia. Part IV. A contribution towards the better knowledge of the topography, ethnology, resources, and history of Persia., Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta, 1871 ~ p. 737

R178-008 Auis : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Aviz , آویز ,
VARIANT names: Auis , Aviz ,
SOURCE for Auis
« Le 24. nous pasfames une haute montagne, que les habitans appellent Sandel, et nous nous campames près d'Auis, tout près d'une Chaine de hautes montagnes. Icy il-y-a plufieurs fources chaudes et il ya une, près de laquelle on trouve une Chambre pour la Commodité de ceux, qui veulent s'y baigner; Sur le Chemin, on Voit encore icy et là, de longues rangées de piérres, comme s'il y avoit de très foli des fondemens. Ce font peut-être de reftes d'Aqueducs qu'on à negligé dans la fuitte du tems. Auis avoit été encore peu de mois auparavant un Village confiderable, mais depuis il avoit été pillé et detruit de Mir Mahenna et enfuitte entiérement aban-donné par les habitans. On dit encore, que Firafchblend, un autre Village, pas loin de là, n'auroit ausfi plus la quatrième partie des habitans, qu'il a eu autrefois. [On the 24th, we crossed a high mountain, which the inhabitants call Sandel, and we camped near Auis, very close to a chain of high mountains. Here there are several hot springs, and there is one near which there is a chamber for the comfort of those who wish to bathe there. On the road, one can still see here and there long rows of stones, as if there were very large foundations. These are perhaps the remains of aqueducts that have been neglected over time. Auis had been, until a few months before, a respectable village, but since then it had been pillaged and destroyed by the inhabitants and completely abandoned. It is also said that Firafchblend, another village not far from there, no longer has a quarter of the inhabitants it once had.] » #3642 Niebuhr, Carsten, Voyage en Arabie et en d'autres pays circonvoisins, vol. 2, S.J. Baalde, Amsterdam, 1780 ~ vol. 2 p. 87
SOURCE for Aviz
« This plain is very bare for the first. 4 miles, i.e., till within 2 miles of the village, when cultivation begins (wheat is harvested at the end of May). At 29½ miles Faräshband is reached. Farashband is said to contain 300 houses, and about 1,000 inhabitants; cows 150; donkeys 300; sheep and goats 600, horses 40. Route No. I (n) connects here. 4 miles N. of Farashband is the bamlet of Aviz.S » #3080 Simla Drawing Office, General Staff, India, Mobilisation Routes In Persia (Vol. IV, Part II) (Fars, Laristan, Kerman And Yazd) British Library: India Office Records and Private Papers, IOR/L/MIL/17/15/12/10, in Qatar Digital Library, ~ p. 65

R178-009 Khaniek
R178-009 Khaniek : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Khamik , Khamyak , Khaneh Yak , Khani Yek , Khanik , Khaniyak , خانیک ,
VARIANT names: Khamik , Khamyak , Khaniek , Khanik ,
SOURCE for Khamik
SOURCE for Khamyak
« Khamyak » in {map#1085 Series 1404 World 1:500,000, Great Britain War Office and Air Ministry, 1958-, 1958, The Perry-Castañeda Library (PCL) Map Collection} Shiraz 444 C
« At 13 miles Khamyak, with a low mound. At 13¾ miles, Ab-i-Nau 300 camels and oxen. » #3080 Simla Drawing Office, General Staff, India, Mobilisation Routes In Persia (Vol. IV, Part II) (Fars, Laristan, Kerman And Yazd) British Library: India Office Records and Private Papers, IOR/L/MIL/17/15/12/10, in Qatar Digital Library, ~ p. 311
SOURCE for Khaniek
« The village Khaniek, with its vast and probably artificial mollnd, bore, at the 13th mile, 50° about 1 mile distant. » #3038 Keith E. Abbott, Notes Taken on a Journey Eastwards from Shiráz to Fessá and Darab, Thence Westwards by Jehrúm to Kazerún, in 1850, The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, London, 1857 ~ p. 181
« Le 25. nous campâmes de l'autre coté de Khaniek, ce Village eft fitué dans une grande plaine, dans laquelle nous trouvions fur notre chemin plufieurs Marais et de petites riviéres toutes avec de la mauvaiſe cau; Près de ce Village, il ya une petite mauvaiſe citadelle, qui n'a été faite qu'après la mort de Nadir Schab, comme la plus part des forteresfes qui fe trouvent fur ce chemin; mais les habitans avoient abandon-né et le Village et la Citadelle, et s'étoient retirés dans un Village voifin, nommé Naudjún. [On the 25th we camped on the other side of Khaniek, this village is situated in a large plain, in which we found on our way several marshes and small rivers all with bad water; near this village there is a small bad citadel, which was made only after the death of Nadir Schab, like most of the fortresses which are found on this road; but the inhabitants had abandoned both the village and the citadel, and had withdrawn to a neighboring village, named Naudjún.] » #3642 Niebuhr, Carsten, Voyage en Arabie et en d'autres pays circonvoisins, vol. 2, S.J. Baalde, Amsterdam, 1780 ~ vol. 2 p. 88
SOURCE for Khanik
« At 13 miles Khanik, with a vast mound. Khanik was deserted in 1871. » #3113 Routes in Persia. vol. III, part I., Printed at the government monotype press, Simla, 1918 ~ p. 233

R178-009a Naudjun
R178-009a Naudjun : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Naujin , Now Jein , Nowje-in , Nowjeyn , Nowjin , نوجین ,
VARIANT names: Naudjun , Naujin , Nojin , Nujain ,
SOURCE for Naudjun
« mais les habitans avoient abandon-né et le Village et la Citadelle, et s'étoient retirés dans un Village voifin, nommé Naudjún. [but the inhabitants had abandoned both the Village and the Citadel, and had withdrawn to a nearby Village, named Naudjún.] » #3642 Niebuhr, Carsten, Voyage en Arabie et en d'autres pays circonvoisins, vol. 2, S.J. Baalde, Amsterdam, 1780 ~ vol. 2 p. 88
SOURCE for Naujin
SOURCE for Nojin
« In addition to the tal-e khandaghs outlined above, many others have been identified in different parts of Fars and Bushehr, including Sofla and Olya Dehrūd in Borazjan, Hossein- abad in Shiraz, and Nojin. » #3086 Parsa Ghasemi, Tal-e Khandagh (“Moated Mound”): A Military Structure in Ancient Fars, Near Eastern Archaeology, 2012 vol. 75:no. 4:pp. 240-251 ~ p. 246
SOURCE for Nujain
« The 18th mile brought us to the village Nujain, which has also a large mound, and palm-trees, under which we breakfasted. » #3038 Keith E. Abbott, Notes Taken on a Journey Eastwards from Shiráz to Fessá and Darab, Thence Westwards by Jehrúm to Kazerún, in 1850, The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, London, 1857 ~ p. 181

R178-010 Gra : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Gereh , Jereh , Jireh , جره , گره ,
VARIANT names: Djerreh , Girre , Girsik , Gra , Guiere , Gurreh , Ishfagan , Ishforkan , Jereh , Jerre , Jerreh , Jireh , Jirrah , Jirreh , Jirshik , Jorreh ,
SOURCE for Djerreh
« Djerreh » in {map#1132 Abb. 1 Karte von Iranmit Eintragung der Routen und Karawanenbauten, , , #1814 Kleiss, Wolfram, Karawanenbauten in Iran. Materialien zur iranischen Archäologie, Materialien zur iranischen Archa¨ologie, D. Reimer, Berlin, 2000 Band 7:Teil 5: ~} Abb. 2 Karte von West- und Südwest-Iran mit Eintragung von Befunden
« Djerreh » in {map#1193 in #3101 Vanden Berghe, L, Récentes découvertes de monuments sassanides dans le Fars, Iranica antiqua, Leiden, 1961 Vol.1: p.163 ~ fig. 1. Carte de la région prospectée.}
SOURCE for Girre
« B4 | Girre R?L? | 8 miles from Bala Deh | Vanden Berghe 1984, 213-14; Huff 1995 » #846 Talbert, Richard (ed.), Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 2000, ~ Directory Map 94 Persis p. 1338
«Die Frage, ob die Ruine von Girre tatsächlich dem Mihr Narse zuzuschreiben ist, kann auch hier nicht beantwortet werden, da die unklare Formulierung bei Tabari eine Entscheidung anscheinend unmöglich macht. Er berichtet, daß Mihr Narse “aus einem Dorfe Abruwan, im Gau Dašt-i Barin im Kreise Ardašir-Churra” stammt; “dort und in Gireh im Kreise Šapur, der ja an den Gau Dašt-i Barin grenzt, hat er hohe Gebäude und auch einen Feuertempel angelegt, der noch heute bestehen und dessen Feuer noch bis jetzt brennen soll; man nennt ihn Mihr-Narsijan. In der Nähe von Abruwan legte er vier Dörfer an, in deren jedem er einen Feuertempel einrichtete...”. Die für eine weitere Diskussion entscheidend wichtige Lokalisierung von Abruwan ist bisher nicht gelungen. Selbst wenn jedoch Mihr Narses Tempelgründung auf den jetzigen Standort in Girre bezogen werden könnte, wäre damit die Datierung der Ruine nicht gesichert, solange nicht durch eine archäologische Untersuchung die spä tere Erneuerung eines Mihr Narse-Gebäudes ausgeschlossen werden kann. Für den Versuch einer Datierung können daher z.Z. nur die Merkmale des Cahartaqs selbst herangezogen werden.
fn. 6 A. Godard, Les monuments du feu, Athar-e Iran 3, 1938, pp. 7ff. bes.: pp. 30ff. pp. 169ff.
[The question of whether the ruins of Girre can actually be attributed to Mihr Narse cannot be answered here either, as the unclear wording in Tabari apparently makes a decision impossible. He reports that Mihr Narse comes “from a village of Abruwan, in the district of Dašt-i Barin in the district of Ardašir-Churra”; “There and in Gireh in the district of Šapur, which borders on the Gau Dašt-i Barin, he built tall buildings and also a fire temple, which still exists today and whose fire is said to burn to this day; he is called Mihr-Narsijan. He established four villages near Abruwan, in each of which he established a fire temple...". The localization of Abruwan, which is crucial for further discussion, has not yet been achieved. However, even if Mihr Narse's founding of the temple could be related to the current location in Girre, the dating of the ruin would not be certain unless an archaeological investigation can rule out the later renovation of a Mihr Narse building. To attempt dating, you can currently: only the characteristics of the Cahartaq itself are used.
fn. 6 A. Godard, Les monuments du feu, Athar-e Iran 3, 1938, pp. 7ff. esp.: pp. 30ff. pp. 169ff.] » #3100 Huff, Dietrich, Beobachtungen zum Chahartaq und zur Topographie von Girre, Iranica antiqua, Leiden, 1995 vol. 30:pp. 71-92 ~ p. 72
SOURCE for Girsik
« Istakhri beschreibt auch den Nahr Girsik, heute Gereh, einen Neben- fluss des Ratin, und den Ikhsin, einen Nebenfluss des Giršik. Der Ratin ist danach ganz sicher der heutige Rüdkhane i Daleki, der Nahr Sabür ist der Fluss der Ruinenstadt Sähpür. Nach Auffassung des alten Geogra- phen ist also nicht ein Fluss der Nebenfluss des anderen, und das Delta die Mündung des vereinigten Flusses, sondern beide Flüsse haben eine Strecke gemeinsamen Laufes, um sich dann wieder zu trennen.
[Istakhri also describes the Nahr Girsik, today Gereh, a tributary of the Ratin, and the Ikhsin, a tributary of the Giršik. The Ratin is definitely today's Rüdkhane i Daleki, the Nahr Sabür is the river of the ruined city of Sähpür. According to the old geographer's opinion, one river is not the tributary of the other, and the delta is the mouth of the unified river, but rather both rivers have a common course for a stretch and then separate again.] » #3048 Herzfeld, Ernst, Pasargadae: Aufnahmen und Untersuchungen zur persischen Archaeologie, Klio, 1907 ~ p. 8
SOURCE for Gra
« Le 26 nous ne fimes guères plus de deux milles d'Allemagne, et nous marchames jusqu'à Gra. Cecy eft un nouveau Village, à un Endroit, où il ya une petite ri-viere, qui tombe dans une grande. On y trouve ausfi tout près, fur deux Isles, deux Citadelles, qui font à peine ausfi bonnes, que celles de Kormudjeb et qui ne font aussi faites par les habitans, que durant les troubles interieurs. On ne voit plas que quelques reftes de la Citadelle de l'ancien Village Gra, qui a été autrefois la re-fidence d'un Beglerbeg, et qui étoit fitué à un demi lieu d'icy (a). fn ((a) Les petits Villages fulvans, appartiennent encore aujourd'hui su Territoire de Grä, Tʃchärde, Defchech, Kafr dii, Sirisgün, Jölakan, Sarekün, Kurufchin, Balade, Garib Abad, Mukram Alad, Kulucherd, Dahdin, Tamûn, Antari, Badaft.. [On the 26th we barely covered two miles from Germany, and we marched as far as Gra. Cecy is a new village, in a place where there is a small river that flows into a larger one. Nearby, on two islands, are two citadels, which are scarcely as good as those of Kormudjeb and which are only built by the inhabitants during internal conflicts. Only a few remains of the citadel of the old village of Gra are visible, which was once the residence of a Beglerbeg, and which was situated half a league from here (a). fn (a) The following small Villages still belong today to the Territory of Grä, Tʃchärde, Defchech, Kafr dii, Sirisgün, Jölakan, Sarekün, Kurufchin, Balade, Garib Abad, Mukram Alad, Kulucherd, Dahdin, Tamûn, Antari, Badaft.] » #3642 Niebuhr, Carsten, Voyage en Arabie et en d'autres pays circonvoisins, vol. 2, S.J. Baalde, Amsterdam, 1780 ~ vol. 2 p. 89
SOURCE for Guiere
« Guierè 6 Farsangs » #3179 Adrien Dupré, Voyage en Perse, fait dans les années 1807, 1808 et 1809, en traversant la Natolie et la Mésopotamie, 1819 ~ vol. 2 p. 492
SOURCE for Gurreh
« Gurreh - Attestations: Jorreh, along with Kazerun and Nobandegan, was recorded as an important town in Shapur Khurrah, which had been captured by the Arabs in the year 16/637(44). The mint signature GWR on the coins of Yazdgerd I is also thought to be representative of Gurreh (Islamic period Jorrah or Khorrah), although it may also represent Gur as well. Mochiri argues that Gur, the provincial capital of Ardashir Khurrah, used ART as its mint signature, not GWR. He suggests that GWR is, in fact, an abbreviated form of Gurreh, an important district and town in Shapur Khurrah. According to Tabari, Mehr Narsi, the minister of Yazdgerd I (399-420), Bahram V (420- 38) and Yazdgerd II (438-57) built fire temples in the village (?) of Jarreh in Shapur Khurrah. He also founded four other villages in this area, such as the village of Abruwan (see entry under Abruwan), erecting fire temples in each along with palin, olive and cypress gardens. These fire temples, gardens and villages were in the hand of Nersi descendants up until the 4th century A.H. One of these fire temples, referred to as Mehr Nersiyan, was still burning at Tabari's time. The fire temple of Jerreh was also still among the important fire temples of Fars in the 4th/10th century (Ist: 118; Hoq: 273; Hod. : 129)
- Identification: The modern village of Jerreh, the center of a district with the same name, is located 64 km southeast of Kazerun. The Jerreh fire temple is located 11 km northeast of the village of Bala-Deh near Jerreh.
fn. 44 Ibn-e Balkhi: 132
fn. 46 Tabari, vol. V: 105
fn. 47 Schippmann, 1971: 139 » #2877 Negin Miri, Historical Geography of Fars during the Sasanian Period, e-Sasanika, 2009, 10: ~ pp. 13-14
SOURCE for Ishfagan
« Ishfagan (Jirreh) 14 m. General direction W. of N. Leaving Ab-i-Nau in an N.-N.-W. direction 28 » #3080 Simla Drawing Office, General Staff, India, Mobilisation Routes In Persia (Vol. IV, Part II) (Fars, Laristan, Kerman And Yazd) British Library: India Office Records and Private Papers, IOR/L/MIL/17/15/12/10, in Qatar Digital Library, ~ p. 312
SOURCE for Ishforkan
« 9th April. From Ishforkan we proceeded about a mile to the village of Hassanabad, skirting the hills. » #3038 Keith E. Abbott, Notes Taken on a Journey Eastwards from Shiráz to Fessá and Darab, Thence Westwards by Jehrúm to Kazerún, in 1850, The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, London, 1857 ~ pp. 182-3
SOURCE for Jereh
« Jereh | PPL | 29°15'N 51°58'E | IR07 | WN83 | NH39-11 » #2938 Gazetteer of Iran Names Approved by the United States Board on Geographic Names, Defence Mapping Agency, Washington D. C., 2nd ed. 1984, ~ vo. A-J p. 781
« Jereh » in {map#1198 in #3109 ed. St John Simpson, Sasanian Archaeology: Settlements, Environment and Material Culture, Archaeopress Archaeology, Oxford, 2022 ~ fig. Figure 1. Satellite photograph of south-west Iran giving the location of Tole Qaleh Seyfabad (TQS) and other important sites of the Sasanian period}
SOURCE for Jerre
« Jerre » in {map#1160 Fig. 1 Location of Fahlian and other way-stations on the Royal Road (modified from Mostafavi 1967), , , #3067 Yoshihiro Nishiaki, Fahlian (Tape Suruvan), Faras, Iran, Laboratory for Prehistoric Archaeology of West Asia, The University Museum, The University of Tokyo, 2020 ~}
SOURCE for Jerreh
« Jerreh
was a town amidst an intensively irrigated agricultural region; above the
town was a great fire-temple called Mihrnarsanjan. Tabari reports that
this region was developed by Mihr Narsa, who built fire-temples and
surrounded them with gardens of palms, olives and cypress trees and
settlements (Schwarz, 1969: 69). The Sasanian ruins from Jerreh and
Farrashband are reported by Godard (1938). » #3094 Donald Whitcomb, Trade and Tradition In Medieval Southern Iran - Thesis, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 1979 ~ p. 77
« Jerreh » in {map#1188 Map of Persia (in Six Sheets), Simla Drawing Office Survey of India, 1902, Geographicus, New York}
SOURCE for Jireh
« Jireh; see Jereh » #2938 Gazetteer of Iran Names Approved by the United States Board on Geographic Names, Defence Mapping Agency, Washington D. C., 2nd ed. 1984, ~ vo. A-J p. 784
SOURCE for Jirrah
« Jirrah » in {map#1138 , Le Strange, , #895 Le Strange, G., The lands of the Eastern Caliphate. Mesopotamia, Persia, and Central Asia from the Moslem conquest to the time of Timur., Cambridge University Press, London, 1905 ~} Map 6 Provinces of Fars and Kirman
« the third stage is 3 leagues to Jirrah » #3047 G. Le Strange, Description of the Province of Fars, in Persia, at the Beginning of the Twelfth Century A.D. Translated from the MS. of Ibn-al-Balkhi, in the British Museum, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1912 pp. 1-30, pp. 311-339, pp. 865-889 ~ p. 885
« The Shapur river, up in the mountains, was joined on its left bank by the Ab-i-Jirrah, which, flowing down from the Maṣaram and Ghundijan districts, passes the city of Jirrah [31], which is some miles south-east of Kazirun. » #2866 Guy Le Strange, Mesopotamia and Persia under the Mongols in the Fourteenth Century A.D. from the Nuzhat-al-Kulub of Hamd-Allah Mustawfi, Royal Asiatic Society, 1903, ~ p. 69
SOURCE for Jirreh
SOURCE for Jirshik
« 8. Jirshik - from the area of Masarm, flowed through the area of al-Mushjan, flowed under the Qantara (weir, bridge) Sebuk, a bridge of cyclopaean stone masonry, watered the area of Jur, and in Dadhin flowed into the Ikhshin. Jirshik - modern Jereh, tributary of the Ratin and the Ikhshin (Herzfeld 1908: 8). Ibn al-Balkhi - Jirrah, » #3031 D.T. Potts, Sailing to Pasargadae., in: ed. T. Daryaee, A. Mousavi and K. Rezakhani, Excavating an Empire: Achaemenid Persia in Longue Durée, Mazda Publishers, Costa Mesa, California, 2014, ~ p. 8
SOURCE for Jorreh
see source for « Gurreh »

R178-014 Schiras
R178-014 Schiras : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Chimaz , Chiraz , Schiras , Shiraz , Siraz , شیراز ,
VARIANT names: Chiras , Chiraz , Chyraz , Giras , Giraz , Schiras , Sciras , Sciraz , Scyras , Sehiras , Shira-its-tsi-ish , Shirass , Shiraz , Siras , Siràs or Xiràs or Sciraz , Širaz , Sjiraas , Sjiraas , Stadt Siraes , Syras , Xiras , Xiraz , Zjie-raes ,
SOURCE for Chiras
« dinge alle de omleggende vlekken hooren, en daarvan hij in Chiras aan den gouverneur reekeningh doen moet, [let all the destroyers hear the things, and he must give an account of them to the governor in Chiras,] » #3226 Cornelis Janszoon Speelman Ed. A. Hotz, Journaal der reis van den gezant der O.I. Compagnie Joan Cunaeus naar perzië in 1651-1652, J. Müller, 1908 ~ p. 74
« Le 17, j'arrivai à Chiras, foible et défait, [On the 17th, I arrived in Chiras, weak and defeated,] » #3213 Sir John Chardin, ed. Louis Langlès, Voyages du Chevalier Chardin en Perse et autres lieux de l’Orient, Nouvelle édition, Le Normant, Imprimeur-Libraire, Paris, 1811 ~ vol. 9 p. 90
« Je n'ai point voulu marquer par le compas la route que je tenois , jour par jour, d'Ispalian à Chiras, car c'est presque la même chose chaque jour ; [I did not want to mark with the compass the route I took, day by day, from Ispalian to Chiras, because it is almost the same thing every day;] » #3213 Sir John Chardin, ed. Louis Langlès, Voyages du Chevalier Chardin en Perse et autres lieux de l’Orient, Nouvelle édition, Le Normant, Imprimeur-Libraire, Paris, 1811 ~ vol. 8 p. 241
SOURCE for Chiraz
« ITINÉRAIRE DE CHIRAZ A SIRAF. De Chiraz à Kafra كفرة village 15 milles.?? » #3001 Al-Idrisi, P. Amedee Jaubert, Geographie d'Edrisi, Bertrand, Paris, 1836 ~ vol. 1 p. 400
SOURCE for Chyraz
« Chyraz » in {map#1255 Carte de la Perse, de la Turquie d'Asie et d'une partie de la Tartarie Indépendante / dressée par P. Lapie... ; gravée par Blondeau..., , 1810, Bibliothèque nationale de France, département Cartes et plans, GE C-10435}
« Chyraz » in {map#1253 Carte de la Perse, de la Turquie d'Asie et d'une partie de la Tartarie Indépendante / Dressée par P. Lapie, ... pour les Voyages de Chardin ; Gravée par Blondeau, ..., , 1810, }
« Arrivé à la porte de Chyraz, un individu préposé à je ne sais quoi se jeta sur Alawerdi et le secoua avec violence; on lui demanda 2 krowns, je ne sais à quel titre. Alawerdi résista, mais le préposé s'empara du fusil qu'il portait en bandoulière. Je le laissai faire, bien persuadé que j'en obtiendrais raison. Je fus d'abord à la douane où je déposai mes effets qui furent culbutés,, Dieu sait comme! et me rendis ensuite chez le nabab où je retrouvai mon logement. [Arriving at the gate of Chyraz, an individual in charge of I don't know what threw himself on Alawerdi and shook him violently; he was asked for 2 krowns, I don't know for what reason. Alawerdi resisted, but the attendant grabbed the rifle he was carrying across his shoulder. I let him do it, fully convinced that I would get his way. I first went to customs where I deposited my belongings which were overturned, God knows how! and then went to the nawab where I found my accommodation.] » #3241 Aucher-Eloy, Relations de voyages en Orient de 1830 à 1838. Part 2, 1843 ~ p. 603
SOURCE for Giras
« GIRAS, cidade de - Shiraz, em 29° 38' lat. N. e 52° 31' long. E., na Pérsia. [P. Fernão Guerreiro - Relações Anais]. [GIRAS, city of - Shiraz, in 29° 38' lat. N. and 52° 31' long. E., in Persia. [P. Fernão Guerreiro - Annals].] » #2603 Visconde De Lagoa, Glossario Toponimico Da Antiga Historiografia Portuguesa Ultramarina, Oficina Grafica, Casa Portuguesa Rua Das Gaveas, 1953, ~ vol. D-N p. 85
SOURCE for Giraz
« From there they will go to the city of Vargim, and from there to the city of Giraz » #2516 Afonso de Albuquerque, ed.Raymundo Antonio de Bulhão Pato, Henrique Lopes de Mendonça, Cartas de Affonso de Albuquerque, seguidas de documentos que as elucidam, Academia Real Das Sciencias de Lisboa, 1884, 1898 ~ vol. 2 p. 249
SOURCE for Schiras
« Le seizième de mars à huit heures du matin, je partis de Schiras, et après six heures de marche dans la plaine, qui cesse d'être fertile à une lieue de la ville, [On the sixteenth of March at eight o'clock in the morning, I left Schiras, and after six hours of walking in the plain, which ceases to be fertile a league from the town,] » #3144 Jean-Baptiste Tavernier, Pascal Pia, Voyages en Perse et description de ce royaume par Jean-Babtiste Tavernier Marchand Francais, E´d. du Carrefour, Paris, 1930 ~ p. 310
« J'arrivay à Schiras ſur les fix heures du ſoir ; [I arrived at Shiras around six o'clock in the evening;] » #3632 Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste, Les six voyages de Jean Baptiste Tavernier, Ecuyer Baron d'Aubonne, qu'il a fait en Turquie, en Perse, et aux Indes,, Chez Gervais Clouzier et Claude Barbin, 1676 ~ p. 656
« La Ville de Schiras, où nous arrivames enfin le 4 de Mars, n'eſt qu'à 1 mille de Tſchinar Raddar vers l'Eſt. Nous employames donc dixhuit jours, pour faire le Voyage d'Abuſchäbhr à Schiras, au lieu que fans cela, quelqu'un peut facilement faire ce Voyage en fix jours. La cauſe que nous étions fi longtems en chemin, n'étoit pas ſeulement le mauvais tems et le détour par Kormudſch, mais que la plus part des Marchandises de notre Kaffle, n'étoient chargées que fur des mauvais Anes, qui ne pouvoient faire que de petites journées. [The city of Shiras, where we finally arrived on March 4th, is only one mile east of Tſchinar Raddar.
It therefore took us eighteen days to make the journey from Abuſschäbhr to Shiras, whereas someone could easily make this journey in ten days. The reason we were so long on the road was not only the bad weather and the detour via Kormudſsh, but also that most of the goods in our wagon were loaded only onto poor donkeys, which could only travel for short periods.] » #3642 Niebuhr, Carsten, Voyage en Arabie et en d'autres pays circonvoisins, vol. 2, S.J. Baalde, Amsterdam, 1780 ~ vol. 2 p. 91
SOURCE for Sciras
« . Egli, mentre facemmo dimora a Sciras, non volle che noi ſpendeſsimo, per non offender le leggi dell'oſpitalità; [While we were staying in Sciras, he did not want us to spend money so as not to offend the laws of hospitality; ] » #3239 Giovanni Francesco Gemelli Careri, Giro del mondo, del dottor D. Gio. Francesco Gemelli Careri.., stamp. di G. Roselli, Napoli, 1699 ~ pt. 2 p.263
SOURCE for Sciraz
« Fatta poi notte, di nuovo ci rimettemmo alla via; e il mercoledi, ventidue di giugno, camminate pian piano e molto adagio le due o tre sole leghe che restavano infin alla città di Sciraz, non prima dell'alba ci arrivamnto. [Then when night fell, we set off again; and on Wednesday, the twenty-second of June, you walked slowly and very slowly the only two or three leagues that remained until the city of Sciraz, arriving there not before dawn.] » #1530 Pietro Della Valle, Viaggi di Pietro della Valle: il pellegrino, G. Gancia, Brighton, 1843, ~ vol. 2 p. 362
« A due o tre ore di notte facemmo di nuovo levata, e dopo aver camminato tutto il resto della notte, il sabbato, sedici di ottobre, fatte le sci altre leghe che sole restavano a giorno chiaro, levato già il sole, arrivammo ai giardini di Sciraz, la qual città è situata pur in un bel piano circondato quasi d'ogn'intorno da monti, [At two or three o'clock in the morning we rose again, and after having walked all the rest of the night, on Saturday, the sixteenth of October, having skied the other leagues that were left in the light of day, the sun having already risen, we arrived at the gardens of Sciraz, which city is situated on a beautiful plain surrounded almost on all sides by mountains,] » #1530 Pietro Della Valle, Viaggi di Pietro della Valle: il pellegrino, G. Gancia, Brighton, 1843, ~ vol. 2 p. 265
SOURCE for Scyras
« Het Landt roudtom Scyras is seer buchtbaar; maar boven al in Wijngaarden/die den Wijn voastrengen / welke dosz geheel Perfien, en selfs daar bupten / voor den besten van de ge heele Werelt gehouden. werdt / zijnde noch geuriger/ krachti ger/en forter als de Canarie-Sck. [The Land of Scyras is very famous; but above all in Vineyards / that supply the Wine / which are entirely Perfian, and even there / held for the best in the entire World. was / being neither more fragrant / more powerful / and stronger than the Canarie-Sck.] » #3243 Jan Janszoon Struys, Drie aanmerkelijke en seer rampspoedige Reysen, Meurs, 1677 ~ p. 354
SOURCE for Sehiras
« Having view'd these Antiquities, which with those of Derbent, were all we met with in our Travels, I prosecuted my jour|ney the 28. of Ianuary, and got that day ten Leagues, to the City of Sehiras. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ Mandelslo pt. 2 p. 2
SOURCE for Shira-its-tsi-ish
see source « Syras »
SOURCE for Shirass
« Dined here and went away for Shirass, being 5 farsangs, bad way up hills and down ; about the middle of the way in a fine plain is a good caravensaroy. Arrjved at Shirass at 8 at night. 21st [February], being Sunday. Went away for Bobbahodge. 9 farsangs good way . » #3248 Bernard P. Scattergood, Ed. Temple, Carnac Rihard, The Scattergoods and the East India Company, A Collection of Mss., Indian Antiquary, Bernard Quaritch, London, 1930 vol. LIX:pt DCCXXXVI-A:pp. 33-74 ~ p. 41
SOURCE for Shiraz
« This route passed Tarom, Forgh, Rustak, Darab, Darakan, Fasa, Sarvestan and then Shiraz, and from there onwards to Isfahan. This was the normal trade route prior the reign of Shah `Abbas I (1587-1629) . » #3002 Willem Floor, Persian Gulf: Links with the Hinterland, Bushehr, Borazjan, Kazerun, Banu Ka`b and Bandar Abbas, Mage Publishers, Washington, 2015 ~ p. 252 and #1169 Floor, Willem, The Bandar Abbas-Isfahan Route in the Late Safavid era, Iran, Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies, London, 1999, 37:67-94 ~ p. 67
« 24th February, Khan-i-Zanyan, 3 farsakhs ; 9 a.m. to 1 p.m. 25th February, Shiraz, 8 farsakhs ; 5.30 a.m. to 4 p.m. Next morning early, we saddled our horses for Shiraz. We had thirty-two miles to march, and the road, winding among bare mountain-tops, proved less interesting than any stage since Burazjan. » #3078 Stack, Edward, Six months in Persia, Sampson Low, Marston, Searle and Rivington, London, 1882 ~ p. 45
« next night pitching a farfangh ſhort of Shiraz; where we expected a ceremonious entrance » #1608 Herbert, Thomas, Sir, Some Yeares Travels into divers parts of Asia and Afrique. Describing especially the two famous Empires, the Persian, and great Mogull: weaved with the history of these later times ... With a revivall of the first discoverer of America. Revised and enlarged by the Author., Printed by R. Bip. for Jacob Blome and Richard Bishop, London, 1638, ~ p. 132
« Hastening on towards Shiráz, I met a line inspector on tour, Mr Jefferies, who informed the that there was a riot taking place in the capital of Fárs. Accordingly, with very brief visits to the stupendous monuments of Persepolis, which I fortunately was able to examine carefully five years later, marched rapidly on, and being warned to avoid the town, proceeded to the beautiful Telegraph Garden, where I was most hospitably received by Dr Scully, the entertainer of almost every European traveller in Persia. » #1631 Sykes, Major P. Molesworth, Ten thousand miles in Persia or eight years in Iran, John Murray, London, 1902, ~ p. 80-81
« and thence in 5 leagues to the city of Shiraz. Total: from Yazdi-khwāst to Shiraz 44 leagues, » #1764 ed. Le Strange, G., The geographical part of the Nuzhat-al-qulub composed by Hamd-Alla¯h Mustawfi¯ of Qazwi¯n in 740 (1340), E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1919 ~ p. 176
« Further on, we passed the fine tomb of Shah Ameer Hamza, son of the Imaum Moosa; and crossing a bridge over the dry bed of a river, we entered Shiraz before dark. » #1185 Buckingham, J. S., Travels in Assyria, Media, and Persia, including a journey from Bagdad by Mount Zagros, to Hamadan, the ancient Ecbatana, researches in Ispahan and the ruins of Persepolis, and journey from thence by Shiraz and Shapoor to the sea-shore, Henry Colburn: Gregg International Publishers Limited, London: London, 1829:1971, ~ p. 287
« Although the city is the capital of the historic province of Fars and by right of inheritance the successor to the glory of Persepolis, the claim which Shiraz can make to eminence by reason of antiquity is not comparable with that of either Hamadan or Rei in Media of old. The general location of the city, it is true, is probably an ancient one, as shown by the vestiges of Achsemenian and Sasanian ruins in the vicinity, » #3178 Jackson, A. V. Williams, Persia past and present; a book of travel and research, with more than two hundred illustrations and a map, The Macmillan Company, London, 1906 ~ p. 324
SOURCE for Siras
« The 24th daye about 12 a clok att night we did sett out of the citie of Siras, comonly called by the inhabitans Shiras, and traveling over theplayne, » #3214 Stodart, Robert; introduction and notes by Sir. E. Denison Ross, The Journal of Robert Stodart: Being an account of his experiences as a member of Sir Dodmore Cotton's Mission in Persia in 1628-29. Published from the unique manuscript preserved in the Bodleian Library, Luzac and Co, London, 1935 ~ p.78
« In our Stay here we had Opportunity to observe Siras, not only by Fame, but indeed to be, second to none, except the Royal City, in the whole Empire: » #1591 Fryer, John M. D., A New Account of East-India and Persia in eight letters being nine years travel (Edited, with notes and an introduction, by William Crooke), Hakluyt Society:Kraus Reprint, 1909:1967, 3 vols. ~ vol. 2 p. 211
« Siras (Shirāz) for each carga half a mahmudi as in Lār » #3297 John Emerson, Rahdars and Their Tolls in Safavid and Afsharid Iran, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 1987 vol. 30:no. 3:pp. 318-327 ~ p. 321
SOURCE for Siràs or Xiràs or Sciraz
« fn. 30. Bembo gives three spellings for Shiraz: "Siràs or Xiràs or Sciraz." Persepolis is 80 km north of Shiraz. The plain to which Bembo refers is Marv Dasht, and he gives the name "Mircascun" to the town of Zargan. » #3299 trans. Clara Bargellini ed. Anthony Welch Ambrosio Bembo, The Travels and Journal of Ambrosio Bembo, University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 2007 ~ p. 298
SOURCE for Širaz
« Širāz VI C4
Id Iran
Métropole (misr) de la province du Fāris et circonscription
IV 391 » #2912 Georgette Cornu, Atlas du monde arabo-islamique a l'epoque classique IXe-Xe siecles, E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1985, ~ p. 58
SOURCE for Sjiraas
« Den 11. dito na 2 mylen, aan de voor aan in Sjiraas gelegene Tsaarbag, daar van velen verwelkomt wierd. [The 11th ditto after 2 miles, at the front of Tsarbag located in Shiraas, where many were welcomed.] » #2655 Francois Valentyn, Oud en nieuw Oost-Indien vervattende een naaukeurige en uitvoerige verhandelinge van Nederlands mogentheyd in die gewesten, benevens eene wydlustige beschryvinge der Moluccos ...,, Joannes van Braam, 1726, ~ vol. 5 p. 285
« Den 7. dito vertrokken wy van Sjiraas, hadden een goeden weg, en rondom ons veel dorpen. [On the 7th we left Shiraas, had a good road, and many villages around us.] » #2655 Francois Valentyn, Oud en nieuw Oost-Indien vervattende een naaukeurige en uitvoerige verhandelinge van Nederlands mogentheyd in die gewesten, benevens eene wydlustige beschryvinge der Moluccos ...,, Joannes van Braam, 1726, ~ bk. 5 p. 263
« Den 6. dito wierd zyn. Ed: door eenige Armeniers bezogt, door hen met eenige tafel-vrugten beichonken, en 's namiddags door deneerſten ſchryver des Viziers verzogt, om op te zitten, weshalven zyn ed: na Sjiraas vertrok, [On the 6th his Ed: was visited by some Armenians, by whom he was refreshed with some table fruits, and in the afternoon he was requested by the chief scribe of the Vizier to sit on, wherefore his Ed: departed after Sjiraas,] » #2655 Francois Valentyn, Oud en nieuw Oost-Indien vervattende een naaukeurige en uitvoerige verhandelinge van Nederlands mogentheyd in die gewesten, benevens eene wydlustige beschryvinge der Moluccos ...,, Joannes van Braam, 1726, ~ vol. 5 p. 274
SOURCE for Stadt Siraes
« 7 Nov 1645 » #3230 Dagh Register gehouden bij den oppercoopman Leonard Winninx ‘tsindert den 6 Julij anno 1645 dat uijt Gamron naer Spahan vertreckt, tot den 24e November, daeraen volgende, als wanneer in gemelte Gamron wederom gearriveert is." inventory number 1152 catalogue reference number 1.04.02, Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, ~ f. 384
« 23 July 1645 » #3230 Dagh Register gehouden bij den oppercoopman Leonard Winninx ‘tsindert den 6 Julij anno 1645 dat uijt Gamron naer Spahan vertreckt, tot den 24e November, daeraen volgende, als wanneer in gemelte Gamron wederom gearriveert is." inventory number 1152 catalogue reference number 1.04.02, Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, ~ f. 361
SOURCE for Syras
« Persia alla via di levante (A levante, ove prima si trova la città de Syras la quale) li..20., ha populo inumerabile, mercadanti assaissimi, perchè tutti i mercadanti che vengono da le parte di sopra, cioè da Ere, Sanmarcahanthe (299) e da li in suso (volendo vegnir per la via de la Persia) passano per Syras, (300) fn. 299. Sanmarcahanth Samarcanda, la principale città della Transoxiana. RUY GONZALES DE CLAVIJO, che Enrico III di Castiglia aveva inviato come ambasciatore a Timur nel 1405, ci ha lasciato una descrizione di Samarcanda quale era ai suoi tempi; cfr. la sua opera Embassy to Tamerlane, cit., pp. 285-290. (Lo.) fn. 300. Syras Shiraz. Contrariamente a quanto comunemente si crede, Shiraz è una città molto antica. Poco dopo la seconda guerra mondiale, G. Cameron scopri a Persepoli alcune tavolette in lingua elamita, recanti dettagli sulle paghe degli operai ivi impegnati nella costruzione del palazzo di Dario; su una di tali tavolette compare il nome di Shiraz, sotto la forma Shira-its-tsi-ish. Si ha così la prova che la città esisteva già nel periodo degli Achemenidi. In quel tempo, tuttavia, essa era messa in ombra da Persepoli. Sotto i Sasanidi Shiraz fu capitale dell'Ardashir Khurreh, uno dei cin- que distretti in cui era divisa la provincia del Färs. ... [Persia on the eastern road (To the east, where first is the city of Syras which) li..20., has an innumerable population, very many merchants, because all the merchants who come from the upper parts, that is from Ere, Sanmarcahanthe (299) and from there upwards (wanting to come by the road to Persia) pass through Syras, (300) fn. 299. Sanmarcahanth Samarkand, the principal city of Transoxiana. RUY GONZALES DE CLAVIJO, whom Henry III of Castile had sent as ambassador to Timur in 1405, has left us a description of Samarkand as it was in his time; cf. his work Embassy to Tamerlane, cit., pp. 285-290. (Lo.) fn. 300. Syras Shiraz. Contrary to popular belief, Shiraz is a very ancient city. Shortly after the Second World War, G. Cameron discovered in Persepolis some tablets in the Elamite language, containing details of the wages of the workers employed there in the construction of the palace of Darius; on one of these tablets the name of Shiraz appears, in the form Shira-its-tsi-ish. This is evidence that the city already existed in the period of the Achaemenids. At that time, however, it was overshadowed by Persepolis. Under the Sassanids Shiraz was the capital of Ardashir Khurreh, one of the five districts into which the province of Färs was divided. ...] » #3310 Lockhart,L. Morozzo Della Rocca,R. Tiepolo,M.F., I viaggi in Persia degli ambasciatori veneti Barbaro e Contarini, Ist. Poligrafico dello Stato, 1973 ~ p. 142
SOURCE for Xiras
« A 24, vispera de Sancta Catalina martir, despues de auer enuiado delante muy de mañana el Enbaxador su rrecamara y todas las demas cargas, le vinieron á dar auiso como le querian ya salir á reçibir de Xiras, [On the 24th, the eve of Sancta Catalina martyr, after the Enbaxador had sent his chamber and all the other loads in front of him very early in the morning, they came to inform him how they wanted him and to leave to receive Xiras,] » #3245 García de Silva y Figueroa, Manuel Serrano y Sanz, Comentarios De D. Garcia De Silva Y Figueroa De La Embajada Que De Parte Del Rey De España Don Felipe III Hizo Al Rey Xa Abas De Persia, La Spciedad de Bibliofilos Espanoles, Madrid, 1905 ~ vol. 1 p. 332
« A 5 de Abril, en la tarde, salio el Enbaxador de Xiras, dexando algunos criados suyos con mas de çiento y çinquenta cargas de la pimienta que se lleuaua al rey de Persia, [On April 5th, in the afternoon, the Ambassador of Xiras left, leaving some of his servants with more than one hundred and fifty loads of pepper that he was taking to the King of Persia.] » #3245 García de Silva y Figueroa, Manuel Serrano y Sanz, Comentarios De D. Garcia De Silva Y Figueroa De La Embajada Que De Parte Del Rey De España Don Felipe III Hizo Al Rey Xa Abas De Persia, La Spciedad de Bibliofilos Espanoles, Madrid, 1905 ~ vol. 1 p. 367
SOURCE for Xiraz
« XIRAZ, cidade de - Shiraz, em 29° 38' lat. N. e 52° 31' long. E., na Pérsia. [João de Barros-Da Asia). [XIRAZ, city of - Shiraz, in 29° 38' lat. N. and 52° 31' long. E., in Persia. [João de Barros-From Asia).] » #2603 Visconde De Lagoa, Glossario Toponimico Da Antiga Historiografia Portuguesa Ultramarina, Oficina Grafica, Casa Portuguesa Rua Das Gaveas, 1953, ~ vol. O-Z p. 287
SOURCE for Zjie-raes
« arriv?mes à minuit au Caravanserai de Babbahad-jie, à 5. lieuës de Zjie-raes. [and arrived at midnight at the Caravanserai of Babbahad-jie, 5 leagues from Zjie-raes.] » #3227 LeBrun, Corneille, Voyages de Corneille Le Brun par la Moscovie, en Perse, et aux Indes Orientales., Wetstein, Amsterdam, 1718 ~ p. 312

R178-012 Romchun
R178-012 Romchun : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Rangun , Romeqan , Romqan , رمقان ,
VARIANT names: Romchun , Romeqan ,
SOURCE for Romchun
« Le 28 de fevrier, notre Chemin fut par des Collines couvertes d'Amandiers fau-vages, et de Chênes. Ce jour là nous eûmes un Voyage fi mauvais, par la forte pluïe et la Grèle, que nous nous campames encore 3½ heures après, ayant fait environ 1½ mille d'Allemagne. Je me tranfportois ausfitot au Village Romchûn qui n'étoit pas loin de nous, fur une haute montagne; [On February 28th, our route was through hills covered with wild almond trees and oaks. That day we had such a bad journey, due to heavy rain and hail, that we camped again 3½ hours later, having traveled about 1½ miles in Germany. I was transporting myself to the village of Romchûn, which was not far from us, on a high mountain;] » #3642 Niebuhr, Carsten, Voyage en Arabie et en d'autres pays circonvoisins, vol. 2, S.J. Baalde, Amsterdam, 1780 ~ vol. 2 p. 90
SOURCE for Romeqan

R178-011 Mosgun
R178-011 Mosgun : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Mosqan , Mowseqan , Musghan , Musqan , مسقان ,
VARIANT names: Masram , Mosgun , Musqan ,
SOURCE for Masram
« 1. Masram village is located 48 km southwest of Shiraz and east of Jareh village. » #3088 Negin Miri, Historical Geography of Fars Rivers (in Persian) in Proceeding of the 1st Conference of Historical Geography, Tehran-March 2015 (pp.651-668), ~ p. 657
SOURCE for Mosgun
« Le 27 nous pasfames une haute montagne, mais à beaucoup près pas fi haute ni fi efcarpée, que la montagne de Sumara ou M'barras en Yemen. Nous campames de l'autre coté prés d'une riviere. En Yemen les noms des montagnes et des rivieres, font aus fibien connûs, que ceux des Villes ou des Villages. Icy on ne favoit pas au-trement me nommer cette haute montagne et cette riviere, qui pourtant étoit pasfa-blement grande, que Mosgún, ce qui doit aussi être le nom d'un Village de cette Contrée. [On the 27th we crossed a high mountain, but not nearly as high or as steep as Mount Sumara or M'barras in Yemen. We camped on the other side near a river. In Yemen, the names of mountains and rivers are as well known as those of towns or villages. Here, this high mountain and this river, which was quite large, could not have been called anything other than Mosgun, which must also be the name of a village in this region.] » #3642 Niebuhr, Carsten, Voyage en Arabie et en d'autres pays circonvoisins, vol. 2, S.J. Baalde, Amsterdam, 1780 ~ vol. 2 p. 89
SOURCE for Musqan

R178-027a Bosgun
R178-027a Bosgun : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Booshakan , Bushgan , Bushkan , بوشكان ,
VARIANT names: Bauchkhoûn , Bech Goom , Besh Goom , Beshgum , Booshgoon , Bosgun , Boshakun , Bouchgun , Bouchougoun , Bush Goom , Bushetgan , Bushgan , Bushkan ,
SOURCE for Bauchkhoûn
« Un chemin uni nous mène à Bauchkhoûn, village composé d'une trentaine de familles, et dépendant du district de Houmal. Le manque d'eau fait que l'on n'y cultive que de l'orge et du blé. [A smooth road leads us to Bauchkhoûn, a village composed of about thirty families, and dependent on the district of Houmal. The lack of water means that only barley and wheat are grown there.] » #3256 India. Quarter Master General's Department. Intelligence Branch, Gazetteer of Persia Vol. IV, Printed at the Government Central Printing Office, 1892 ~ vol. 2 p. 57
SOURCE for Bech Goom
« Bech Goom » in {map#1231 ‘Sketch of Lieut. Snodgrass’s Route from Bushire to Shiraz, via Feruzabad, A.D. 1810’, , , [1r] (1/2), British Library: Map Collections, IOR/X/3118, in Qatar Digital Library}
SOURCE for Besh Goom
« Besh Goom » in {map#1129 Map of Asia Minor Armenia and Koordistan, , 1816, #3020 John Macdonald Kinneir, Journey Through Asia Minor, Armenia, and Koordistan in the Years 1813 and 1814, John Murray, London, 1818 ~}
« Besh Goom » in {map#1231 ‘Sketch of Lieut. Snodgrass’s Route from Bushire to Shiraz, via Feruzabad, A.D. 1810’, , , [1r] (1/2), British Library: Map Collections, IOR/X/3118, in Qatar Digital Library}
SOURCE for Beshgum
« BESHGUM - A village in Fars, Persia, 75 miles east of Abushahar, on the road by Shiraz to Firozabad, from which last it is 76 miles west. It is situated in a plain of oval form and of some extent. The water is bad and scarce, and the neighbourhood devoid of cultivation. (Snodgrass.) » #3091 C M Macgregor, Central Asia. Part IV. A contribution towards the better knowledge of the topography, ethnology, resources, and history of Persia., Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta, 1871 ~ p. 73
SOURCE for Booshgoon
« Booshgoon » in {map#1233 Route Map Shiraz to Bushire round trip, TAYLOR R L Lieutenant-Colonel, 1858, British Library: IOR X/3125, route map 5}
SOURCE for Bosgun
« Nous ne prenions pas le détour vers Korimudſch, mais nous allames de la montagne Sandel, à un village Pir, où nous arrivames le 23 au matin. La nuit fuivante nous pasfâmes devant Bosgún un grand village avec un château, et nous campâmes fur une grande plaine, près du village Tále. [We did not take the detour to Korimudſch, but went from Mount Sandel to a village called Pir, where we arrived on the morning of the 23rd. The following night we passed by Bosgún, a large village with a castle, and we camped on a large plain near the village of Tále.] » #3642 Niebuhr, Carsten, Voyage en Arabie et en d'autres pays circonvoisins, vol. 2, S.J. Baalde, Amsterdam, 1780 ~ vol. 2 p. 147
SOURCE for Boshakun
« Boshakun » in {map#1188 Map of Persia (in Six Sheets), Simla Drawing Office Survey of India, 1902, Geographicus, New York}
SOURCE for Bouchgun
« De Bouchgûn nous gagnâmes Ferrach-Bend qui en est éloigné de onze heures . [From Bouchgûn we reached Ferrach-Bend which is eleven hours away.] » #3388 Eugène Flandin, Pascal Xavier Coste, Voyage En Perse pendant les annees 1840 et 1841. Relation du voyage, Gide et J. Baudry, Paris, 1851 ~ p. 332
SOURCE for Bouchougoun
« 1 février. Route est, tirant un peu sur le sud. Nous continuons à voyager dans la mon- tagne, nous arrivons ensuite dans une vallée où est situé le grand village de Bouchougoun; toutes les maisons en pierres sont en ruine èt remplacées par des cabanes couvertes de nattes divisées par petits groupes [February 1. East road, pulling a little towards the south. We continue traveling in the mountains, we then arrive in a valley where the large village of Bouchougoun is located; all the stone houses are in ruins and replaced by huts covered with mats divided into small groups] » ##3241 Aucher-Eloy, Relations de voyages en Orient de 1830 à 1838., Librairie Encyclopédique De Roret, Paris, 1843 ~ pt.2 p. 515
SOURCE for Bush Goom
« Bush Goom. 20 miles Small village, situated in a plain, apparently de. void of cultivation: water bad and scarce. About nineteen miles the pass of Hajee Sulla. Remainder of the road pretty good: country barren and rugged. » #3021 John Macdonald Kinneir, A Geographical Memoir of the Persian Empire, John Murray, London, 1813 ~ p. 460
SOURCE for Bushetgan
« 5. Fifth house: Bushetgan (Haft Farsang). » #3161 Dr. Mohammad Ismail Ismaili Jolodar, A proposal to determine the location of the ancient port of Najiram based on the written texts of Sadr Islam and archaeological studies, rasekhoon.net/article/show/1012597/, 2013 ~
SOURCE for Bushgan
SOURCE for Bushkan
« Bushkan » in {map#1172 Index Map to routes in Persia vol. IV part II., , 1922, [?308r] (1/2), British Library: India Office Records and Private Papers, IOR/L/MIL/17/15/12/10, f 308, in Qatar Digital Library}
« 6. BUSHKAN-33 miles north-west by north-142 miles, 8 hours-354 hours. Road good for first 6 miles; thence to 12 miles undulating and difficult. From 10 to 11 miles impracticable for carriages. The rest of the march level with occasional undulations. Soil, sandy and alluvial. » #3091 C M Macgregor, Central Asia. Part IV. A contribution towards the better knowledge of the topography, ethnology, resources, and history of Persia., Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta, 1871 ~ p. 738

R178-028 Tale : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Behmani , Talheh , Tavakkolabad , بهمنی , توکل آباد , طلحه ,
VARIANT names: Tale , Talheh ,
SOURCE for Tale
« Nous ne prenions pas le détour vers Korimudſch, mais nous allames de la montagne Sandel, à un village Pir, où nous arrivames le 23 au matin. La nuit fuivante nous pasfâmes devant Bosgún un grand village avec un château, et nous campâmes fur une grande plaine, près du village Tále. [We did not take the detour to Korimudſch, but went from Mount Sandel to a village called Pir, where we arrived on the morning of the 23rd. The following night we passed by Bosgún, a large village with a castle, and we camped on a large plain near the village of Tále.] » #3642 Niebuhr, Carsten, Voyage en Arabie et en d'autres pays circonvoisins, vol. 2, S.J. Baalde, Amsterdam, 1780 ~ vol. 2 p. 147
SOURCE for Talheh

R178-029 Ahram : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: PPL UFI: 14803349 coordinate: lat 28.85259 long 51.23315
NIMA/GNS names: Ahram ,
VARIANT names: Ahram , Harem ,
SOURCE for Ahram
« Nous nous arrêtâmes, après avoir marché cinq farsangs, au grand village d'Ahram, peut- ètre le même qui est indiqué dans la carte de Lapie, sous le nom d'Akhrem; [We stopped, after walking five farsangs, at the large village of Ahram, perhaps the same one which is indicated in the map of Lapie, under the name of Akhrem;] » ##3241 Aucher-Eloy, Relations de voyages en Orient de 1830 à 1838., Librairie Encyclopédique De Roret, Paris, 1843 ~ pt.2 p. 512
SOURCE for Harem
« On laisse sur la gauche un village muré, appelé Bahdh, dans le voisinage duquel, à l'ouest, est un bois de palmiers. Une farseng plus loin, nous rejoignons le chemin qui conduit directement de Bender-Bou- chêr au village de Harem. [We leave on the left a walled village, called Bahdh, in the vicinity of which, to the west, is a palm grove. A farseng further on, we join the path which leads directly from Bender-Boucher to the village of Harem.] » #3256 India. Quarter Master General's Department. Intelligence Branch, Gazetteer of Persia Vol. IV, Printed at the Government Central Printing Office, 1892 ~ vol. 2 p. 54

R178-005a Kunar Bender
R178-005a Kunar Bender : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Kenar Bandak , Konar Bandak , Konar-e Bandak , كنار بندك ,
VARIANT names: Konar Bandak , Kunar Bender ,
SOURCE for Konar Bandak
SOURCE for Kunar Bender
« Le 22 nous cumes encore un très mauvais Chemin. Nous pasfames un village Kunar Bender, dont il n'y avoit rien de refte, que quelques dattiers. De coté et d'autre, nous vimes icy et la, de grands Cimetières, de Conduits d'eau tout ruinés, et de vaftes Campagnes, qui, à ce qui paroisfoit, avoient encore été cultivées de-puis peu d’années. [ On the 22nd, we again traveled a very bad road. We passed through a Kunar Bender village, of which there was nothing left but a few date palms. Here and there, we saw large cemeteries, ruined water conduits, and vast fields which, it seemed, had only been cultivated for a few years. ] » #3642 Niebuhr, Carsten, Voyage en Arabie et en d'autres pays circonvoisins, vol. 2, S.J. Baalde, Amsterdam, 1780 ~ vol. 2 pp. 86-87

R178-007 Tsenir
R178-007 Tsenir : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: none independent coordinate: lat 28.724646 long 51.738497 † basis (p)
VARIANT names: Chinir , Tsenir ,
SOURCE for Chinir
« Chinir » in {map#1135 U.S. Army Map Series K501: Iraq and Iran:, , , The University of Chicago fig. Khurmuj H-39V G-39D 1943}
SOURCE for Tsenir
« Le 23 nous marchames environ trois milles d'Allemagne vers le Nord-Nord-Ouest, au lieu, qu'auparavant nous avions toujours marché vers l'Eft, et ordinaire-ment encore tant foit peu vers le fud. Nous campañes près d'un Village détruit, nommé Tʃenir. [On the 23rd we marched about three miles from Germany towards the North-Northwest, instead of previously having always marched towards the East, and usually still a little towards the South. We camped near a destroyed village, named Tʃenir.] » #3642 Niebuhr, Carsten, Voyage en Arabie et en d'autres pays circonvoisins, vol. 2, S.J. Baalde, Amsterdam, 1780 ~ vol. 2 p. 87

R178-006 Sar Machak or Sar Bijeha
R178-006 Sar Machak or Sar Bijeha : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: none independent coordinate: lat 28.589652 long 51.836115 † basis (p)
VARIANT names: Sar Machak or Sar Bijeha ,
SOURCE for Sar Machak or Sar Bijeha
« Nous campâmes ce jour la à 2½ milles de l’endroit, où nous avions campé la nuit, dans une Contrée inculte, qu’011 nommoit Sar Mashàk ou Sar Bifcha. [That day we camped 2.5 miles from the place where we had camped the night before, in an uncultivated region which we called Sar Mashàk or Sar Bifcha.] » #3642 Niebuhr, Carsten, Voyage en Arabie et en d'autres pays circonvoisins, vol. 2, S.J. Baalde, Amsterdam, 1780 ~ vol. 2 p. 87

R178-013 Tschinar Raddar
R178-013 Tschinar Raddar : place IRN (caravanserai)
NIMA/GNS names: Bagh-e Khowshru , Chenan-i-Rahdar , Chenar Rahdar , Chenar-i-Rahdar , Khowshru , Rahdar , باغ خوشرو , چنار راهدار , خوشرو ,
VARIANT names: Chanar-i-Rahdar , Chenar Rahdar , Chinar , Chinarada , Chinarada caravanserai , Tschinar Raddar ,
SOURCE for Chanar-i-Rahdar
« CHANAR-I-RAHDAR-LAT. 39° 36' N. LONG. 52° 27' E. ELEV. 5,300'.A caravanserai and toll station, 8 miles west of Shiraz, on the banks of the Kara Aghach river, which is crossed here by a bridge. Trotter reverses the name and calls it Rähdär-i-Chanār.-(Trotter-Curzon, 1889-New-comen, 1905.) » #3545 Gazetteer of Persia vol. III. IOR/L/MIL/17/15/2/2, Government Monotype Press, India, 1910 ~ p. 200
SOURCE for Chenar Rahdar
« Saturday May 10th at 1.30 a.m. we started for 28 miles into Shiraz past the Caravanserai of Chenar Rahdar at 22 miles. » #3182 Captain John Compton Pyne, A Journal of Three Months’ Walk in Persia in 1884 by Captain John Compton Pyne: Introduction, Notes and Translation, Amsterdam University Press, 2017 ~ p. 87
SOURCE for Chinar
« After two long days of plodding constantly downwards, we had now come to the final descent, and at last, by the caravanserai of Chinar, » #3069 Crawshay-Williams, Eliot, Across Persia, Edward Arnold, London, 1907 ~ p. 119
SOURCE for Chinarada
« We breakfasted in the caravansarai of Chinarâda, and rode rapidly over the last eight miles to Shiraz. » #3078 Stack, Edward, Six months in Persia, Sampson Low, Marston, Searle and Rivington, London, 1882 ~ p. 46
SOURCE for Chinarada caravanserai
« CHINARADA-LAT. LONG. ELEV.A caravanserai in Färs, 8 miles west of Shiraz on the road to Bushire, -(Stack) » #3545 Gazetteer of Persia vol. III. IOR/L/MIL/17/15/2/2, Government Monotype Press, India, 1910 ~ p. 213
SOURCE for Tschinar Raddar
« et nous campames près de Tſchinar Raddar une maiſon de péage à la riviere. Sur la route entre Abuſchähhr et Schirâs il y a proprement fix comptoirs de péage. Les Européens, à ce qu'on prétend, ne feroient pas obligés felon leurs priviléges d'y payer la moindre Choſe. [And we camped near Tſchinar Raddar at a tollhouse on the river. On the road between Abuſchähhr and Shiras, there are indeed fixed tollbooths. Europeans, it is claimed, are not obliged, according to their privileges, to pay the slightest thing there.] » #3642 Niebuhr, Carsten, Voyage en Arabie et en d'autres pays circonvoisins, vol. 2, S.J. Baalde, Amsterdam, 1780 ~ vol. 2 p. 91

R178-015 Bend Emir bridge
R178-015 Bend Emir bridge : place IRN (bridge)
Supplement: 13 arches
VARIANT names: Bandamir bridge , Band-Amir bridge , Bend Emir , Bend Emir bridge , Bendemeer bridge , Bindamyr bridge , Pouligor ,
SOURCE for Bandamir bridge
« A 20 miles the Bandamir river is crossed by a masonry bridge with 3 high arches. The river runs strongly at the bridge, though it is elsewhere slow and deep, about 45 feet broad, with mud banks 10 feet above the level of the water. Eight miles further down stream, the river is crossed by a great dam on which stands a bridge of 13 arches, built about A.D. 970, from which the river has been named Band-Amir (Curzon). It is generally unfordable, and the water fairly good. » #3331 Routes in Persia, Section 1, British Library: India Office Records and Private Papers, Mss Eur F111/369, in Qatar Digital Library, ~ p. 191
SOURCE for Band-Amir bridge
« Eight miles further down stream, the river is crossed by a great dam on which stands a bridge of 13 arches, built about A.D. 970, from which the river has been named Band-Amir (Curzon). It is generally unfordable, and the water fairly good. » #3331 Routes in Persia, Section 1, British Library: India Office Records and Private Papers, Mss Eur F111/369, in Qatar Digital Library, ~ p. 191
SOURCE for Bend Emir
« e ci avviammo verso la città di Sciraz, capo oggi della provincia della Persia, e sede d'Imam-culi chan che ne ha il governo. Era lontana Sciraz di là per la via più dritta dieci leghe, ma a noi, per esser rotto un ponte sopra il Kur che ci conveniva passare, per lo quale la strada è più corta, fu necessario di camminar due leghe di più, e fare in tutto infin a Sciraz dodici leghe, andando a passare il Kur più lontano per un altro ponte chiamato Bend' Emir, che vuol dire legatura, cioè ponte dell'Emir, che da Cehilminar due leghe discosto si ritrova. Chiamano alle volte i Persiani legature i ponti, perchè legano in un certo modo insieme amendue le ripe de'liumi. C' incamminammo dunque di notte a quella volta, ma per essere scuro senza luna, e tutti quei piani dove semi-nano riso ed altro, irrigati e tagliati da molti rivi di acqua, che per passarli bisognava andar bene spesso in qua ed in là, gi-rando perdemmo il cammino, e facendo invano molto più viag-gio che non dovevamo fare, andammo tutta quella notte errando malamente per quella pianura. La mattina del venerdi, poco innanzi l'alba, passammo il ponte Bendemir, il quale è cosi detto da un tal Emir Hamza Dilemita che lo fabbrico. [and we set out towards the city of Shiraz, the present head of the province of Persia, and the seat of the Imam-culi chan who governs it. Shiraz was ten leagues away from there by the straightest road, but because a bridge over the Kur that we had to cross, by which the road is shorter, was broken, we were obliged to walk two leagues more, and in all to Shiraz twelve leagues, going to cross the furthest Kur by another bridge called Bend' Emir, which means binding, that is, the bridge of the Emir, which is two leagues from Cehilminar. The Persians sometimes call bridges bindings, because they bind together in a certain way both banks of the rivers. So we set out at night, but since it was dark and there was no moon, and all those plains where they sow rice and other things, irrigated and cut by many streams of water, so that to cross them we had to go often here and there, turning we lost our way, and making in vain much more travel than we should have done, we went all that night wandering badly over that plain. On the morning of Friday, shortly before dawn, we crossed the Bendemir bridge, which is so called from a certain Emir Hamza Dilemita who built it.] » #1530 Pietro Della Valle, Viaggi di Pietro della Valle: il pellegrino, G. Gancia, Brighton, 1843, ~ vol. 2 p. 264
SOURCE for Bend Emir bridge
« Le 13 de Mars, nous employames encore deux heures, jusqu'à la riviere de Bend Emir, qui est l'Araxes des anciens Auteurs Grecs. Le long de ce chemin, il n'y a plus un feul village. La riviere fusdite eft fort rapide, et le pont qu'on à bati desfus, qui eft de briques cuites, a trois cens pieds de longeur. [On March 13th, we spent another two hours traveling to the Bend Emir River, which is the Araxes of the ancient Greek authors. Along this route, there is not a single village. The river is very swift, and the bridge built across it, made of baked bricks, is three hundred feet long.] » #3642 Niebuhr, Carsten, Voyage en Arabie et en d'autres pays circonvoisins, vol. 2, S.J. Baalde, Amsterdam, 1780 ~ vol. 2 p. 98
SOURCE for Bendemeer bridge
« A few miles beyond the Bendemeer bridge the village of Zargan, or Zergun, lies nestled at the foot of a mountain, » #3178 Jackson, A. V. Williams, Persia past and present; a book of travel and research, with more than two hundred illustrations and a map, The Macmillan Company, London, 1906 ~ p. 321
SOURCE for Bindamyr bridge
« Poi una zornata lontano et se trova uno ponte grande di sopra el Bindamyr, 325) et qual è fiume molto grande. Questo ponte se dice che fece far Salomon. fn. 325. Bindamyr = Band-i-Amir, «La diga di Amir», cosi chiamata perchè era stata costruita dal noto principe Buwayhde Amir Adud al-Dawla verso l'anno 970 d. C. IBN AL-BALKHI nel suo Far-Nama, London, 1921, p. 151, afferma che non si poteva trovarne altra che le stesse a pari nel mondo. Cfr. anche HAMDULLAH MUSTAURI, Nuzhat al-Qulub, cit., p. 211. Il fiume Kur, attraverso cui fu cosche A tavolta chiamato Band-i-Amir; cit. (de) J. THÉVENOT, The Travels into the Levant, London, 1687, parte II, p. 123. (Lo.) [Then a little further on there is a large bridge over the Bindamyr, 325) which is a very large river. This bridge is said to have been built by Solomon. fn. 325. Bindamyr = Band-i-Amir, «The Dam of Amir», so called because it was built by the well-known prince Buwayhde Amir Adud al-Dawla around the year 970 AD. IBN AL-BALKHI in his Far-Nama, London, 1921, p. 151, states that no other like it could be found in the world. Cf. also HAMDULLAH MUSTAURI, Nuzhat al-Qulub, cit., p. 211. The river Kur, across which was sometimes called Band-i-Amir; cit. (by) J. THÉVENOT, The Travels into the Levant, London, 1687, part II, p. 123. (The.)] » #3310 Lockhart,L. Morozzo Della Rocca,R. Tiepolo,M.F., I viaggi in Persia degli ambasciatori veneti Barbaro e Contarini, Ist. Poligrafico dello Stato, 1973 ~ p. 149
SOURCE for Pouligor
« Le ſeptiéme aprés avoir fait charger à deux heures aprés minuit, je marchay dans une grande plaine d'où il eſt fort dif-ficile de ſe retirer quand les neiges tombent. Le matin je paf-fay fur une belle et longue digue appellée Pouligor, quia plus de quinze cens pas de de long et prés de quinze de large, et y a trois ou quatre ponts dans de certaines diſtances, pour donner le cours à l'eau, à cauſe que le païs eſt fort maréca-geux. Au bout de cette digue il y a un Carvanſera tres-bien bâti, [On the seventh, after loading at two o'clock after midnight, I marched across a large plain from which it is very difficult to retreat when the snows fall. In the morning, I crossed a beautiful and long dike called Poul gor, which is more than fifteen hundred paces long and nearly fifteen paces wide, and there are three or four bridges at certain intervals to divert the water, because the country is very marshy. At the end of this dike there is a very well-built Carvansera,] » #3632 Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste, Les six voyages de Jean Baptiste Tavernier, Ecuyer Baron d'Aubonne, qu'il a fait en Turquie, en Perse, et aux Indes,, Chez Gervais Clouzier et Claude Barbin, 1676 ~ p. 656

R178-016 Merdast
R178-016 Merdast : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Marvdasht , مرودشت ,
VARIANT names: Mardasch , Mardasch , Margascan , Marvdasht , Merdast , Mervdasht ,
SOURCE for Mardasch
« The next day we set forward on our Journey and travailing a good pace, came pretty early into the village Mardasch, where we resolved to rest a little being almost wearied out with the badness of the Way and Weather. The next morning I took a turn without Town on Horse-back, with one of our Company; where having rode about 2 Miles to the Eastward from the Town, we descried a huge fair Pile of Building, » #3675 John Struys, trans. John Morrison, The Perillous and Most Unhappy Voyages of John Struys; through Italy, Greece, … Media, Persia, …, and other places in Europe, Africa and Asia, London, 1683 ~ p. 331
« The 26. I got five Leagues to the Village of Siwan; The 27. six Leagues to Mardasch. This last Village is very famous, for the Antiquities which are to be seen near it, and which obliged us, as they do all that travel that way, to make a particular Observation thereof. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ Mandelslo pt. 2 p. 2
SOURCE for Margascan
« porque él queria llegar otro dia á Margascan, quatro leguas de aquella aldea, por ver las grandes y tan nonbradas ruinas de Chilminara [because he wanted to arrive another day at Margascan, four leagues from that village, to see the great and renowned ruins of Chilminara] » #3245 García de Silva y Figueroa, Manuel Serrano y Sanz, Comentarios De D. Garcia De Silva Y Figueroa De La Embajada Que De Parte Del Rey De España Don Felipe III Hizo Al Rey Xa Abas De Persia, La Spciedad de Bibliofilos Espanoles, Madrid, 1905 ~ vol. 1 p. 369
SOURCE for Marvdasht
« Neere Chilmanor is Mardafb (corruptly by the Spaniard cald Margatean) a Towne of two hundred houſes, the people fo fuperftitious that fuch houfes as we came in they perfumd and ayr'd (fome were happily fired) for that we were not Muffulmen. From this place to Sheraz are ten farfangs; » #1608 Herbert, Thomas, Sir, Some Yeares Travels into divers parts of Asia and Afrique. Describing especially the two famous Empires, the Persian, and great Mogull: weaved with the history of these later times ... With a revivall of the first discoverer of America. Revised and enlarged by the Author., Printed by R. Bip. for Jacob Blome and Richard Bishop, London, 1638, ~ p. 147
SOURCE for Merdast
« Mon guide me conduifit vers le foir à Merdaft, un mauvais Village à une Heue de ces ruines vers le fud. [My guide led me to the village of Merdaft, a small village about an hour from these ruins. ] » #3642 Niebuhr, Carsten, Voyage en Arabie et en d'autres pays circonvoisins, vol. 2, S.J. Baalde, Amsterdam, 1780 ~ vol. 2 p. 98
SOURCE for Mervdasht
« To reach Persepolis, we strike southward toward the Plain of Mervdasht. The road runs at first through a mountain gorge, picturesque in wild scenery, but dangerous at night because of its rugged track and robbers. The river Polvar, the classic Medus, pushes its way with turbulent stream through the craggy defile. » #3178 Jackson, A. V. Williams, Persia past and present; a book of travel and research, with more than two hundred illustrations and a map, The Macmillan Company, London, 1906 ~ p. 295

R178-017 Persepolis
R178-017 Persepolis : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: ANS UFI: -3090313 coordinate: lat 29.9368 long 52.89
NIMA/GNS names: Persepolis , Takht-e Jamshid , Takht-i-Jamshid , تخت جمشید ,
VARIANT names: Cehil minar , Chelmenar , Chilmanor , Chilminara , Cilmynar , Parsa , Persai , Persepolis , Sat Setun , Takht-e Jamshid , Tschehil-Menar , Tzilminar ,
SOURCE for Cehil minar
« Or giunti noi, come io diceva, circa due ore dopo mezzogiorno alle maravigliose rovine di Cehil minar, sotto ad esse appunto, presso un rivo di acqua che non lontano ne corre, ci posammo e tendemmo il padiglione, a fine di trattenerci a vederle tutte bene e con co-modità, come si fece, parte la stessa sera al tardi, e parte la mat-tina seguente, e non partirne infino a tanto che avessimo ciò che vi era d'ogn'intorno molto ben ricercato ed osservato. [Now, having arrived, as I said, about two hours after midday at the marvellous ruins of Cehil Minar, just beneath them, near a stream of water that runs not far from it, we set down and pitched the pavilion, in order to stay and see them all well and comfortably, as we did, partly late that same evening, and partly the following morning, and not to leave until we had thoroughly researched and observed what was around them.] » #1530 Pietro Della Valle, Viaggi di Pietro della Valle: il pellegrino, G. Gancia, Brighton, 1843, ~ vol. 2 p. 247
SOURCE for Chelmenar
« The 23th daye I went to Chelmenar, that famous place of ancient memori, wher those heroicke princes of the eastern part of the world liued, as Cirus [Cyrus], Cambices [Cambyses], who was the founder of this famous building [and] diuers others, this Cambises, whom as the Percians do name him James Sheate [Jamshid]. » #3214 Stodart, Robert; introduction and notes by Sir. E. Denison Ross, The Journal of Robert Stodart: Being an account of his experiences as a member of Sir Dodmore Cotton's Mission in Persia in 1628-29. Published from the unique manuscript preserved in the Bodleian Library, Luzac and Co, 1935 ~ p. 76
SOURCE for Chilmanor
« what are they but Mammons eyes; this Chaos of gold, but refined clay. What Magick then to make Idolaters. For my part (by Gods help) I in-tend rather to admire the Anatomy of this glorious ruine, which Don Garzia de silva Figuros (Ambaffador Anno 1619 to Abbas from Philip the third) calls the only Monument of the world, without Impoſture; yea farre exceeding (fayes he) all other miracles in the The ribs or ruines of Persepolis are at this day call'd Chil-Manor or Che-hel-Manor (i.e. forty Towers) in the idiom of Perfia: and might more properly have faid Hashtot-Maner, or eighty Towers, for fo many are eafily told two yards out of the ground; and if from fo many pillars as are perfect and lofty, then may they lay Nowzda Manor or nineteene Towers, at this day no more ſtanding, one excepted at the Eaft below, above a bow fhot thence. » #1608 Herbert, Thomas, Sir, Some Yeares Travels into divers parts of Asia and Afrique. Describing especially the two famous Empires, the Persian, and great Mogull: weaved with the history of these later times ... With a revivall of the first discoverer of America. Revised and enlarged by the Author., Printed by R. Bip. for Jacob Blome and Richard Bishop, London, 1638, ~ p. 144
SOURCE for Chilminara
« porque él queria llegar otro dia á Margascan, quatro leguas de aquella aldea, por ver las grandes y tan nonbradas ruinas de Chilminara [because he wanted to arrive another day at Margascan, four leagues from that village, to see the great and renowned ruins of Chilminara] » #3245 García de Silva y Figueroa, Manuel Serrano y Sanz, Comentarios De D. Garcia De Silva Y Figueroa De La Embajada Que De Parte Del Rey De España Don Felipe III Hizo Al Rey Xa Abas De Persia, La Spciedad de Bibliofilos Espanoles, Madrid, 1905 ~ vol. 1 p. 369
SOURCE for Cilmynar
« Alla villa de Camara el se vede uno monte tondo el qual da uno lado mostra esser tagliato et fatto in una facia, alta circa 6. passa; in la summità dil monte è uno piano et atorno colonne .40. le quale se chiamano Cilmynar, 326) che vol dir in nostra lengua .40. colonne, ciascuna de le qual è longa braza .20., grossa quanto abracia 3. homeni; de le qual perho parte ne son ruinate; per quello si vedeva è stato zà un bello edificio. fn. 326. Cilmynar = Chihil Minar, che, come il Barbaro spiega correttamente, significa "Quaranta Colonne". Era il nome con cui in epoca passata si designavano le rovine di Persepoli, la cui origine era stata dimenticata da lungo tempo. Lo stesso Barbaro, come risulta chiaramente, non aveva nessuna idea di ciò che quei luoghi fossero in realtà, così che, al pari di molti altri viaggiatori, attribuisce loro un'origine ebraica, come è manifesto dai suoi riferimenti a Salomone e Sansone. Il merito di avere riscoperto le vera origine di Persepoli va attribuito ai Frati Carmelitani di Shiraz, che ivi si stabilirono nel 1616. Cfr. i Voyages célèbres et remarquables faits de Perse aux Indies Orientales par le Sr. JEAN-ALBERT DE MANDELSLO, Leyden, 1719, p. 5. (Lo.) [At the village of Camara one sees a round mountain which on one side appears to have been cut and made in one face, about 6 meters high; at the top of the mountain is a plain and around it are .40 columns which are called Cilmynar, 326) which in our language means .40 columns, each of which is .20 meters long, as thick as 3 human arms; of which however some are in ruins; from this it was seen that it was once a beautiful building. fn. 326. Cilmynar = Chihil Minar, which, as Barbaro correctly explains, means "Forty Columns". This was the name by which in times past the ruins of Persepolis were designated, the origin of which had long been forgotten. Barbaro himself, as is evident, had no idea what those places really were, so that, like many other travellers, he attributes to them a Jewish origin, as is manifest from his references to Solomon and Samson. The credit for having rediscovered the true origin of Persepolis must be ascribed to the Carmelite Friars of Shiraz, who settled there in 1616. Cfr. Voyages célèbres et remarquables faits de Perse aux Indies Orientales par le Sr. JEAN-ALBERT DE MANDELSLO, Leyden, 1719, p. 5. (Lo.)] » #3310 Lockhart,L. Morozzo Della Rocca,R. Tiepolo,M.F., I viaggi in Persia degli ambasciatori veneti Barbaro e Contarini, Ist. Poligrafico dello Stato, 1973 ~ p. 149
SOURCE for Parsa
« C4 [grid] | Persepolis / Parsa / Persai / Sat Setum [name] | CHRL / CH / CH / RL [period] | Schmidt 1957; Shahbazi 1977; RGTC Parsa [reference] » #846 Talbert, Richard (ed.), Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 2000, ~ directory, Map 94 Persis p. 1339
SOURCE for Persai
SOURCE for Persepolis
« We went from hence down to Persepolis, in a southerly direction, and crossed cultivated grounds and canals. In half an hour we passed over the stream of Polwar, which was now very low. » #1185 Buckingham, J. S., Travels in Assyria, Media, and Persia, including a journey from Bagdad by Mount Zagros, to Hamadan, the ancient Ecbatana, researches in Ispahan and the ruins of Persepolis, and journey from thence by Shiraz and Shapoor to the sea-shore, Henry Colburn: Gregg International Publishers Limited, London: London, 1829:1971, ~ p. 268
« Les magnifiques ruines de Perfepolis, qui font encore aujourd'hui le fujet de notre Admiration, font felon toute Appa-rence des reftes d'un Temple ou d'un Palais royal, et celles là ne doivent pas tant leur Confervation à la quantité et à la grandeur de leurs piérres, qu'à la hauteur de leur fituation: [The magnificent ruins of Perfepolis, which still today are the subject of our admiration, in all appearance resemble the remains of a temple or a royal palace, and these owe their preservation not so much to the quantity and grandeur of their stones, as to the height of their location:] » #3642 Niebuhr, Carsten, Voyage en Arabie et en d'autres pays circonvoisins, vol. 2, S.J. Baalde, Amsterdam, 1780 ~ vol. 2 p. 98
SOURCE for Sat Setun
SOURCE for Takht-e Jamshid
SOURCE for Tschehil-Menar
« den 3. und 4. Dez. Tschehil-Menar (Persepolis) besehen und die Reste etc. gemessen und abgezeichnet. [On December 3rd and 4th, we visited Tschehil-Menar (Persepolis) and measured and sketched the remains, etc.] » #3220 Engelbert Kaempfer, ed. Karl Meier-Lemgo, Die Reisetagebu¨cher Engelbert Kaempfers, F. Steiner, Weisbaden, 1968 ~ p. 96
SOURCE for Tzilminar
« his last Village is very famous, for the Antiquities which are to be seen near it, and which obliged us, as they do all that travel that way, to make a particular Observation thereof. They are the ruines of an old Castle, which the Persians, call Tzilminar, that is to say, forty pillars from a word compounded of Tezehil, which signifies 40. and minar, a pillar or Tower; » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ Mandelslo pt. 2 p. 2

R178-018 Tschul
R178-018 Tschul : place IRN
VARIANT names: Tschul ,
SOURCE for Tschul
« Le 3 d'avril, je tranſportois mon logement de Merdast à Tschûl, un village dans le voiſinage de Nakſehi Ruflam, pour être près des antiquités, qui s'y trouvent et qui pouvoient encore m'occuper quelques jours. [On April 3rd, I moved my lodgings from Merdast to Tschûl, a village near Nakſehi Ruflam, to be close to the antiquities there, which could occupy me for a few more days.] » #3642 Niebuhr, Carsten, Voyage en Arabie et en d'autres pays circonvoisins, vol. 2, S.J. Baalde, Amsterdam, 1780 ~ vol. 2 p. 134

R178-019 Polochan
R178-019 Polochan : place IRN (bridge)
NIMA/GNS feature: BDG UFI: -3078460 coordinate: lat 29.8515 long 52.77
NIMA/GNS names: Pol-e Khan , Pol-e Khan , Pul-i-khan , پل خان ,
VARIANT names: bridge , Pola Khan , Pol-e Khan , Polochan , Pul-i-Khan , Pulochani , River Bindamire Bridge ,
SOURCE for bridge
« At 20 miles the Bandamir river is erossed by a masonry bridge with 3 high arches. The river runs strongly at the bridge, though it is elsewhere slow and deep, about 45 feet broad, with mud banks 10 feet above the level of the water. » #3331 Routes in Persia, Section 1, British Library: India Office Records and Private Papers, Mss Eur F111/369, in Qatar Digital Library, ~ p. 191
SOURCE for Pola Khan
« When the day broke, we crossed the Bund Ameer by a lofty but now nearly ruined bridge. The river's bed was deep, the stream rapid, and flowing to the south-east through the plain. This was called, by the natives, Pola Khan. The Bund Ameer was the Araxes of the ancients, » #1185 Buckingham, J. S., Travels in Assyria, Media, and Persia, including a journey from Bagdad by Mount Zagros, to Hamadan, the ancient Ecbatana, researches in Ispahan and the ruins of Persepolis, and journey from thence by Shiraz and Shapoor to the sea-shore, Henry Colburn: Gregg International Publishers Limited, London: London, 1829:1971, ~ p. 286
SOURCE for Pol-e Khan
« seven miles beyond zarqan we reached the narrow, old bridge of Pol-e Khan, where the road crossed the Pulvar River, guarded by a whitewashed and crenellated gendarmerie post. The new girder bridge was not yet in use, so all traffic was still negotiating the sharp bends on to and off the old one, past an overturned car on the sharpest » #3119 Duncan Forbes, The Heart of Iran, R. Hale, 1963 ~ p. 146
SOURCE for Polochan
« Nous employames quatre heures depuis le Village Tschûl ou Nakſchi Rustâm, jusqu'à Polochan le grand pont Bendemir dont j'ai fait mention cy desfus. [We spent four hours from the Village Tschûl or Nakſchi Rustâm, to Polochan the large Bendemir bridge which I mentioned above.] » #3642 Niebuhr, Carsten, Voyage en Arabie et en d'autres pays circonvoisins, vol. 2, S.J. Baalde, Amsterdam, 1780 ~ vol. 2 p. 135
SOURCE for Pul-i-Khan
« Pul-i-Khan » in {map#1135 U.S. Army Map Series K501: Iraq and Iran:, , , The University of Chicago fig. Shiraz H-39Q 1948}
SOURCE for Pulochani
« Pulochani (Pol-e Chani), » #3220 Engelbert Kaempfer, ed. Karl Meier-Lemgo, Die Reisetagebu¨cher Engelbert Kaempfers, F. Steiner, Weisbaden, 1968 ~ p. 97
SOURCE for River Bindamire Bridge
« The Bridge over the River is very old, raised high by four Arches, in the middle a Watch-Tower for the Rhadars to look put on, to apprehend such as shall by By-ways attempt to deprive them pf their Customs, as also to be at hand to secure those that Travel the Road. » #1591 Fryer, John M. D., A New Account of East-India and Persia in eight letters being nine years travel (Edited, with notes and an introduction, by William Crooke), Hakluyt Society:Kraus Reprint, 1909:1967, 3 vols. ~ vol. 2 p. 220

R178-020 Zarkan
R178-020 Zarkan : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Zargan , Zarghanak , Zarqan , زرقان ,
VARIANT names: Dih Gurg , Serghoen , Sergoen , Zargan , Zarghan , Zarghun , Zargoen , Zargoone , Zarkan , Zercon , Zerghun , Zergone , Zergoon , Zerraghoon , Zurgoon ,
SOURCE for Dih Gurg
« The first stage is of 6 leagues, from Shiraz to Dih Gurg in the Shiraz District; the second stage is 6 leagues to the head of the Bridge over the River Kür; ...
fn. 1 Neither Dih Gurg, "Wolf Village," nor the Bridge over the Kur now exists; Shahriyar's Kiosk must have been at or near modern Ujan; »
#3077 G. Le Strange, Description of the Province of Fars, in Persia, at the Beginning of the Twelfth Century A.D. from the MS. of Ibn-al-Balkhi, in the British Museum Asiatic Society Monographs XIV, Royal Asiatic Society, London, 1912 ~ p. 78
« thence 5 to Dih Gurg (Wolf Village), » #1764 ed. Le Strange, G., The geographical part of the Nuzhat-al-qulub composed by Hamd-Alla¯h Mustawfi¯ of Qazwi¯n in 740 (1340), E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1919 ~ p. 176
SOURCE for Serghoen
« Continuing from Chihil Minar, Stodart arrived at Zarghan, which was a poor town situated on the side of a hill one English mile from Rustam's tomb (i.e. Naqsh-i Rustam, the tomb of Darius I), which had been turned into a mosque. Here was good water. Speelman recorded that the village was divided into two parts, and built close to the slope of the moun-tain. Fryer called it a poor village inhabited by mule-teers, while Hedges considered it a large and exceed-ing pleasant one, in a plain full of vineyards. (75) 75 Stodart, p. 76 (Zargoone); Speelman, pp. 105-6 (Serghoen); Fryer, vol. II. p. 218 (Zergoon); Hedges, p. 208 (Zurgoon); KA 1793, fol. 1013b (Sergoen); Winninx, 3 November (Sergoe); de Silva y Figueroa, p. 140 (Zargan); LeBrun, vol. II, p. 301 (Sergoen); Carmelites, loc. cit. (Band-i Amir, Zarghan; karavansaray). » #1169 Floor, Willem, The Bandar Abbas-Isfahan Route in the Late Safavid era, Iran, Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies, London, 1999, 37:67-94 ~ p. 75
SOURCE for Sergoen
SOURCE for Zargan
« A few miles beyond the Bendemeer bridge the village of Zargan, or Zergun, lies nestled at the foot of a mountain, » #3178 Jackson, A. V. Williams, Persia past and present; a book of travel and research, with more than two hundred illustrations and a map, The Macmillan Company, London, 1906 ~ p. 321
« which form the eastern limit of the valley, we reached Zargán, our last stage before Shíráz, about dusk. » #3380 Browne, Edward Granville, A year amongst the Persians; impressions as to the life, character, and thought of the people of Persia, received during twelve month's residence in that country in the years 1887-8, Adam and Charles Black, 1893 ~ p. 256
« Por esta causa no se caminó entonces mas de tres leguas pequeñas, parando tenprano en una pequeña y pobre aldea llamada Zargan, al pie de un alto monte, á donde el Enbaxador, con parte de sus criados, se recogieron en una mezquita en que auia rrazonable hospedaje, que-dando la caravana y demas gente en el canpo. [For this reason, they did not travel more than three short leagues, stopping early in a small and poor village called Zargan, at the foot of a high mountain, where the Ambassador, with some of his servants, stayed in a mosque where there was reasonable lodging, while the caravan and other people remained in the countryside.] » #3245 García de Silva y Figueroa, Manuel Serrano y Sanz, Comentarios De D. Garcia De Silva Y Figueroa De La Embajada Que De Parte Del Rey De España Don Felipe III Hizo Al Rey Xa Abas De Persia, La Spciedad de Bibliofilos Espanoles, Madrid, 1905 ~ vol. 1 p. 368
SOURCE for Zarghan
SOURCE for Zarghun
« 3rd March, Zarghun. As my route from Shiraz would not lead in the direction of Persepolis, and as it seemed a pity to let slip an opportunity of seeing such a famous place, I determined to spend four days in an excursion thither, » #3078 Stack, Edward, Six months in Persia, Sampson Low, Marston, Searle and Rivington, London, 1882 ~ p. 57
« , reaches the town of Zargun. The latter is a long straggling place of 2,000 houses, mostly one-storeyed, with flat roofs, built close up to a chain of barren, rocky mountains on the castern margin of a low plain, full of gardens and cultivation. The main street is narrow and filthy, with a number of shops scattered through it, forming a bazaar said to be well supplied. There is a post-house at the N. end of the town, and two mud enclosures in the main street, serving the purpose of caravansarais. » #3331 Routes in Persia, Section 1, British Library: India Office Records and Private Papers, Mss Eur F111/369, in Qatar Digital Library, ~ p. 191
SOURCE for Zargoen
« Elle y eſt aussi fort large et fort pro fonde; et les bords en font eſcarpez et fort élevez. On y trouve plufieurs fortes de canards, et on la traverſe pour ſe rendre à Persepolis, qui n'en eſt qu'à deux lieuës. Nous arrivames ſur les onze heures à Zargoen, bourg agréablement ſitué entre les montagnes et rempli de jardins, qui abondent en melons, en raifins et en toutes fortes de fruits. [It is also very wide and very deep; and its banks are steep and very high. Several flocks of ducks are found there, and it is crossed to reach Persepolis, which is only two leagues away. We arrived around eleven o'clock at Zargoen, a pleasantly situated town nestled among the mountains and filled with gardens, which abound in melons, grapes, and all kinds of fruit.] » #3227 LeBrun, Corneille, Voyages de Corneille Le Brun par la Moscovie, en Perse, et aux Indes Orientales., Wetstein, Amsterdam, 1718 ~ p. 259
SOURCE for Zargoone
« I took horse and cam this night to Zargoone [Zarghün], a poor towne vpon the side of a hill wthin an English mile to Rustames howse, wch is now turned to be a muskeet, weh we call a church, and is kept in repayration. Here we picht in the Rices howse, wch is the cheifest man of the towne, hauing traveled 5 lges. of fayre waye crossing the playne of Chelmenar. Here is good water. » #3214 Stodart, Robert; introduction and notes by Sir. E. Denison Ross, The Journal of Robert Stodart: Being an account of his experiences as a member of Sir Dodmore Cotton's Mission in Persia in 1628-29. Published from the unique manuscript preserved in the Bodleian Library, Luzac and Co, 1935 ~ p. 76
SOURCE for Zarkan
« Depuis le pont fusdit, nous avions encore deux lieux, jusqu'à Zarkân. Actuellement ce chemin étoit fort bon; mais après une pluïe de longue durée il est très mau-vais, puisqu'alors toute la plaine eſt ſouvent couverte d'eau. [From the aforementioned bridge, we still had two leagues to go, to Zarkân. Currently, this road is very good; but after a prolonged rain, it is very bad, since then the whole plain is often covered with water.] » #3642 Niebuhr, Carsten, Voyage en Arabie et en d'autres pays circonvoisins, vol. 2, S.J. Baalde, Amsterdam, 1780 ~ vol. 2 p. 135
SOURCE for Zercon
« Passato il fiume, girammo un pezzo intorno alla costa di un monte che avevamo a man sinistra: ed ål fine, entrati in certi bassi valloni, ad ora di mezzogiorno arri-vammo alla villa Zercon che da Cehilminar non è più lontana di sei leghe, [After crossing the river, we went round for a while the side of a mountain which we had on our left hand: and at last, having entered some low valleys, at midday we arrived at the village of Zercon which is not more than six leagues from Cehilminar,] » #1530 Pietro Della Valle, Viaggi di Pietro della Valle: il pellegrino, G. Gancia, Brighton, 1843, ~ vol. 2 p. 265
SOURCE for Zerghun
« Zerghun » in {map#1245 in #3226 Cornelis Janszoon Speelman Ed. A. Hotz, Journaal der reis van den gezant der O.I. Compagnie Joan Cunaeus naar perzië in 1651-1652, J. Müller, 1908 ~ fig. Route-kaart voor de reis van het gezantschap Cunaeus van Bender Abbas (Gamron) naar Isfahan (1652)}
SOURCE for Zergone
« 17th [February) At 11 arrived at Zergone, being 5 farsangs, good way; came over a large bridge, a small river runing under it; 3 farsangs more came over a great quantity of water and mud, had three or four mules stuck in it. » #3248 Bernard P. Scattergood, Ed. Temple, Carnac Rihard, The Scattergoods and the East India Company, A Collection of Mss., Indian Antiquary, Bernard Quaritch, London, 1930 vol. LIX:pt DCCXXXVI-A:pp. 33-74 ~ p. 41
SOURCE for Zergoon
SOURCE for Zerraghoon
« In little more than an hour, passing over a fine small plain covered with flocks and tents, we came to the large village of Zerraghoon, seated at the foot of a steep mass of rock, with thatched houses and sloping roofs. We halted at a caravansera here, for two hours, to repose, and set out again about noon after which we got into a rugged country of bare hills and uninterest-ing aspect. » #1185 Buckingham, J. S., Travels in Assyria, Media, and Persia, including a journey from Bagdad by Mount Zagros, to Hamadan, the ancient Ecbatana, researches in Ispahan and the ruins of Persepolis, and journey from thence by Shiraz and Shapoor to the sea-shore, Henry Colburn: Gregg International Publishers Limited, London: London, 1829:1971, ~ p. 286
SOURCE for Zurgoon

R178-021 Schiras
R178-021 Schiras : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Chimaz , Chiraz , Schiras , Shiraz , Siraz , شیراز ,
VARIANT names: Chiras , Chiraz , Chyraz , Giras , Giraz , Schiras , Sciras , Sciraz , Scyras , Sehiras , Shira-its-tsi-ish , Shirass , Shiraz , Siras , Siràs or Xiràs or Sciraz , Širaz , Sjiraas , Sjiraas , Stadt Siraes , Syras , Xiras , Xiraz , Zjie-raes ,
SOURCE for Chiras
« dinge alle de omleggende vlekken hooren, en daarvan hij in Chiras aan den gouverneur reekeningh doen moet, [let all the destroyers hear the things, and he must give an account of them to the governor in Chiras,] » #3226 Cornelis Janszoon Speelman Ed. A. Hotz, Journaal der reis van den gezant der O.I. Compagnie Joan Cunaeus naar perzië in 1651-1652, J. Müller, 1908 ~ p. 74
« Le 17, j'arrivai à Chiras, foible et défait, [On the 17th, I arrived in Chiras, weak and defeated,] » #3213 Sir John Chardin, ed. Louis Langlès, Voyages du Chevalier Chardin en Perse et autres lieux de l’Orient, Nouvelle édition, Le Normant, Imprimeur-Libraire, Paris, 1811 ~ vol. 9 p. 90
« Je n'ai point voulu marquer par le compas la route que je tenois , jour par jour, d'Ispalian à Chiras, car c'est presque la même chose chaque jour ; [I did not want to mark with the compass the route I took, day by day, from Ispalian to Chiras, because it is almost the same thing every day;] » #3213 Sir John Chardin, ed. Louis Langlès, Voyages du Chevalier Chardin en Perse et autres lieux de l’Orient, Nouvelle édition, Le Normant, Imprimeur-Libraire, Paris, 1811 ~ vol. 8 p. 241
SOURCE for Chiraz
« ITINÉRAIRE DE CHIRAZ A SIRAF. De Chiraz à Kafra كفرة village 15 milles.?? » #3001 Al-Idrisi, P. Amedee Jaubert, Geographie d'Edrisi, Bertrand, Paris, 1836 ~ vol. 1 p. 400
SOURCE for Chyraz
« Chyraz » in {map#1255 Carte de la Perse, de la Turquie d'Asie et d'une partie de la Tartarie Indépendante / dressée par P. Lapie... ; gravée par Blondeau..., , 1810, Bibliothèque nationale de France, département Cartes et plans, GE C-10435}
« Chyraz » in {map#1253 Carte de la Perse, de la Turquie d'Asie et d'une partie de la Tartarie Indépendante / Dressée par P. Lapie, ... pour les Voyages de Chardin ; Gravée par Blondeau, ..., , 1810, }
« Arrivé à la porte de Chyraz, un individu préposé à je ne sais quoi se jeta sur Alawerdi et le secoua avec violence; on lui demanda 2 krowns, je ne sais à quel titre. Alawerdi résista, mais le préposé s'empara du fusil qu'il portait en bandoulière. Je le laissai faire, bien persuadé que j'en obtiendrais raison. Je fus d'abord à la douane où je déposai mes effets qui furent culbutés,, Dieu sait comme! et me rendis ensuite chez le nabab où je retrouvai mon logement. [Arriving at the gate of Chyraz, an individual in charge of I don't know what threw himself on Alawerdi and shook him violently; he was asked for 2 krowns, I don't know for what reason. Alawerdi resisted, but the attendant grabbed the rifle he was carrying across his shoulder. I let him do it, fully convinced that I would get his way. I first went to customs where I deposited my belongings which were overturned, God knows how! and then went to the nawab where I found my accommodation.] » #3241 Aucher-Eloy, Relations de voyages en Orient de 1830 à 1838. Part 2, 1843 ~ p. 603
SOURCE for Giras
« GIRAS, cidade de - Shiraz, em 29° 38' lat. N. e 52° 31' long. E., na Pérsia. [P. Fernão Guerreiro - Relações Anais]. [GIRAS, city of - Shiraz, in 29° 38' lat. N. and 52° 31' long. E., in Persia. [P. Fernão Guerreiro - Annals].] » #2603 Visconde De Lagoa, Glossario Toponimico Da Antiga Historiografia Portuguesa Ultramarina, Oficina Grafica, Casa Portuguesa Rua Das Gaveas, 1953, ~ vol. D-N p. 85
SOURCE for Giraz
« From there they will go to the city of Vargim, and from there to the city of Giraz » #2516 Afonso de Albuquerque, ed.Raymundo Antonio de Bulhão Pato, Henrique Lopes de Mendonça, Cartas de Affonso de Albuquerque, seguidas de documentos que as elucidam, Academia Real Das Sciencias de Lisboa, 1884, 1898 ~ vol. 2 p. 249
SOURCE for Schiras
« Le seizième de mars à huit heures du matin, je partis de Schiras, et après six heures de marche dans la plaine, qui cesse d'être fertile à une lieue de la ville, [On the sixteenth of March at eight o'clock in the morning, I left Schiras, and after six hours of walking in the plain, which ceases to be fertile a league from the town,] » #3144 Jean-Baptiste Tavernier, Pascal Pia, Voyages en Perse et description de ce royaume par Jean-Babtiste Tavernier Marchand Francais, E´d. du Carrefour, Paris, 1930 ~ p. 310
« J'arrivay à Schiras ſur les fix heures du ſoir ; [I arrived at Shiras around six o'clock in the evening;] » #3632 Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste, Les six voyages de Jean Baptiste Tavernier, Ecuyer Baron d'Aubonne, qu'il a fait en Turquie, en Perse, et aux Indes,, Chez Gervais Clouzier et Claude Barbin, 1676 ~ p. 656
« La Ville de Schiras, où nous arrivames enfin le 4 de Mars, n'eſt qu'à 1 mille de Tſchinar Raddar vers l'Eſt. Nous employames donc dixhuit jours, pour faire le Voyage d'Abuſchäbhr à Schiras, au lieu que fans cela, quelqu'un peut facilement faire ce Voyage en fix jours. La cauſe que nous étions fi longtems en chemin, n'étoit pas ſeulement le mauvais tems et le détour par Kormudſch, mais que la plus part des Marchandises de notre Kaffle, n'étoient chargées que fur des mauvais Anes, qui ne pouvoient faire que de petites journées. [The city of Shiras, where we finally arrived on March 4th, is only one mile east of Tſchinar Raddar.
It therefore took us eighteen days to make the journey from Abuſschäbhr to Shiras, whereas someone could easily make this journey in ten days. The reason we were so long on the road was not only the bad weather and the detour via Kormudſsh, but also that most of the goods in our wagon were loaded only onto poor donkeys, which could only travel for short periods.] » #3642 Niebuhr, Carsten, Voyage en Arabie et en d'autres pays circonvoisins, vol. 2, S.J. Baalde, Amsterdam, 1780 ~ vol. 2 p. 91
SOURCE for Sciras
« . Egli, mentre facemmo dimora a Sciras, non volle che noi ſpendeſsimo, per non offender le leggi dell'oſpitalità; [While we were staying in Sciras, he did not want us to spend money so as not to offend the laws of hospitality; ] » #3239 Giovanni Francesco Gemelli Careri, Giro del mondo, del dottor D. Gio. Francesco Gemelli Careri.., stamp. di G. Roselli, Napoli, 1699 ~ pt. 2 p.263
SOURCE for Sciraz
« Fatta poi notte, di nuovo ci rimettemmo alla via; e il mercoledi, ventidue di giugno, camminate pian piano e molto adagio le due o tre sole leghe che restavano infin alla città di Sciraz, non prima dell'alba ci arrivamnto. [Then when night fell, we set off again; and on Wednesday, the twenty-second of June, you walked slowly and very slowly the only two or three leagues that remained until the city of Sciraz, arriving there not before dawn.] » #1530 Pietro Della Valle, Viaggi di Pietro della Valle: il pellegrino, G. Gancia, Brighton, 1843, ~ vol. 2 p. 362
« A due o tre ore di notte facemmo di nuovo levata, e dopo aver camminato tutto il resto della notte, il sabbato, sedici di ottobre, fatte le sci altre leghe che sole restavano a giorno chiaro, levato già il sole, arrivammo ai giardini di Sciraz, la qual città è situata pur in un bel piano circondato quasi d'ogn'intorno da monti, [At two or three o'clock in the morning we rose again, and after having walked all the rest of the night, on Saturday, the sixteenth of October, having skied the other leagues that were left in the light of day, the sun having already risen, we arrived at the gardens of Sciraz, which city is situated on a beautiful plain surrounded almost on all sides by mountains,] » #1530 Pietro Della Valle, Viaggi di Pietro della Valle: il pellegrino, G. Gancia, Brighton, 1843, ~ vol. 2 p. 265
SOURCE for Scyras
« Het Landt roudtom Scyras is seer buchtbaar; maar boven al in Wijngaarden/die den Wijn voastrengen / welke dosz geheel Perfien, en selfs daar bupten / voor den besten van de ge heele Werelt gehouden. werdt / zijnde noch geuriger/ krachti ger/en forter als de Canarie-Sck. [The Land of Scyras is very famous; but above all in Vineyards / that supply the Wine / which are entirely Perfian, and even there / held for the best in the entire World. was / being neither more fragrant / more powerful / and stronger than the Canarie-Sck.] » #3243 Jan Janszoon Struys, Drie aanmerkelijke en seer rampspoedige Reysen, Meurs, 1677 ~ p. 354
SOURCE for Sehiras
« Having view'd these Antiquities, which with those of Derbent, were all we met with in our Travels, I prosecuted my jour|ney the 28. of Ianuary, and got that day ten Leagues, to the City of Sehiras. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ Mandelslo pt. 2 p. 2
SOURCE for Shira-its-tsi-ish
see source « Syras »
SOURCE for Shirass
« Dined here and went away for Shirass, being 5 farsangs, bad way up hills and down ; about the middle of the way in a fine plain is a good caravensaroy. Arrjved at Shirass at 8 at night. 21st [February], being Sunday. Went away for Bobbahodge. 9 farsangs good way . » #3248 Bernard P. Scattergood, Ed. Temple, Carnac Rihard, The Scattergoods and the East India Company, A Collection of Mss., Indian Antiquary, Bernard Quaritch, London, 1930 vol. LIX:pt DCCXXXVI-A:pp. 33-74 ~ p. 41
SOURCE for Shiraz
« This route passed Tarom, Forgh, Rustak, Darab, Darakan, Fasa, Sarvestan and then Shiraz, and from there onwards to Isfahan. This was the normal trade route prior the reign of Shah `Abbas I (1587-1629) . » #3002 Willem Floor, Persian Gulf: Links with the Hinterland, Bushehr, Borazjan, Kazerun, Banu Ka`b and Bandar Abbas, Mage Publishers, Washington, 2015 ~ p. 252 and #1169 Floor, Willem, The Bandar Abbas-Isfahan Route in the Late Safavid era, Iran, Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies, London, 1999, 37:67-94 ~ p. 67
« 24th February, Khan-i-Zanyan, 3 farsakhs ; 9 a.m. to 1 p.m. 25th February, Shiraz, 8 farsakhs ; 5.30 a.m. to 4 p.m. Next morning early, we saddled our horses for Shiraz. We had thirty-two miles to march, and the road, winding among bare mountain-tops, proved less interesting than any stage since Burazjan. » #3078 Stack, Edward, Six months in Persia, Sampson Low, Marston, Searle and Rivington, London, 1882 ~ p. 45
« next night pitching a farfangh ſhort of Shiraz; where we expected a ceremonious entrance » #1608 Herbert, Thomas, Sir, Some Yeares Travels into divers parts of Asia and Afrique. Describing especially the two famous Empires, the Persian, and great Mogull: weaved with the history of these later times ... With a revivall of the first discoverer of America. Revised and enlarged by the Author., Printed by R. Bip. for Jacob Blome and Richard Bishop, London, 1638, ~ p. 132
« Hastening on towards Shiráz, I met a line inspector on tour, Mr Jefferies, who informed the that there was a riot taking place in the capital of Fárs. Accordingly, with very brief visits to the stupendous monuments of Persepolis, which I fortunately was able to examine carefully five years later, marched rapidly on, and being warned to avoid the town, proceeded to the beautiful Telegraph Garden, where I was most hospitably received by Dr Scully, the entertainer of almost every European traveller in Persia. » #1631 Sykes, Major P. Molesworth, Ten thousand miles in Persia or eight years in Iran, John Murray, London, 1902, ~ p. 80-81
« and thence in 5 leagues to the city of Shiraz. Total: from Yazdi-khwāst to Shiraz 44 leagues, » #1764 ed. Le Strange, G., The geographical part of the Nuzhat-al-qulub composed by Hamd-Alla¯h Mustawfi¯ of Qazwi¯n in 740 (1340), E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1919 ~ p. 176
« Further on, we passed the fine tomb of Shah Ameer Hamza, son of the Imaum Moosa; and crossing a bridge over the dry bed of a river, we entered Shiraz before dark. » #1185 Buckingham, J. S., Travels in Assyria, Media, and Persia, including a journey from Bagdad by Mount Zagros, to Hamadan, the ancient Ecbatana, researches in Ispahan and the ruins of Persepolis, and journey from thence by Shiraz and Shapoor to the sea-shore, Henry Colburn: Gregg International Publishers Limited, London: London, 1829:1971, ~ p. 287
« Although the city is the capital of the historic province of Fars and by right of inheritance the successor to the glory of Persepolis, the claim which Shiraz can make to eminence by reason of antiquity is not comparable with that of either Hamadan or Rei in Media of old. The general location of the city, it is true, is probably an ancient one, as shown by the vestiges of Achsemenian and Sasanian ruins in the vicinity, » #3178 Jackson, A. V. Williams, Persia past and present; a book of travel and research, with more than two hundred illustrations and a map, The Macmillan Company, London, 1906 ~ p. 324
SOURCE for Siras
« The 24th daye about 12 a clok att night we did sett out of the citie of Siras, comonly called by the inhabitans Shiras, and traveling over theplayne, » #3214 Stodart, Robert; introduction and notes by Sir. E. Denison Ross, The Journal of Robert Stodart: Being an account of his experiences as a member of Sir Dodmore Cotton's Mission in Persia in 1628-29. Published from the unique manuscript preserved in the Bodleian Library, Luzac and Co, London, 1935 ~ p.78
« In our Stay here we had Opportunity to observe Siras, not only by Fame, but indeed to be, second to none, except the Royal City, in the whole Empire: » #1591 Fryer, John M. D., A New Account of East-India and Persia in eight letters being nine years travel (Edited, with notes and an introduction, by William Crooke), Hakluyt Society:Kraus Reprint, 1909:1967, 3 vols. ~ vol. 2 p. 211
« Siras (Shirāz) for each carga half a mahmudi as in Lār » #3297 John Emerson, Rahdars and Their Tolls in Safavid and Afsharid Iran, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 1987 vol. 30:no. 3:pp. 318-327 ~ p. 321
SOURCE for Siràs or Xiràs or Sciraz
« fn. 30. Bembo gives three spellings for Shiraz: "Siràs or Xiràs or Sciraz." Persepolis is 80 km north of Shiraz. The plain to which Bembo refers is Marv Dasht, and he gives the name "Mircascun" to the town of Zargan. » #3299 trans. Clara Bargellini ed. Anthony Welch Ambrosio Bembo, The Travels and Journal of Ambrosio Bembo, University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 2007 ~ p. 298
SOURCE for Širaz
« Širāz VI C4
Id Iran
Métropole (misr) de la province du Fāris et circonscription
IV 391 » #2912 Georgette Cornu, Atlas du monde arabo-islamique a l'epoque classique IXe-Xe siecles, E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1985, ~ p. 58
SOURCE for Sjiraas
« Den 11. dito na 2 mylen, aan de voor aan in Sjiraas gelegene Tsaarbag, daar van velen verwelkomt wierd. [The 11th ditto after 2 miles, at the front of Tsarbag located in Shiraas, where many were welcomed.] » #2655 Francois Valentyn, Oud en nieuw Oost-Indien vervattende een naaukeurige en uitvoerige verhandelinge van Nederlands mogentheyd in die gewesten, benevens eene wydlustige beschryvinge der Moluccos ...,, Joannes van Braam, 1726, ~ vol. 5 p. 285
« Den 7. dito vertrokken wy van Sjiraas, hadden een goeden weg, en rondom ons veel dorpen. [On the 7th we left Shiraas, had a good road, and many villages around us.] » #2655 Francois Valentyn, Oud en nieuw Oost-Indien vervattende een naaukeurige en uitvoerige verhandelinge van Nederlands mogentheyd in die gewesten, benevens eene wydlustige beschryvinge der Moluccos ...,, Joannes van Braam, 1726, ~ bk. 5 p. 263
« Den 6. dito wierd zyn. Ed: door eenige Armeniers bezogt, door hen met eenige tafel-vrugten beichonken, en 's namiddags door deneerſten ſchryver des Viziers verzogt, om op te zitten, weshalven zyn ed: na Sjiraas vertrok, [On the 6th his Ed: was visited by some Armenians, by whom he was refreshed with some table fruits, and in the afternoon he was requested by the chief scribe of the Vizier to sit on, wherefore his Ed: departed after Sjiraas,] » #2655 Francois Valentyn, Oud en nieuw Oost-Indien vervattende een naaukeurige en uitvoerige verhandelinge van Nederlands mogentheyd in die gewesten, benevens eene wydlustige beschryvinge der Moluccos ...,, Joannes van Braam, 1726, ~ vol. 5 p. 274
SOURCE for Stadt Siraes
« 7 Nov 1645 » #3230 Dagh Register gehouden bij den oppercoopman Leonard Winninx ‘tsindert den 6 Julij anno 1645 dat uijt Gamron naer Spahan vertreckt, tot den 24e November, daeraen volgende, als wanneer in gemelte Gamron wederom gearriveert is." inventory number 1152 catalogue reference number 1.04.02, Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, ~ f. 384
« 23 July 1645 » #3230 Dagh Register gehouden bij den oppercoopman Leonard Winninx ‘tsindert den 6 Julij anno 1645 dat uijt Gamron naer Spahan vertreckt, tot den 24e November, daeraen volgende, als wanneer in gemelte Gamron wederom gearriveert is." inventory number 1152 catalogue reference number 1.04.02, Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, ~ f. 361
SOURCE for Syras
« Persia alla via di levante (A levante, ove prima si trova la città de Syras la quale) li..20., ha populo inumerabile, mercadanti assaissimi, perchè tutti i mercadanti che vengono da le parte di sopra, cioè da Ere, Sanmarcahanthe (299) e da li in suso (volendo vegnir per la via de la Persia) passano per Syras, (300) fn. 299. Sanmarcahanth Samarcanda, la principale città della Transoxiana. RUY GONZALES DE CLAVIJO, che Enrico III di Castiglia aveva inviato come ambasciatore a Timur nel 1405, ci ha lasciato una descrizione di Samarcanda quale era ai suoi tempi; cfr. la sua opera Embassy to Tamerlane, cit., pp. 285-290. (Lo.) fn. 300. Syras Shiraz. Contrariamente a quanto comunemente si crede, Shiraz è una città molto antica. Poco dopo la seconda guerra mondiale, G. Cameron scopri a Persepoli alcune tavolette in lingua elamita, recanti dettagli sulle paghe degli operai ivi impegnati nella costruzione del palazzo di Dario; su una di tali tavolette compare il nome di Shiraz, sotto la forma Shira-its-tsi-ish. Si ha così la prova che la città esisteva già nel periodo degli Achemenidi. In quel tempo, tuttavia, essa era messa in ombra da Persepoli. Sotto i Sasanidi Shiraz fu capitale dell'Ardashir Khurreh, uno dei cin- que distretti in cui era divisa la provincia del Färs. ... [Persia on the eastern road (To the east, where first is the city of Syras which) li..20., has an innumerable population, very many merchants, because all the merchants who come from the upper parts, that is from Ere, Sanmarcahanthe (299) and from there upwards (wanting to come by the road to Persia) pass through Syras, (300) fn. 299. Sanmarcahanth Samarkand, the principal city of Transoxiana. RUY GONZALES DE CLAVIJO, whom Henry III of Castile had sent as ambassador to Timur in 1405, has left us a description of Samarkand as it was in his time; cf. his work Embassy to Tamerlane, cit., pp. 285-290. (Lo.) fn. 300. Syras Shiraz. Contrary to popular belief, Shiraz is a very ancient city. Shortly after the Second World War, G. Cameron discovered in Persepolis some tablets in the Elamite language, containing details of the wages of the workers employed there in the construction of the palace of Darius; on one of these tablets the name of Shiraz appears, in the form Shira-its-tsi-ish. This is evidence that the city already existed in the period of the Achaemenids. At that time, however, it was overshadowed by Persepolis. Under the Sassanids Shiraz was the capital of Ardashir Khurreh, one of the five districts into which the province of Färs was divided. ...] » #3310 Lockhart,L. Morozzo Della Rocca,R. Tiepolo,M.F., I viaggi in Persia degli ambasciatori veneti Barbaro e Contarini, Ist. Poligrafico dello Stato, 1973 ~ p. 142
SOURCE for Xiras
« A 24, vispera de Sancta Catalina martir, despues de auer enuiado delante muy de mañana el Enbaxador su rrecamara y todas las demas cargas, le vinieron á dar auiso como le querian ya salir á reçibir de Xiras, [On the 24th, the eve of Sancta Catalina martyr, after the Enbaxador had sent his chamber and all the other loads in front of him very early in the morning, they came to inform him how they wanted him and to leave to receive Xiras,] » #3245 García de Silva y Figueroa, Manuel Serrano y Sanz, Comentarios De D. Garcia De Silva Y Figueroa De La Embajada Que De Parte Del Rey De España Don Felipe III Hizo Al Rey Xa Abas De Persia, La Spciedad de Bibliofilos Espanoles, Madrid, 1905 ~ vol. 1 p. 332
« A 5 de Abril, en la tarde, salio el Enbaxador de Xiras, dexando algunos criados suyos con mas de çiento y çinquenta cargas de la pimienta que se lleuaua al rey de Persia, [On April 5th, in the afternoon, the Ambassador of Xiras left, leaving some of his servants with more than one hundred and fifty loads of pepper that he was taking to the King of Persia.] » #3245 García de Silva y Figueroa, Manuel Serrano y Sanz, Comentarios De D. Garcia De Silva Y Figueroa De La Embajada Que De Parte Del Rey De España Don Felipe III Hizo Al Rey Xa Abas De Persia, La Spciedad de Bibliofilos Espanoles, Madrid, 1905 ~ vol. 1 p. 367
SOURCE for Xiraz
« XIRAZ, cidade de - Shiraz, em 29° 38' lat. N. e 52° 31' long. E., na Pérsia. [João de Barros-Da Asia). [XIRAZ, city of - Shiraz, in 29° 38' lat. N. and 52° 31' long. E., in Persia. [João de Barros-From Asia).] » #2603 Visconde De Lagoa, Glossario Toponimico Da Antiga Historiografia Portuguesa Ultramarina, Oficina Grafica, Casa Portuguesa Rua Das Gaveas, 1953, ~ vol. O-Z p. 287
SOURCE for Zjie-raes
« arriv?mes à minuit au Caravanserai de Babbahad-jie, à 5. lieuës de Zjie-raes. [and arrived at midnight at the Caravanserai of Babbahad-jie, 5 leagues from Zjie-raes.] » #3227 LeBrun, Corneille, Voyages de Corneille Le Brun par la Moscovie, en Perse, et aux Indes Orientales., Wetstein, Amsterdam, 1718 ~ p. 312

R178-022 Bendu : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Bondareh , Bonduyeh , بندویه ,
VARIANT names: Bendu , Bonduyeh ,
SOURCE for Bendu
« et le 16 quatre lieues jusqu'à la plaine près de Bendu; ce village eft fitué fort haut à l'Est d'une montagne, et a pluſieurs jardins avec des vignes, des Amandiers, des pêchers, des figuiers et d'autres arbres fruitiers: [and on the 16th, four leagues to the plain near Bendu; this village is situated very high to the east of a mountain, and has several gardens with vines, almond trees, peach trees, fig trees and other fruit trees:] » #3642 Niebuhr, Carsten, Voyage en Arabie et en d'autres pays circonvoisins, vol. 2, S.J. Baalde, Amsterdam, 1780 ~ vol. 2 p. 145
SOURCE for Bonduyeh

R178-023 Mordha
R178-023 Mordha : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Bagdaneh , Bigdaneh , Yekdaneh , بگدانه ,
VARIANT names: Bigdaneh , Kala Mosko , Kaleh Musku , Qal'eh Musku ,
SOURCE for Bigdaneh
SOURCE for Kala Mosko
« 7 KALA MOSKO ... Thence by easy descent to Mosko, a small village of 50 houses, and mud fort in bad repair on bank of Jatah river. Considerable rice cultivation. » #3331 Routes in Persia, Section 1, British Library: India Office Records and Private Papers, Mss Eur F111/369, in Qatar Digital Library, ~ p. 133
SOURCE for Kaleh Musku
« Kaleh Musku » #3080 Simla Drawing Office, General Staff, India, Mobilisation Routes In Persia (Vol. IV, Part II) (Fars, Laristan, Kerman And Yazd) British Library: India Office Records and Private Papers, IOR/L/MIL/17/15/12/10, in Qatar Digital Library, ~ p. 53
SOURCE for Qal'eh Musku
« Qal'eh Musku » in {map#1085 Series 1404 World 1:500,000, Great Britain War Office and Air Ministry, 1958-, 1958, The Perry-Castañeda Library (PCL) Map Collection} Shiraz 444 C

R178-024 Gra : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Gereh , Jereh , Jireh , جره , گره ,
VARIANT names: Djerreh , Girre , Girsik , Gra , Guiere , Gurreh , Ishfagan , Ishforkan , Jereh , Jerre , Jerreh , Jireh , Jirrah , Jirreh , Jirshik , Jorreh ,
SOURCE for Djerreh
« Djerreh » in {map#1132 Abb. 1 Karte von Iranmit Eintragung der Routen und Karawanenbauten, , , #1814 Kleiss, Wolfram, Karawanenbauten in Iran. Materialien zur iranischen Archäologie, Materialien zur iranischen Archa¨ologie, D. Reimer, Berlin, 2000 Band 7:Teil 5: ~} Abb. 2 Karte von West- und Südwest-Iran mit Eintragung von Befunden
« Djerreh » in {map#1193 in #3101 Vanden Berghe, L, Récentes découvertes de monuments sassanides dans le Fars, Iranica antiqua, Leiden, 1961 Vol.1: p.163 ~ fig. 1. Carte de la région prospectée.}
SOURCE for Girre
« B4 | Girre R?L? | 8 miles from Bala Deh | Vanden Berghe 1984, 213-14; Huff 1995 » #846 Talbert, Richard (ed.), Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 2000, ~ Directory Map 94 Persis p. 1338
«Die Frage, ob die Ruine von Girre tatsächlich dem Mihr Narse zuzuschreiben ist, kann auch hier nicht beantwortet werden, da die unklare Formulierung bei Tabari eine Entscheidung anscheinend unmöglich macht. Er berichtet, daß Mihr Narse “aus einem Dorfe Abruwan, im Gau Dašt-i Barin im Kreise Ardašir-Churra” stammt; “dort und in Gireh im Kreise Šapur, der ja an den Gau Dašt-i Barin grenzt, hat er hohe Gebäude und auch einen Feuertempel angelegt, der noch heute bestehen und dessen Feuer noch bis jetzt brennen soll; man nennt ihn Mihr-Narsijan. In der Nähe von Abruwan legte er vier Dörfer an, in deren jedem er einen Feuertempel einrichtete...”. Die für eine weitere Diskussion entscheidend wichtige Lokalisierung von Abruwan ist bisher nicht gelungen. Selbst wenn jedoch Mihr Narses Tempelgründung auf den jetzigen Standort in Girre bezogen werden könnte, wäre damit die Datierung der Ruine nicht gesichert, solange nicht durch eine archäologische Untersuchung die spä tere Erneuerung eines Mihr Narse-Gebäudes ausgeschlossen werden kann. Für den Versuch einer Datierung können daher z.Z. nur die Merkmale des Cahartaqs selbst herangezogen werden.
fn. 6 A. Godard, Les monuments du feu, Athar-e Iran 3, 1938, pp. 7ff. bes.: pp. 30ff. pp. 169ff.
[The question of whether the ruins of Girre can actually be attributed to Mihr Narse cannot be answered here either, as the unclear wording in Tabari apparently makes a decision impossible. He reports that Mihr Narse comes “from a village of Abruwan, in the district of Dašt-i Barin in the district of Ardašir-Churra”; “There and in Gireh in the district of Šapur, which borders on the Gau Dašt-i Barin, he built tall buildings and also a fire temple, which still exists today and whose fire is said to burn to this day; he is called Mihr-Narsijan. He established four villages near Abruwan, in each of which he established a fire temple...". The localization of Abruwan, which is crucial for further discussion, has not yet been achieved. However, even if Mihr Narse's founding of the temple could be related to the current location in Girre, the dating of the ruin would not be certain unless an archaeological investigation can rule out the later renovation of a Mihr Narse building. To attempt dating, you can currently: only the characteristics of the Cahartaq itself are used.
fn. 6 A. Godard, Les monuments du feu, Athar-e Iran 3, 1938, pp. 7ff. esp.: pp. 30ff. pp. 169ff.] » #3100 Huff, Dietrich, Beobachtungen zum Chahartaq und zur Topographie von Girre, Iranica antiqua, Leiden, 1995 vol. 30:pp. 71-92 ~ p. 72
SOURCE for Girsik
« Istakhri beschreibt auch den Nahr Girsik, heute Gereh, einen Neben- fluss des Ratin, und den Ikhsin, einen Nebenfluss des Giršik. Der Ratin ist danach ganz sicher der heutige Rüdkhane i Daleki, der Nahr Sabür ist der Fluss der Ruinenstadt Sähpür. Nach Auffassung des alten Geogra- phen ist also nicht ein Fluss der Nebenfluss des anderen, und das Delta die Mündung des vereinigten Flusses, sondern beide Flüsse haben eine Strecke gemeinsamen Laufes, um sich dann wieder zu trennen.
[Istakhri also describes the Nahr Girsik, today Gereh, a tributary of the Ratin, and the Ikhsin, a tributary of the Giršik. The Ratin is definitely today's Rüdkhane i Daleki, the Nahr Sabür is the river of the ruined city of Sähpür. According to the old geographer's opinion, one river is not the tributary of the other, and the delta is the mouth of the unified river, but rather both rivers have a common course for a stretch and then separate again.] » #3048 Herzfeld, Ernst, Pasargadae: Aufnahmen und Untersuchungen zur persischen Archaeologie, Klio, 1907 ~ p. 8
SOURCE for Gra
« Le 26 nous ne fimes guères plus de deux milles d'Allemagne, et nous marchames jusqu'à Gra. Cecy eft un nouveau Village, à un Endroit, où il ya une petite ri-viere, qui tombe dans une grande. On y trouve ausfi tout près, fur deux Isles, deux Citadelles, qui font à peine ausfi bonnes, que celles de Kormudjeb et qui ne font aussi faites par les habitans, que durant les troubles interieurs. On ne voit plas que quelques reftes de la Citadelle de l'ancien Village Gra, qui a été autrefois la re-fidence d'un Beglerbeg, et qui étoit fitué à un demi lieu d'icy (a). fn ((a) Les petits Villages fulvans, appartiennent encore aujourd'hui su Territoire de Grä, Tʃchärde, Defchech, Kafr dii, Sirisgün, Jölakan, Sarekün, Kurufchin, Balade, Garib Abad, Mukram Alad, Kulucherd, Dahdin, Tamûn, Antari, Badaft.. [On the 26th we barely covered two miles from Germany, and we marched as far as Gra. Cecy is a new village, in a place where there is a small river that flows into a larger one. Nearby, on two islands, are two citadels, which are scarcely as good as those of Kormudjeb and which are only built by the inhabitants during internal conflicts. Only a few remains of the citadel of the old village of Gra are visible, which was once the residence of a Beglerbeg, and which was situated half a league from here (a). fn (a) The following small Villages still belong today to the Territory of Grä, Tʃchärde, Defchech, Kafr dii, Sirisgün, Jölakan, Sarekün, Kurufchin, Balade, Garib Abad, Mukram Alad, Kulucherd, Dahdin, Tamûn, Antari, Badaft.] » #3642 Niebuhr, Carsten, Voyage en Arabie et en d'autres pays circonvoisins, vol. 2, S.J. Baalde, Amsterdam, 1780 ~ vol. 2 p. 89
SOURCE for Guiere
« Guierè 6 Farsangs » #3179 Adrien Dupré, Voyage en Perse, fait dans les années 1807, 1808 et 1809, en traversant la Natolie et la Mésopotamie, 1819 ~ vol. 2 p. 492
SOURCE for Gurreh
« Gurreh - Attestations: Jorreh, along with Kazerun and Nobandegan, was recorded as an important town in Shapur Khurrah, which had been captured by the Arabs in the year 16/637(44). The mint signature GWR on the coins of Yazdgerd I is also thought to be representative of Gurreh (Islamic period Jorrah or Khorrah), although it may also represent Gur as well. Mochiri argues that Gur, the provincial capital of Ardashir Khurrah, used ART as its mint signature, not GWR. He suggests that GWR is, in fact, an abbreviated form of Gurreh, an important district and town in Shapur Khurrah. According to Tabari, Mehr Narsi, the minister of Yazdgerd I (399-420), Bahram V (420- 38) and Yazdgerd II (438-57) built fire temples in the village (?) of Jarreh in Shapur Khurrah. He also founded four other villages in this area, such as the village of Abruwan (see entry under Abruwan), erecting fire temples in each along with palin, olive and cypress gardens. These fire temples, gardens and villages were in the hand of Nersi descendants up until the 4th century A.H. One of these fire temples, referred to as Mehr Nersiyan, was still burning at Tabari's time. The fire temple of Jerreh was also still among the important fire temples of Fars in the 4th/10th century (Ist: 118; Hoq: 273; Hod. : 129)
- Identification: The modern village of Jerreh, the center of a district with the same name, is located 64 km southeast of Kazerun. The Jerreh fire temple is located 11 km northeast of the village of Bala-Deh near Jerreh.
fn. 44 Ibn-e Balkhi: 132
fn. 46 Tabari, vol. V: 105
fn. 47 Schippmann, 1971: 139 » #2877 Negin Miri, Historical Geography of Fars during the Sasanian Period, e-Sasanika, 2009, 10: ~ pp. 13-14
SOURCE for Ishfagan
« Ishfagan (Jirreh) 14 m. General direction W. of N. Leaving Ab-i-Nau in an N.-N.-W. direction 28 » #3080 Simla Drawing Office, General Staff, India, Mobilisation Routes In Persia (Vol. IV, Part II) (Fars, Laristan, Kerman And Yazd) British Library: India Office Records and Private Papers, IOR/L/MIL/17/15/12/10, in Qatar Digital Library, ~ p. 312
SOURCE for Ishforkan
« 9th April. From Ishforkan we proceeded about a mile to the village of Hassanabad, skirting the hills. » #3038 Keith E. Abbott, Notes Taken on a Journey Eastwards from Shiráz to Fessá and Darab, Thence Westwards by Jehrúm to Kazerún, in 1850, The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, London, 1857 ~ pp. 182-3
SOURCE for Jereh
« Jereh | PPL | 29°15'N 51°58'E | IR07 | WN83 | NH39-11 » #2938 Gazetteer of Iran Names Approved by the United States Board on Geographic Names, Defence Mapping Agency, Washington D. C., 2nd ed. 1984, ~ vo. A-J p. 781
« Jereh » in {map#1198 in #3109 ed. St John Simpson, Sasanian Archaeology: Settlements, Environment and Material Culture, Archaeopress Archaeology, Oxford, 2022 ~ fig. Figure 1. Satellite photograph of south-west Iran giving the location of Tole Qaleh Seyfabad (TQS) and other important sites of the Sasanian period}
SOURCE for Jerre
« Jerre » in {map#1160 Fig. 1 Location of Fahlian and other way-stations on the Royal Road (modified from Mostafavi 1967), , , #3067 Yoshihiro Nishiaki, Fahlian (Tape Suruvan), Faras, Iran, Laboratory for Prehistoric Archaeology of West Asia, The University Museum, The University of Tokyo, 2020 ~}
SOURCE for Jerreh
« Jerreh
was a town amidst an intensively irrigated agricultural region; above the
town was a great fire-temple called Mihrnarsanjan. Tabari reports that
this region was developed by Mihr Narsa, who built fire-temples and
surrounded them with gardens of palms, olives and cypress trees and
settlements (Schwarz, 1969: 69). The Sasanian ruins from Jerreh and
Farrashband are reported by Godard (1938). » #3094 Donald Whitcomb, Trade and Tradition In Medieval Southern Iran - Thesis, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 1979 ~ p. 77
« Jerreh » in {map#1188 Map of Persia (in Six Sheets), Simla Drawing Office Survey of India, 1902, Geographicus, New York}
SOURCE for Jireh
« Jireh; see Jereh » #2938 Gazetteer of Iran Names Approved by the United States Board on Geographic Names, Defence Mapping Agency, Washington D. C., 2nd ed. 1984, ~ vo. A-J p. 784
SOURCE for Jirrah
« Jirrah » in {map#1138 , Le Strange, , #895 Le Strange, G., The lands of the Eastern Caliphate. Mesopotamia, Persia, and Central Asia from the Moslem conquest to the time of Timur., Cambridge University Press, London, 1905 ~} Map 6 Provinces of Fars and Kirman
« the third stage is 3 leagues to Jirrah » #3047 G. Le Strange, Description of the Province of Fars, in Persia, at the Beginning of the Twelfth Century A.D. Translated from the MS. of Ibn-al-Balkhi, in the British Museum, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1912 pp. 1-30, pp. 311-339, pp. 865-889 ~ p. 885
« The Shapur river, up in the mountains, was joined on its left bank by the Ab-i-Jirrah, which, flowing down from the Maṣaram and Ghundijan districts, passes the city of Jirrah [31], which is some miles south-east of Kazirun. » #2866 Guy Le Strange, Mesopotamia and Persia under the Mongols in the Fourteenth Century A.D. from the Nuzhat-al-Kulub of Hamd-Allah Mustawfi, Royal Asiatic Society, 1903, ~ p. 69
SOURCE for Jirreh
SOURCE for Jirshik
« 8. Jirshik - from the area of Masarm, flowed through the area of al-Mushjan, flowed under the Qantara (weir, bridge) Sebuk, a bridge of cyclopaean stone masonry, watered the area of Jur, and in Dadhin flowed into the Ikhshin. Jirshik - modern Jereh, tributary of the Ratin and the Ikhshin (Herzfeld 1908: 8). Ibn al-Balkhi - Jirrah, » #3031 D.T. Potts, Sailing to Pasargadae., in: ed. T. Daryaee, A. Mousavi and K. Rezakhani, Excavating an Empire: Achaemenid Persia in Longue Durée, Mazda Publishers, Costa Mesa, California, 2014, ~ p. 8
SOURCE for Jorreh
see source for « Gurreh »

R178-025 Khanieh
R178-025 Khanieh : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Khamik , Khamyak , Khaneh Yak , Khani Yek , Khanik , Khaniyak , خانیک ,
VARIANT names: Khamik , Khamyak , Khaniek , Khanik ,
SOURCE for Khamik
SOURCE for Khamyak
« Khamyak » in {map#1085 Series 1404 World 1:500,000, Great Britain War Office and Air Ministry, 1958-, 1958, The Perry-Castañeda Library (PCL) Map Collection} Shiraz 444 C
« At 13 miles Khamyak, with a low mound. At 13¾ miles, Ab-i-Nau 300 camels and oxen. » #3080 Simla Drawing Office, General Staff, India, Mobilisation Routes In Persia (Vol. IV, Part II) (Fars, Laristan, Kerman And Yazd) British Library: India Office Records and Private Papers, IOR/L/MIL/17/15/12/10, in Qatar Digital Library, ~ p. 311
SOURCE for Khaniek
« The village Khaniek, with its vast and probably artificial mollnd, bore, at the 13th mile, 50° about 1 mile distant. » #3038 Keith E. Abbott, Notes Taken on a Journey Eastwards from Shiráz to Fessá and Darab, Thence Westwards by Jehrúm to Kazerún, in 1850, The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, London, 1857 ~ p. 181
« Le 25. nous campâmes de l'autre coté de Khaniek, ce Village eft fitué dans une grande plaine, dans laquelle nous trouvions fur notre chemin plufieurs Marais et de petites riviéres toutes avec de la mauvaiſe cau; Près de ce Village, il ya une petite mauvaiſe citadelle, qui n'a été faite qu'après la mort de Nadir Schab, comme la plus part des forteresfes qui fe trouvent fur ce chemin; mais les habitans avoient abandon-né et le Village et la Citadelle, et s'étoient retirés dans un Village voifin, nommé Naudjún. [On the 25th we camped on the other side of Khaniek, this village is situated in a large plain, in which we found on our way several marshes and small rivers all with bad water; near this village there is a small bad citadel, which was made only after the death of Nadir Schab, like most of the fortresses which are found on this road; but the inhabitants had abandoned both the village and the citadel, and had withdrawn to a neighboring village, named Naudjún.] » #3642 Niebuhr, Carsten, Voyage en Arabie et en d'autres pays circonvoisins, vol. 2, S.J. Baalde, Amsterdam, 1780 ~ vol. 2 p. 88
SOURCE for Khanik
« At 13 miles Khanik, with a vast mound. Khanik was deserted in 1871. » #3113 Routes in Persia. vol. III, part I., Printed at the government monotype press, Simla, 1918 ~ p. 233

R178-026 Auis : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Aviz , آویز ,
VARIANT names: Auis , Aviz ,
SOURCE for Auis
« Le 24. nous pasfames une haute montagne, que les habitans appellent Sandel, et nous nous campames près d'Auis, tout près d'une Chaine de hautes montagnes. Icy il-y-a plufieurs fources chaudes et il ya une, près de laquelle on trouve une Chambre pour la Commodité de ceux, qui veulent s'y baigner; Sur le Chemin, on Voit encore icy et là, de longues rangées de piérres, comme s'il y avoit de très foli des fondemens. Ce font peut-être de reftes d'Aqueducs qu'on à negligé dans la fuitte du tems. Auis avoit été encore peu de mois auparavant un Village confiderable, mais depuis il avoit été pillé et detruit de Mir Mahenna et enfuitte entiérement aban-donné par les habitans. On dit encore, que Firafchblend, un autre Village, pas loin de là, n'auroit ausfi plus la quatrième partie des habitans, qu'il a eu autrefois. [On the 24th, we crossed a high mountain, which the inhabitants call Sandel, and we camped near Auis, very close to a chain of high mountains. Here there are several hot springs, and there is one near which there is a chamber for the comfort of those who wish to bathe there. On the road, one can still see here and there long rows of stones, as if there were very large foundations. These are perhaps the remains of aqueducts that have been neglected over time. Auis had been, until a few months before, a respectable village, but since then it had been pillaged and destroyed by the inhabitants and completely abandoned. It is also said that Firafchblend, another village not far from there, no longer has a quarter of the inhabitants it once had.] » #3642 Niebuhr, Carsten, Voyage en Arabie et en d'autres pays circonvoisins, vol. 2, S.J. Baalde, Amsterdam, 1780 ~ vol. 2 p. 87
SOURCE for Aviz
« This plain is very bare for the first. 4 miles, i.e., till within 2 miles of the village, when cultivation begins (wheat is harvested at the end of May). At 29½ miles Faräshband is reached. Farashband is said to contain 300 houses, and about 1,000 inhabitants; cows 150; donkeys 300; sheep and goats 600, horses 40. Route No. I (n) connects here. 4 miles N. of Farashband is the bamlet of Aviz.S » #3080 Simla Drawing Office, General Staff, India, Mobilisation Routes In Persia (Vol. IV, Part II) (Fars, Laristan, Kerman And Yazd) British Library: India Office Records and Private Papers, IOR/L/MIL/17/15/12/10, in Qatar Digital Library, ~ p. 65

R178-026a Sandel
R178-026a Sandel : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: PASS UFI: -3196672 coordinate: lat 28.9 long 51.933333
NIMA/GNS names: Gardaneh-ye Sandali , Sandli Pass ,
VARIANT names: Sandel , Sandli Pass ,
SOURCE for Sandel
« Nous ne prenions pas le détour vers Korimudſch, mais nous allames de la montagne Sandel, à un village Pir, où nous arrivames le 23 au matin. La nuit fuivante nous pasfâmes devant Bosgún un grand village avec un château, et nous campâmes fur une grande plaine, près du village Tále. [We did not take the detour to Korimudſch, but went from Mount Sandel to a village called Pir, where we arrived on the morning of the 23rd. The following night we passed by Bosgún, a large village with a castle, and we camped on a large plain near the village of Tále.] » #3642 Niebuhr, Carsten, Voyage en Arabie et en d'autres pays circonvoisins, vol. 2, S.J. Baalde, Amsterdam, 1780 ~ vol. 2 p. 147
SOURCE for Sandli Pass

R178-028 Chawis
R178-028 Chawis : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: VAL UFI: 11721670 coordinate: lat 28.800385 long 51.372058
NIMA/GNS names: Darreh-ye Talkhab Riz , دره تلخاب ريز ,
VARIANT names: Chawis , Darreh-ye Talkhab Riz ,
SOURCE for Chawis
« Le 26 près de Chawis, un village où il y a beaucoup de dattiers, mais qui avoient actuellement beaucoup fouffert par les fauterelles; [On the 26th, we were near Chawis, a village where there are many date palms, but which had recently suffered greatly from the harvest;] » #3642 Niebuhr, Carsten, Voyage en Arabie et en d'autres pays circonvoisins, vol. 2, S.J. Baalde, Amsterdam, 1780 ~ vol. 2 p. 147
SOURCE for Darreh-ye Talkhab Riz

R178-029a Abidak
R178-029a Abidak : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Ambarak , Ambarka , Anbarak , امبارك , انبارک ,
VARIANT names: Abidak , Ambarak ,
SOURCE for Abidak
« Abidak » in {map#1422 in #3642 Niebuhr, Carsten, Voyage en Arabie et en d'autres pays circonvoisins, vol. 2, S.J. Baalde, Amsterdam, 1780 ~ fig. Carte Itiners [Itinéraire] d'Abuschähr à Persepolis et de Retour}
SOURCE for Ambarak

R178-030 Abufchahhr
R178-030 Abufchahhr : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Abu Shehr , Abuschehr , Bandar Abu Shehr , Bandar Bushehr , Bandar-e Bushehr , Bouchehr , Buschir , Bushehr , Bushire , بندر بوشهر , بوشهر ,
VARIANT names: Abbeseer , Abïishehr , Abou-Chahr , Abousher , Abu Shahr , Abufchahhr , Alexandri , Antiochia in Persis , Bender-Bouchehr , Bocher , Booshuhr , Bouchyr , Bushahr , Bushehr , Bushir , Bushire , Chersonesos , Mesambria , Rev Ardeshir , Seleucia on the Erythraean Sea ,
POSSIBLE LOCATION at Bushire FOR Bascarde [Dames], POSSIBLE LOCATION at Bushire FOR Areon [Kempthorne],
SOURCE for Abbeseer
« Abbeseer (55 B) : Bushehr ? » #1939 Couto, Dejanirah, Bacqué-Grammont, Jean-Louis, and Taleghani, Mahmoud (eds.), Atlas historique du golfe Persique (XVIe-XVIIIe siècles), Turnhout, Brepols, 2006 ~ index p. 412
« Abbeseer » in {map#1022 Persische Golf, Compiled by Jan de Marre. Published in Amsterdam by Johannes van Keulen, 1753, The Hague, Nationaal Archief, 4.VEL S6B 033 kaart(13)}
SOURCE for Abïishehr
« 22. Abushehr (Büshir), 28° 59' 7" N.B., 50° 49' 37" O.L. v. G., aan het uiteinde van een door zandbanken omringden landtong gelegen, is de voornaamste haven van Perzie, met omstr. 20 000 inw. Het werd reeds door Jaqüt in het midden der eeuw vermeld1), ook door Balbi (1586) Met Reixel = Rlshehr op Portug. kaarten (waarover lager), werd waarschijnlijk Büshir bedoeld. Van Loon heeft het als Abbeseer. Het bleef een onbeduidend plaatsje lot Nadir Shah (1688—1747) er, weinige jaren vóór zijn dood. aanving de vloot te bouwen waarmede hij hoopte zijn gezag over de geheele Golf te vestigen. Gamron, reeds vervallen door de aanhoudende onlusten gedurende den Afghaanschen inval, geraakte ook onder Nadir niet weder tot bloei, en zoowel de Nederl. als de Eng. O. I. Cie kozen achtereenvolgens andere havens voor hun bedrijf: Basra, Bender Rïg, het eiland Kharak. Ook te Büshir had onze Compagnie eenigen tijd een kantoor, maar de Engelschen, die er zich vestigden in 1764, voerden er met korte tusschenpoozen, wanneer weder Gamron of Basra de voorkeur kregen, van den aanvang af den boventoon. Nearchus landt hier en noemt het Mesambria (wellicht, meent Tom., de nabootsing van een verloren Perz. naam, b. v. madema vairiya — „wat zich te midden van den vloed bevindt", of wel naiwa-rauia — „Middag", in de beteekenis van den bestaanden naam van deze kust germsïr — heete landstreek). Hij beschrijft het als een „schiereiland met vele tuinen, waarin alle soorten van vruchtboomen groeien", hetgeen tot op zekere hoogte nog heden het geval is. Ptolemaeus heeft Chersonesos voor het schiereiland, zonder nadere aanduiding. Vincent (p. 395) meent dat de Grieken hiermede een woordelijke vertaling kunnen gegeven hebben van een reeds bestaanden oud-Perz. naam: Mesen — eiland, Ber — vasteland: Mesen-ber-ia, dat is dus omgekeerd Cherso nese. Dit heeft echter geen ingang gevonden.
I) De Morgan (Études Géograph., II, 300.) zegt ten onrechte dat Bushïr gesticht werd door Nadir Shah en hij haar Aba Chahr = Perè des cités noemde. Ook deze afleiding is betwistbaar, want Abü is een arab. en shehr het enkelvoud van een Perz. woord, waardoor de samenkoppeling dus onaannemelijk wordt. Houtum Schindler (bij Curzon, II, 231, note) vond in den Karnamek {Boek der Daden) van Ardeshïr Babekan, den eerste der Sasaniden, dat hij, vluchtende naar de kust voor de Parthen, „toen hij de zee aanschouwde God prees en daar aan een plek den naam Bokht- (= heeft verlost) Artakhshir gaf en er een tempel, aan het vuur gewijd, stichtte." De latere verkorting tot Büshir zou dan aannemelijk zijn (vgl. Bahmishlr van Bahman Ardeshir). Het is echter niet waarschijnlijk, dat deze afleiding het raadsel voor goed heeft opgelost.
[22. Abishehr (Büshir), 28° 59' 7" N., 50° 49' 37" E., situated at the extremity of a spit of land surrounded by sandbanks, is the principal port of Persia, with approx. 20 000 inh. It was already mentioned by Jaqüt in the middle of the century1), also by Balbi (1586) With Reixel = Rlshehr op Portug. cards (about which below), Büshir was probably meant. Van Loon has it as Abbeseer. It remained an insignificant place for Nadir Shah (1688-1747) a few years before his death. began to build the fleet with which he hoped to establish his authority over the entire Gulf. Gamron, already dilapidated by the continuing disturbances during the Afghan invasion, did not flourish again under Nadir either, and both the Nederl. as the Eng. O. I. Cie successively chose other ports for their company: Basra, Bender Rig, the island of Kharak. Our Company also had an office at Büshir for some time, but the English, who settled there in 1764, predominated from the outset at short intervals, when Gamron or Basra were again preferred. Nearchus lands here and calls it Mesambria (perhaps, thinks Tom., the imitation of a lost Persian name, e.g. madema vairiya — "that which is in the midst of the flood," or naiwa-rauia — "Afternoon," in the meaning of the existing name of this coast germsir — hot country). He describes it as a "peninsula with many gardens, in which all kinds of fruit trees grow," which is still the case to a certain extent today. Ptolemy has Chersonesos for the peninsula, without specifying. Vincent (p. 395) believes that the Greeks may have given a literal translation of an already existing old Persian name: Mesen — island, Ber — mainland: Mesen-ber-ia, that is the reverse Cherso nese However, this has not found acceptance.
I) De Morgan (Études Géograph., II, 300.) wrongly says that Bushir was founded by Nadir Shah and he called it Aba Chahr = Perè des cités. This derivation is also debatable, because Abu is an Arab. and shehr the singular of a Persian. word, making the combination implausible. Houtum Schindler (at Curzon, II, 231, note) found in the Karnamek (Book of Deeds) of Ardeshir Babekan, the first of the Sasanids, that, fleeing to the coast of the Parthians, "when he beheld the sea he praised God and there gave a place the name Bokht- (= has redeemed) Artakhshir and founded there a temple dedicated to the fire." The later shortening to Büshir would then be plausible (cf. Bahmishlr of Bahman Ardeshir). probably, that this derivation has solved the riddle for good.] » #2863 ed. A. Hotz, Cornelis Cornelisz Roobacker's Scheeps- Journaal Gamron-Basra (1645); De Eerste Reis Der Nederlanders door de Perzische Golf. In Tijdschrift van het Koninklijk Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap, Tweede Serie, Deel Xxiv., Brill, Leiden, 1907 ~ p. 386
SOURCE for Abou-Chahr
#1839 Morgan, Jacques de, Mission scientifique en Perse Tome Second Études Géographiques, Ernest Leroux, Paris, 1895 vol. 2: ~ Fig. 142. Abou-Chahr p. 299
SOURCE for Abousher
« The same day in the evening, wee were at Abousher, which is a Castle. » #3292 John Newberry, Two Voyages of John Newberry, in: Purchas, Samuel, Hakluytus posthumus, or Purchas his pilgrimes : contayning a history of the world in sea voyages and lande travells by Englishmen and others in 20 vols., Glasgow : J. Maclehose, , 1905, vol. 8 pp. 449-481 ~ p. 457
SOURCE for Abu Shahr
« Confident of his ability to challenge the British themselves, Shaikh Salman carried out his first direct hostile act against the British on July 18, 1765. Six of his Gallivats captured two British ships on their way from Abu Shahr to Basra, a small Company ship called Sally and the Company’s yacht. A few days later they captured Fort William (286), one of the British ships trading under Company protection. The capture of these ships marked the beginning of a long and arduous struggle between the British and Kaᶜb.
fn. 286 B.P.C., Vol. 28. Letter from Basra, Aug. 14, 1765. » #2977 Abdul Amir Amin, British Interests in the Persian Gulf 1747-1778 - thesis, University of Maryland, 1962 ~ p. 142
SOURCE for Abufchahhr
« A Ahhrán je quittois le Kaffle, avec quelques autres perſonnes, qui étoient ausſi à Cheval, et j'arrivois à la verité un peu incommodé et fatigué, mais d'ailleurs fort heureuſement à Abuſchähhr. [At Ahhrán I left the Kaffle, with some other people, who were also on horseback, and I arrived in truth a little inconvenienced and tired, but otherwise very happily at Abuſchähhr.] » #3642 Niebuhr, Carsten, Voyage en Arabie et en d'autres pays circonvoisins, vol. 2, S.J. Baalde, Amsterdam, 1780 ~ vol. 2 p. 148
SOURCE for Alexandri
« Alexandri: ‘From the river Rhogomanis to a peninsula 500 stadia. Opposite
this is an island called Alexandri’.(120) Bushehr.(121)
fn. 120 Schoff, Periplus of the Outer Sea (as in n. 111) 21.
fn. 121 W. Henkelman, pers. comm. » #2996 Potts, D., The islands of the XIVth Satrapy. Pp. 375-396 in Oetjen, R., ed. New perspectives in Seleucid history, archaeology and numismatics: Studies in honor of Getzel M. Cohen., Beiträge zur Altertumskunde 355, De Gruyter, 2019 ~ p. 393
SOURCE for Antiochia in Persis
#382 Potts, D.T., The Arabian Gulf in Antiquity, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1990 pp 15-6 D. T. Potts reviews the possible locations and states that the suggestion put forward by W. W. Tarn that the city was located at Bushire has been generally accepted.
SOURCE for Bender-Bouchehr
« La veille de notre départ de Bender-Bouchéhr, nous primes congé du cheykh, [The day before our departure from Bender-Bouchehr, we took leave of the sheikh,] » #3179 Adrien Dupré, Voyage en Perse, fait dans les années 1807, 1808 et 1809, en traversant la Natolie et la Mésopotamie, 1819 ~ vol. 2 p. 52
« Bender-Bouchéhr » #3179 Adrien Dupré, Voyage en Perse, fait dans les années 1807, 1808 et 1809, en traversant la Natolie et la Mésopotamie, 1819 ~ vol. 2 p. 491
SOURCE for Bocher
« After an hour's talk with him, I re-embarked in my taranquaine, which is the name of the vessels that navigate the Persian Gulf (1). I followed our route with a light wind from the sea, which took us near the Persian coast. About four o'clock in the afternoon we saw Bocher [Bushire], a little town on the Persian coast of which I will speak in another place; and, in passing two leagues below it, we also saw Richer [Rishahr], which appears to be a large fortress on the seashore, built in former times by the Portuguese at the mouth of a little river (2). By it was a beach between two mountains and a village in a wood, the verdure of which was a pleasant sight from the sea. It was once inhabited and under Portuguese rule, but is now deserted except for some poor Persians and Arabs, subjects of the King of Persia. That night and the following day we continued on our way along the coast.
fn. 1 Hamilton (1, 41) calls these boats 'trankies'. As to their nature and the supposed derivation of the word, see Sir W. Foster's note (ibid., 1, 226), and Hobson-Jobson, 937, where Couto is cited as calling them 'terranquims' in 1554, and Hanway tarranquins' in 1753. Pietro della Valle (Viaggi, IV, 437; tr. Havers, 238) also speaks of the barques on the Persian Gulf called 'terrankim'.
fn. 2 This was the former fortress of the ancient town of Rishahr, mentioned by Curzon, II, 235, and Wilson, p. 74 » #385 ed. Fawcett, The Travels of the Abbe Carre in India and the near east 1672 to 1674, Hakluyt Society, London, 1947 ~ vol.1 pp. 94-5
SOURCE for Booshuhr
« I only stayed long enough in Booshuhr to enable arrangements to be made for my journey to Sheeraz, and started after a couple of days. The road to Sheeraz has been so often, and in some cases, especially by Colonel Taylor, so well described, that there remains very little to say about it. It leaves the town and proceeds over an expanse of hard sand which gradually becomes more and more wet, and it is necessary to be very careful in following the track, or else to have a guide; as off the road, one might very soon get into a quicksand. » #1795 MacGregor , Charles Metcalfe, Narrative of a Journey through the Province of Khorassan, and on the N. W. Frontier of Afghanistan in 1875, ~ vol. 1 p. 14
SOURCE for Bouchyr
« Nous faisons halte au second village, et à deux heures, après le soleil couché, nous nous remettons en route dans la compagnie d'une caravane qui se rendait comme nous à Bouchyr. [We stopped at the second village, and at two o'clock, after the sun had set, we set off again in the company of a caravan which was going, like us, to Bouchyr.] » ##3241 Aucher-Eloy, Relations de voyages en Orient de 1830 à 1838., Librairie Encyclopédique De Roret, Paris, 1843 ~ pt.2 p. 510
SOURCE for Bushahr
SOURCE for Bushehr
« The two principal ports of foreign trade were Masqat and Basrah through one or other of which passed the great bulk of the goods that either entered or left the Gulf. It was calculated that more than half of the Indian imports at Bushehr and Basrah and the bulk of those into Bahrain were received through Masqat; and, similarly, the goods arriving by land from Europe, Asia Minor, etc., were distributed from Basrah as a centre. Bushehr was now practically the only port of Persia, as Basrah was of Turkish Iraq; Bahrain served Hasa and Central Arabia through Zubarah and Qatif; and Masqat was almost exclusively a port of transit. Bushehr and Kuwait were sometimes used as bases from which to smuggle goods into Turkish Iraq and even across Turkish Iraq to Europe. » #660 Lorimer, John Gordon, Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, Oman and Central Arabia, Superintendent Government Printing, India, 1915 ~ vol. 1 pt. 1 p. 166
« Bushehr is situated at the northern end of a cigar-shaped peninsula of quaterny sandstone, about 12 miles long by 4 miles broad in the widest part, running parallel to the mainland and joined to it in the middle by a sandy plain about 20 miles wide, known as the Mashilah, which in winter more resembled a marsh. The town was a little above sea level, and until the early nineteenth century it was frequently an island, from rising tides.(3) In fact, in 1673 the town was described as being “surrounded on the west by a river, which is navigable for large boats, sand on the other side is embellished by woods and palm-groves. Most of the inhabitants are Arabs, the rest are Persians.”(4) However, already by mid-nineteenth century this flooding of the marsh was a rare occurrence, while towards the end of the century Bushehr had in fact become a peninsula.(5)
fn. 5. The origin of the name Bushehr is unclear. Popular etymology has it that the name means Abu Shahr or Father of the City, which is very doubtful. Equally doubtful is A. Houtum Schindler’s suggestion that the name is a contraction of Bokht Ardashir (Ardashir has delivered). Curzon 1892, vol. 1, p. 231; E`temad al-Saltaneh 1294-96/1877-80, vol. 1, p. 300 mentions that Bushehr sometimes became an island. For the situation in 1913, see Report on the Trade 1913-14, p. 1. » #3002 Willem Floor, Persian Gulf: Links with the Hinterland, Bushehr, Borazjan, Kazerun, Banu Ka`b and Bandar Abbas, Mage Publishers, Washington, 2015 ~ p. 4
SOURCE for Bushir
« The stoney peninsula of Bushir, 130 miles north west of Siraf, is connected to the mainland by a marshy area. Some surface findings at the end of the 19th century. Then Pezard's excavations in 1910 and finally Williamson' s survey have shed some light on the history of the city . » #2809 R. Boucharlat, J.-F. Salles, The History and Archaeology of The Gulf From The Fifth Century B.C. to the Seventh Century A.D.: A Review Of The Evidence, Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies, London, 1981, Vol. 11:pp. 65-94 ~ p. 69
« Bushlr has been identified with Antioch of Persis (Ptolemy, VI, 4, 2) already mentioned in an inscription from Magnesia upon the Meander (Tarn 1951 : 270 note 11). » #2809 R. Boucharlat, J.-F. Salles, The History and Archaeology of The Gulf From The Fifth Century B.C. to the Seventh Century A.D.: A Review Of The Evidence, Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies, London, 1981, Vol. 11:pp. 65-94 ~ p. 70
SOURCE for Bushire
« Nov. 9th.-We entered the gate of Bushire at sun-rise, rode to the British factory, and, leaving our horses, went straight to the bath; after which, we walked through the dirty and sandy town, to the Resident's house. » #1185 Buckingham, J. S., Travels in Assyria, Media, and Persia, including a journey from Bagdad by Mount Zagros, to Hamadan, the ancient Ecbatana, researches in Ispahan and the ruins of Persepolis, and journey from thence by Shiraz and Shapoor to the sea-shore, Henry Colburn: Gregg International Publishers Limited, London: London, 1829:1971, ~ p. 344
SOURCE for Chersonesos
« 22. Abïishehr (Büshir) … Hij beschrijft het als een "schiereiland met vele tuinen, waarin alle soorten van vruchtboomen groeien", hetgeen tot op zekere hoogte nog heden het geval is. Ptolemaeus heeft Chersonesos voor het schiereiland, zonder nadere aanduiding. Vincent (p. 395) meent dat de Grieken hiermede een woordelijke vertaling kunnen gegeven hebben van een reeds bestaanden oud-Perz. naam: Mesen = eiland, Ber = vasteland: Mesen-ber-ia, dat is dus omgekeerd Cherso nese. Dit heeft echter geen ingang gevonden. [22. Abïishehr (Büshir) ... He describes it as a "peninsula with many gardens, in which grow all kinds of fruit trees", which to some extent is still the case today. Ptolemy has Chersonesos for the peninsula, without further designation. Vincent (p. 395) believes that the Greeks could have given a literal translation of an already existing old Persian name: Mesen = island, Ber = mainland: Mesen-ber-ia, which is Chersonese in reverse. However, this has not found acceptance. ] » #2863 ed. A. Hotz, Cornelis Cornelisz Roobacker's Scheeps- Journaal Gamron-Basra (1645); De Eerste Reis Der Nederlanders door de Perzische Golf. In Tijdschrift van het Koninklijk Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap, Tweede Serie, Deel Xxiv., Brill, Leiden, 1907, ~ pp. 386-7
SOURCE for Mesambria
« ‘In this passage they had followed the winding of the coast round a peninsula, (on which they saw plantations and gardens, with all kinds of fruit-trees,) and anchored at a place called Mesambria.'* This, therefore, could be only descriptive of the peninsula of Bushire, to the northward of which this station is to be sought for. * Voyage of Nearchus, c. 39. » #1185 Buckingham, J. S., Travels in Assyria, Media, and Persia, including a journey from Bagdad by Mount Zagros, to Hamadan, the ancient Ecbatana, researches in Ispahan and the ruins of Persepolis, and journey from thence by Shiraz and Shapoor to the sea-shore, Henry Colburn: Gregg International Publishers Limited, London: London, 1829:1971 ~
SOURCE for Rev Ardeshir
« Finally, Bushir is certainly the Sasanian Rev Ardeshir (Whitehouse
and Williamson 1973: 40-2 ). It is an important foundation of Ardeahir I
(22 4-242 ) on t he Coast, which emphasises, if needed, the Sasanian kings'
interest in supervising the Gulf trade (Tabari, in Noldeke 1879: 19) .
Rev Ardeshir was the diocesan centre of the Christian archbishop of Fars,
created in 415 / 420 , but Christians were already numerous in 341 when
Shapur II persecuted them (Fiey 1969: 182; 1974: 283-4) . » #2809 R. Boucharlat, J.-F. Salles, The History and Archaeology of The Gulf From The Fifth Century B.C. to the Seventh Century A.D.: A Review Of The Evidence, Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies, London, 1981, Vol. 11:pp. 65-94 ~
SOURCE for Seleucia on the Erythraean Sea
#382 Potts, D.T., The Arabian Gulf in Antiquity, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1990 pp 15-6 Potts reviews the possible locations and states that the suggestion put forward by W. W. Tarn that the city was located at Bushire has been generally accepted.