R182path Paul Lucas.kmz

R182path Paul Lucas

R182-000 Tauris
R182-000 Tauris : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: PPL UFI: -3086571 coordinate: lat 38.08 long 46.2919
NIMA/GNS names: Tabriz , Tauris , Tebriz , تبريز ,
VARIANT names: Tabriz , Tauris , Tauriz ,
SOURCE for Tabriz
« TABRIZ, the traditional capital of the Persian province of Adharbāydjān [q.v.] and now the administrative centre of the ustan of eastern Adharbaydjān (lat. 38° 05' N., long. 46° 18' E., altitude ca. 1,340 m/4,400 feet). » #2645 The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd Edition, Brill, Leiden, ~ vol. 10 p. 41
« Next day, Tuesday, 1st November, after a tedious march of nearly ten hours, broken by a short halt about 2 P.M. at a disconsolate village called Miyán, we reached Tabríz, the capital of the province of Azarbaijan, the residence of the Vali- ahd, or Crown Prince, and one of the largest, if not the largest, of the cities of Persia. » #3380 Browne, Edward Granville, A year amongst the Persians; impressions as to the life, character, and thought of the people of Persia, received during twelve month's residence in that country in the years 1887-8, Adam and Charles Black, 1893 ~ p. 57
SOURCE for Tauris
« Tabrix ou Tauris, cidade da Pérsia. II —834. » #1837 Correa, Gaspar, Lendas da India, etc. [Edited by R. J. de Lima Felner. With plates.], Typographia da Academia Real das Sciencias, 1858-64, ~ vol. 4 pt. 2 p. 90
« Le quatriére jour nous par-tîmes à minuit, afin d'être de bonne heure à Tauris, où l'on arriva à cinq heures du matin. Les PP. Georges et Pierre Ca-pucins nous y receurent fort a-greablement dans leur hofpice. [On the fourth day we left at midnight, in order to be early in Tauris, where we arrived at five o'clock in the morning. Fathers George and Peter Capucins received us very pleasantly in their hospice.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 p. 40
« Il faut retourner à l'étang qu'on trouve au pied d'une mon-tagne à fix lieuës de Tauris, où ceux qui veulent ſuivre la route ordinaire d'Iſpahan par Zangan et Sultanie, laiſſent à gauche le chemin d'Ardeüil et de Caſbin. [We must return to the pond which is found at the foot of a mountain at a distance of 10 leagues from Tauris, where those who wish to follow the ordinary route from Isfahan via Zangan and Sultanie leave on the left the road to Ardeüil and Casbin.] » #3632 Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste, Les six voyages de Jean Baptiste Tavernier, Ecuyer Baron d'Aubonne, qu'il a fait en Turquie, en Perse, et aux Indes,, Chez Gervais Clouzier et Claude Barbin, 1676 ~ p. 63
SOURCE for Tauriz
« On Thursday September 14th the governor informed the ambassador that the king of Persia desired the Portuguese to journey to the city of Tauriz (Tabriz), to await the ambassador that the king desired to send to the governor of India. » #2516 Afonso de Albuquerque, ed.Raymundo Antonio de Bulhão Pato, Henrique Lopes de Mendonça, Cartas de Affonso de Albuquerque, seguidas de documentos que as elucidam, Academia Real Das Sciencias de Lisboa, 1884, 1898 ~ vol. 2 p. 51

R182-000a very fine bridge
R182-000a very fine bridge : place IRN (bridge)
NIMA/GNS feature: none independent coordinate: lat 38.1171102256653 long 46.2647827944529 † basis (p)
Supplement: pel tarikhi aji chaye پل تاریخی اجی چای
VARIANT names: Aji Chay bridge , very fine bridge ,
SOURCE for Aji Chay bridge
SOURCE for very fine bridge
« La riviere qui eſt proche de tét endroit eſt affez particuliere. Six mois de l'année elle eſt douce, et les autres fix mois elle est fa lée, ... Il y a un fort beau pont deſſus, dont quelques ruines marquent qu'il a été for-tifié autrefois. [The river which is near this place is quite peculiar. Six months of the year it is fresh, and the other fixed months it is dry, ... There is a very fine bridge over it, some ruins of which indicate that it was fortified in the past.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 p. 43

R182-000b Pinecha
R182-000b Pinecha : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: none independent coordinate: lat 38.093048 long 46.277392 † basis (p)
VARIANT names: Pinecha , Quri Chay ,
SOURCE for Pinecha
« Une autre rivie-re qui paſſe au milieu de la ville, fait beaucoup de ravage quand elle groſſit; En effet elle entraî ne aisément les maiſons qui ne font que de terre. Le Fleuve ſe nomme Pinecha. [Another river that flows through the middle of the city causes much havoc when it swells; indeed, it easily sweeps away houses made only of earth. The river is called Pinecha.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 pp. 43-4
SOURCE for Quri Chay

R182-001 Vaspinge
R182-001 Vaspinge : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: PPL UFI: -3055738 coordinate: lat 37.9958 long 46.4748
NIMA/GNS names: Basmej , Basmenj , Basminj , باسمنج ,
VARIANT names: Basmenj , Vaspinge , Wasmitch ,
SOURCE for Basmenj
SOURCE for Vaspinge
« Aprés avoir marché envirom quatre heures nous arrivâmes à un village nommé Vaſpinge, et nous logeâmes dans des maifons qui font deſtinées pour les Caravanes; nous y reſtâmes juſqu'au feiziéme matinque nous partimes à quatre heures. [After walking for about four hours we arrived at a village called Vaspinge, and we lodged in houses intended for caravans; we stayed there until the morning of the 13th when we left at four o'clock.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 p. 48
SOURCE for Wasmitch
« June 13. We next came to the village of Wasmitch; a laborious journey, though the distance was not more than twenty-six miles. In two hours we passed the village of Oojoon. After crossing a low bottom of marshy ground, we saw a number of oblong tombstones, about six feet long, and two wide and thick. » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 p. 160

R182-001a stone bridge
R182-001a stone bridge : place IRN NIMA/GNS feature: none independent coordinate: lat 37.98057 long 46.583626 † basis (p) Supplement: approx. 150 m. long, curved piers, 10/11 (?) arches sidava chayi سیداوا چایی VARIANT names: Sheikh Korbusi bridge , sidava chayi bridge , stone bridge , SOURCE for Sheikh Korbusi bridge «Sheikh Korbusi Bridge: According to the residents of this village, the history of this bridge dates back to the Qajar period. This beautiful bridge was built on the Saydava River. This bridge is adjacent to the Shahid Karimi barracks, and through this bridge, one can reach other barracks in the village, such as the Tajlaei barracks.» [accessed 16 Dec 2025] SOURCE for sidava chayi bridge SOURCE for stone bridge « A un quart de lieüe de là nous paffimes fur un pont de pierre le torrent qui eft au pied de la montagne. [A quarter of a league away we crossed the torrent at the foot of the mountain on a stone bridge.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 p. 48

R182-002 Fabreloy
R182-002 Fabreloy : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: none independent coordinate: lat 37.96496 long 46.60967 † basis (p)
Supplement: approximate location based on text
VARIANT names: Fabreloy (?) ,
SOURCE for Fabreloy (?)
« nous cúmes beaucoup de peine à monter la montagne fur laquelle nous logeâmes dans le Caravanſerail qu'on y trou-ve. Il y a prés de ce lieu un vi-lage qui le nomme Fabreloy; [We had a lot of trouble climbing the mountain on which we lodged in the caravanserai found there. There is near this place a village which calls it Fabreloy;] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 p. 49

R182-003 Guilaclar
R182-003 Guilaclar : place IRN (caravanserai)
Supplement: karvansaraye shah ebasi olkhalaj کاروانسرای شاه عباسی الخلج
VARIANT names: Alkhalaj Abassi Caravanserai , Guilaclar caravanserai , Karavanserail Gilak ,
SOURCE for Alkhalaj Abassi Caravanserai
SOURCE for Guilaclar caravanserai
« Le dix ſeptiéme nous partîmes au jour par des campagnes affez unies, mais defertes, et nous vin-mes loger dans un Caravanferail nommé Guilaclar. [On the seventeenth we set out by day through fairly flat, but deferred countryside, and we came to lodge in a Caravanferrail named Guilaclar.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 p. 49
SOURCE for Karavanserail Gilak
« Karavanserail Gilak (Abb. 4 und 64) (56)Lage: Karavanserail Gilak (Taf. 4,2) liegt 86km südöst-lich von Tabriz am Wege nach Zandjan und Qazvin.Typ: Vier-Iwan-Karavanserail mit gegliederter Fassade, Ecktürmen und 4 voneinander getrennten Stallkomplexen.Abmessungen: Außenmaße 46,80 × 55,50 m, Hofmaße 30,80 x 21,90 m. Die Kuppelhöhe (Abb.65) über dem Ein-gang beträgt 5,70 m. Die äußere Portalhöhe ist auf 6,70 m an-zunehmen.Baumaterial: Gebrannte Ziegel. 56 M. Siroux 37 62 f. - Der dort vorgelegte Grundriß konnte am 1. 5. 1976 verbessert werden. [Gilak Caravanserai (Figs. 4 and 64) (56)Location: Gilak Caravanserai (Plate 4.2) is located 86 km southeast of Tabriz on the road to Zanjan and Qazvin.Type: Four-iwan caravanserai with a segmented facade, corner towers, and four separate stable complexes.Dimensions: External dimensions 46.80 × 55.50 m, courtyard dimensions 30.80 × 21.90 m. The dome height (Fig. 65) above the entrance is 5.70 m. The external portal height is assumed to be 6.70 m.Building material: Fired bricks.56 M. Siroux 37 62 f. - The ground plan presented there was improved on May 1, 1976.] » #3474 Kleiss, Wolfram, Karawanenbauten in Iran. Materialien zur iranischen Archäologie, Materialien zur iranischen Archa¨ologie, D. Reimer, Berlin, 1996 Band 2:Teil 1: ~ p. 44

R182-004 Catrachiman
R182-004 Catrachiman : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: PPL UFI: -3085589 coordinate: lat 37.6223 long 47.1599
NIMA/GNS names: Qareh Chaman , Seyah Chaman , Siah Chaman , Siyah Chaman , سیاه چمن ,
VARIANT names: Catrachiman , Kara Chiman , Qareh Chaman ,
SOURCE for Catrachiman
« Le dix huitiéme nous eûmes fort méchant chemin, et nous logeâmes dans un village nommé Catrachiman. [On the eighteenth we had a very bad road, and we lodged in a village called Catrachiman.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 p. 49
SOURCE for Kara Chiman
« These, however, we passed without halting, and pushed on to Kára Chiman, a picturesquely situated village, lying somewhat to the south of the main road in a little valley through which runs a river bordered with groves of poplar trees. » #3380 Browne, Edward Granville, A year amongst the Persians; impressions as to the life, character, and thought of the people of Persia, received during twelve month's residence in that country in the years 1887-8, Adam and Charles Black, 1893 ~ p. 66
SOURCE for Qareh Chaman

R182-005 Turcoman
R182-005 Turcoman : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Torkaman , Torkaman Chay , Turkmanchai , ترکمان ,
VARIANT names: Tarcoma , Torkaman , Turcoman ,
SOURCE for Tarcoma
« Le lendemain on vient à un autre gros village nommé Tarcoma dont le terroir eft fertile, fertile, quoy qu'il y face bien froid, Il y a pluſieurs Carvanſeras bâtis comme une longue allée couverte, et qui ne font que de terre; les hommes font à un bout, et les chevaux ſont à l'autre. [The next day we come to another large village called Tarcoma whose land is fertile, fertile, although it is very cold there. There are several Carvanseras built like a long covered walkway, and which are made only of earth; the men work at one end, and the horses are at the other.] » #3632 Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste, Les six voyages de Jean Baptiste Tavernier, Ecuyer Baron d'Aubonne, qu'il a fait en Turquie, en Perse, et aux Indes,, Chez Gervais Clouzier et Claude Barbin, 1676 ~ p. 63
SOURCE for Torkaman
SOURCE for Turcoman
« Le dix-neuviéme comme il dé-gela les chemins n'en devinrent pas meilleurs. Nous fümes juf-qu'à un gros village nommé Turcoman, dont les logemens font fort mal propres. Le mau-vais tems nous força le lende main de reſter dans le village, [The nineteenth, when it thawed the roads, did not improve them. We reached a large village called Turcoman, whose dwellings were very dirty. The bad weather forced us to remain in the village the following day.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 p. 49

R182-006 Miana : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Meyaneh , Miane , Mianeh , Miyaneh , میانه ,
VARIANT names: Mæana , Miana , Miane , Mianeh , Miyane ,
SOURCE for Mæana
« Mæana stands on the site of the Atropatena of ancient history, the capital of Atropatia, the modern Azerbijan. Both town and district derived their names from Atropates. It is situate on a low swampy plain. Though half in ruins, it is still large and populous. » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 p. 157
SOURCE for Miana
« d'où aprés avoir marché toute la nuit, nous arrivâmes à Mia-na le vingt-un fur les dix heures du matin, et nous y logeâmes dans un fort beau Caravanſerail. [From where, after walking all night, we arrived at Mia-na on the twenty-first at ten o'clock in the morning, and we lodged there in a very beautiful Caravanserai.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 p. 50
« Le jour ſuivant on paſſe un pays boſſu et defert, et aprés avoir marché huit heures on arrive à Miana petite ville ſituée dans un lieu marécageux, et où on paye un droit pour la garde des chemins. C'eſt où mourut Monfieur Thevenot en re-venant d'Iſpahan. Il avoit ramaſſé pluſieurs livres Perfiens et Arabes, et le Cadi de Miana retint les meilleurs. Il y a dans cette ville un des plus beaux Carvanſeras de la Perſe. [The following day we crossed a hilly and desolate country, and after walking for eight hours we arrived at Miana, a small town situated in a marshy area, where a toll was charged for road maintenance. It was there that Monsieur Thevenot died on his return from Isfahan. He had collected several Persian and Arabic books, and the Qadi of Miana kept the best ones. In this town, there is one of the finest caravansersas in Persia.] » #3632 Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste, Les six voyages de Jean Baptiste Tavernier, Ecuyer Baron d'Aubonne, qu'il a fait en Turquie, en Perse, et aux Indes,, Chez Gervais Clouzier et Claude Barbin, 1676 ~ p. 63
SOURCE for Miane
SOURCE for Mianeh
SOURCE for Miyane
« Traversing the crest of a hill soon after mid-day, we came in full view of the little town of Miyáné, which looked very pretty with its blue domes and background of poplars and willows. » #3380 Browne, Edward Granville, A year amongst the Persians; impressions as to the life, character, and thought of the people of Persia, received during twelve month's residence in that country in the years 1887-8, Adam and Charles Black, 1893 ~ p. 69

R182-006a ford : place IRN (bridge)
Supplement: bist ve seh pel mianeh بیست و سه پل میانه
VARIANT names: flat bridge 23 arches , ford , Mianeh Bridge , stone bridge ,
SOURCE for flat bridge 23 arches
« We were nearly two hours in reaching the bottom. Beyond this, is an open plain of considerable extent. About a mile from the foot of the mountain, we crossed a river, running to the S. W., by a flat bridge of twenty-three equal arches, two miles beyond Mæana. » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 p. 156
SOURCE for ford
« nous paffämes à gué la riviere de Miana qui eft large et pro. fonde. On y conftruiſoit un pont deffus pour lors. [We forded the Miana river, which is wide and deep. A bridge was being built there at that time.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 p. 50
SOURCE for Mianeh Bridge
SOURCE for stone bridge
« A deux heures de Miana on paſſe une riviere ſur un beau pont de pierre qu'on laiſſe ruïner, et dont les arcades font creuſes par dedans: il eſt bâti de brique et de pierre de taille, et eſt auſſillong que le pont-neuf de Paris. [Two hours from Miana, one crosses a river on a beautiful stone bridge which is left to ruin, and whose arches are hollowed out inside: it is built of brick and dressed stone, and is as long as the Pont Neuf in Paris.] » #3632 Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste, Les six voyages de Jean Baptiste Tavernier, Ecuyer Baron d'Aubonne, qu'il a fait en Turquie, en Perse, et aux Indes,, Chez Gervais Clouzier et Claude Barbin, 1676 ~ p. 63

R182-006b Chateaux des filles d'honneur
R182-006b Chateaux des filles d'honneur : place IRN (fort)
VARIANT names: abandoned fort , ancient fort , Châteaux des filles d'honneur , Qiz Qalasi ,
SOURCE for abandoned fort
« Preſque au bas de la deſcente du côté d'Iſpahan ſur la croupe d'une petite montagne détachée de toutes les autres, il y a un Fort abandonné: Il eſt proche du grand chemin et d'une riviere, qui de meſine que celle qui eſt de l'autre côté de la montagne à deux heures de Miana, [Almost at the bottom of the descent on the Isfahan side, on the crest of a small mountain detached from all the others, there is an abandoned fort: It is close to the main road and a river, which is similar to the one on the other side of the mountain, two hours from Miana.] » #3632 Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste, Les six voyages de Jean Baptiste Tavernier, Ecuyer Baron d'Aubonne, qu'il a fait en Turquie, en Perse, et aux Indes,, Chez Gervais Clouzier et Claude Barbin, 1676 ~ p. 64
SOURCE for ancient fort
« almost perpendicular in rude rugged masses . By the bright light of the moon, we saw down the river, at a little distance from the bridge, and at a considerable elevation, the remains of an ancient fort , standing on a detached rock of an irregular form. This rises nearly perpendicular on all sides, and is said to be the haunt of robbers . Our Mehmaundaur spoke of the danger of travelling here without an officer appointed by the King. It was not far hence that Mr. Brown, the African traveller, was murdered, whose misfortune may be attributed to his not taking with him a Mehmaundaur. » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 p. 154
SOURCE for Châteaux des filles d'honneur
« Comme nous commencions à la defcendre, nous vêmes ſur un ro cher fort efcarpé deux petits forts affez proches l'un de l'au-tre; on apelle ces forts les Châ-teaux des filles d'honneur; per-ſonne ne m'en pût donner l'ex-plication. Ces Châteaux fer-voient de retraite à des Vo. leurs qui pilloient, et rançon-noient les Caravanes. Scha-Abas détruifit ces Voleurs, il en fit mourir une bonne partie, et fit ruiner ces Châteaux. [As we began our descent, we saw two small forts quite close to each other on a very steep rock; these forts are called the Castles of the Maids of Honor; no one could explain their name to me. These castles served as a refuge for thieves who pillaged and ransomed caravans. Scha-Abas destroyed these thieves, he killed a good number of them, and he had these castles ruined.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 p. 51
SOURCE for Qiz Qalasi

R182-006c three-arched bridge
R182-006c three-arched bridge : place IRN (bridge) NIMA/GNS feature: none independent coordinate: lat 37.324191 long 47.818239 † basis (p) VARIANT names: Kiz Bridge , Kizil Ozan bridge , Mianeh bridge , Qezel Ozan bridge , Qizil Uzun, Zendjan , three-arched bridge , SOURCE for Kiz Bridge Kiz Bridge [accessed 20 Nov 2025] SOURCE for Kizil Ozan bridge « we arrived at the range of mountains called Kaufilan Koh, Mountain of Tigers. At the top of this range we first saw the Kizil Ozan, the Golden Stream.The moon, which had been shining brightly, became at length partially obscured by a cloud, and showed to effect the bold outline of these black and craggy mountains, and at the same time reflecting on the river beneath, gave it the appearance of some vast shining serpent creep-ing through the dark and lonesome valley. According to Rennell, the Kizil Ozan is the Gozan of Scripture. We crossed it at one in the morning, over a handsome brick bridge; and by so doing, quitted Irak, and entered upon the district of Azerbijan, the government of Abbas Meerza, the Prince Royal of Persia. ... The structure of this bridge, as far as we could judge, indicates both skill and taste in the architect. It consists of three large arches, the centre the largest: the arches are lofty, to allow a passage for the water at the highest floods: the piers, which are very massy at the base, are relieved from the spring of the arches by a smaller arch, which gives a lightness of appearance and diminishes the pressure. Part of the sides are fallen in, and the bridge itself stands a fair chance of soon becoming impassable, when the communication of this road will be stopped for many months in the year. » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 pp. 153-4 SOURCE for Mianeh bridge Mianeh 1972 - Brick built bridge with several pointed arches [accessed 20 Nov 2025] SOURCE for Qezel Ozan bridge SOURCE for Qizil Uzun, Zendjan Qizil Uzun, Zendjan - Bidjar 1985 - Two remaining pointed arches and a bridge pier in the middle of the river at Zendjan - Bidjar [accessed 20 Nov 2025] SOURCE for three-arched bridge « Les Perfans ont beaucoup racommodé les chemins dans cette montagne au bas de laquelle nous paſſames ſur un beau pont à trois arcades. Le fleuve qui coule deſſous eſt trés large et trés rapide, il pa-roît auifi trés profond: on le nomme Querfilheufé. [The Perfans have greatly improved the roads in this mountain, at the foot of which we crossed a beautiful three-arched bridge. The river that flows below is very wide and very fast, it also appears very deep: it is called Querfilheufé.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 pp. 51-2

R182-006d caravanserai
R182-006d caravanserai : place IRN (caravanserai)
VARIANT names: caravanserai , Station Sar-e Mil ,
SOURCE for caravanserai
« Le fleuve qui coule deſſous eſt trés large et trés rapide, il pa-roît auifi trés profond: on le nomme Querfilheufé. Au delà de ce pont à quelque diſtance on trouve un Caravanſerail, [The river flowing beneath is very wide and very swift; it also appears very deep: it is called Querfilheufé. Beyond this bridge, at some distance, one finds a caravanserai.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 p. 52
SOURCE for Station Sar-e Mil
« Station Sar-e Mil an der Brücke von Qaflan Kuh (Abb.4 und 67)Lage: 26 km südlich von Mianeh an der Straße von Ta-briz nach Zandjan und Qazvin, in + 1010 m ü. N.N. Die Sta-tion steht am rechten, nördlichen Ufer des Qizil Uzun in der Nähe der alten Brücke und von zwei modernen Brücken, von denen eine durch Hochwasser zerstört wurde.Typ: Stationsgebäude mit zwei Flügeln, einem Eingangs-flügel mit seitlichen Räumen am Eingang und einem rück-wärtigen, zweiteiligen Stall. Dazwischen erstreckt sich ein Hof.Abmessungen: Außenmaße 22 × 17 m, Hofmaße 14,90 x 7,30 m. Mauerstärken 1 m.Baumaterial: Bruchsteine und Ziegel.Bauliche Besonderheiten und Zustand: Die Ruine ist stark beschädigt.Inschriften: sind keine bekannt.Datierung: Ende 19. Jahrhundert, Anfang 20. Jahrhun-dert.fn 58 Die Ruine wurde am 2. 5. 1976 vermessen. Zur Brücke von Qaflan Kuh: AMI 16, 1983, 363 ff. [Sar-e Mil Station at the Qaflan Kuh Bridge (Figs. 4 and 67)Location: 26 km south of Mianeh on the road from Tabriz to Zanjan and Qazvin, at an elevation of 1010 m above sea level. The station is located on the right, northern bank of the Qizil Uzun River, near the old bridge and two modern bridges, one of which was destroyed by flooding.Type: Station building with two wings, an entrance wing with side rooms at the entrance and a rear, two-part stable. A courtyard extends between them. Dimensions: External dimensions 22 × 17 m, courtyard dimensions 14.90 x 7.30 m. Wall thickness 1 m.Building material: Rubble stone and brick.Structural features and condition: The ruin is severely damaged.Inscriptions: None known.Dating: Late 19th century, early 20th century.fn 58 The ruin was surveyed on May 2, 1976. On the bridge of Qaflan Kuh: AMI 16, 1983, 363 ff.] » #3474 Kleiss, Wolfram, Karawanenbauten in Iran. Materialien zur iranischen Archäologie, Materialien zur iranischen Archa¨ologie, D. Reimer, Berlin, 1996 Band 2:Teil 1: ~ pp. 44 and 48

R182-007 Jamalaba caravanserai
R182-007 Jamalaba caravanserai : place IRN (caravanserai) NIMA/GNS feature: none independent coordinate: lat 37.271937 long 47.843045 † basis (p) Supplement: karvansaraye shah ebasi jomal abad کاروانسرای شاه عباسی جمال آباد VARIANT names: Jamal Abad Caravanserai , Jamalaba caravanserai , Jamalabad caravanserai , Karavanserail Djamalabad , Tchamalava caravanserai , SOURCE for Jamal Abad Caravanserai «1668-009 Jamāl Abād Iran (Islamic Republic of) N37 16 18.89 E47 50 35.16 0.37 ha 13.83 ha» [accessed 16 Dec 2025] SOURCE for Jamalaba caravanserai « Au delà de ce pont à quelque diſtance on trouve un Caravanſerail, et deux heures aprés de chemin un au-tre fort beau où nous logeâmes, qu'on appelle Jamalaba. Il n'y habitoit perſonne, et il ne paroît aucunes habitations proche. [Beyond this bridge, at some distance, there is a caravanserai, and two hours further on, another very fine one where we stayed, called Jamalaba. No one lived there, and there appear to be no dwellings nearby.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 p. 52 SOURCE for Jamalabad caravanserai « JAMALABAD (3)-LAT. 37° 16' 16". LONG. 47° 57' 20. ELEV. 3,916'.Longitude is mean of those of Lemon, St. John, and Schindler.A village in Khamseh between Zinjän and Mianch at the foot of the Qaflan Küh pass. There is a once fine, but now ruined, caravanserai here. The telegraph office which used to be here has been removed to Mianeh, The village is 55 miles from Zinjan on the road thence to Tabriz.-(Schindler.) » #3713 GAZETTEER OF PERSIA. VOLUME II, Printed at the Government of India Monotype Press,, 1914 ~ p. 259 SOURCE for Karavanserail Djamalabad « Lage: 94km südöstlich von Tabriz, an der alten Straße nach Zandjan und Qazvin, in + 1330 m ü. N.N., 21 km nord-westlich des Karavanserails Sarcam im Bezirk (Ostan) Zan-djan.Typ: Nach der Grundrißvermessung von M. Siroux ein Hofkaravanserail (Taf. 4,4) mit vier Iwanen, oktogonalen Ecktürmen und hervorgehobenem Portalbau (Taf. 5,1.2).Abmessungen: Außenmaße 59,70 x 48,10 m ohne Tür-me, Hofmaße 25.45 x 22,80 m. Weite der Stallungen 4,20 bis 4.65 m, Höhe der Portalrahmung 9,90 m (Abb.68). [Location: 94 km southeast of Tabriz, on the old road to Zanjan and Qazvin, at an elevation of 1330 m above sea level, 21 km northwest of the Sarcam Caravanserai in the Zanjan District.Type: According to the ground plan survey by M. Siroux, a courtyard caravanserai (Plate 4.4) with four iwans, octagonal corner towers, and a prominent gatehouse (Plates 5.1.2).Dimensions: External dimensions 59.70 x 48.10 m excluding towers, courtyard dimensions 25.45 x 22.80 m. Width of the stables 4.20 to 4.65 m, height of the gatehouse 9.90 m (Fig. 68).] » #3474 Kleiss, Wolfram, Karawanenbauten in Iran. Materialien zur iranischen Archäologie, Materialien zur iranischen Archa¨ologie, D. Reimer, Berlin, 1996 Band 2:Teil 1: ~ p. 47 SOURCE for Tchamalava caravanserai « De la riviere qui paſſe au pied de la montagne de Kaplen-ton on vient à un beau Carvanſera appellé Tchamalava bâti depuis peu d'années, [From the river that flows at the foot of Kaplen-ton mountain, one comes to a beautiful Carvanſera called Tchamalava, built in recent years.] » #3632 Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste, Les six voyages de Jean Baptiste Tavernier, Ecuyer Baron d'Aubonne, qu'il a fait en Turquie, en Perse, et aux Indes,, Chez Gervais Clouzier et Claude Barbin, 1676 ~ p. 65

R182-008 Falcham caravanserai
R182-008 Falcham caravanserai : place IRN (caravanserai)
Supplement: not evident on google location estimated
VARIANT names: Falcham caravanserai , Karavanserail Sarcam (Sartcham) , Sarcham , Sartcham caravanserai ,
SOURCE for Falcham caravanserai
« Le vingt. quatriéme nous marchâmes depuis minuit juf-qu'à ſept heures du matin parun chemin affez beau toûjours entre deux montagnes. On reſta dans le Caravanſerail nommé Falcham [On the twenty-fourth, we walked from midnight until seven o'clock in the morning along a fairly beautiful path, always between two mountains. We stayed in the caravanserai called Falcham.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 p. 54
SOURCE for Karavanserail Sarcam (Sartcham)
« Karavanserail Sarcam (Sartcham) (Abb. 4 und 96) (76)Lage: 59km südöstlich von Miyaneh in +1065 mi N.N., an der Straße Tabriz - Zandjan - Qazvin.fn 76 M. Siroux 37 53 ff. - Der Platz des Karavanserails wurde am 7. 10.1983 besucht. [Sarcam (Sartcham) Caravanserail (Figs. 4 and 96) (76)Location: 59 km southeast of Miyaneh at +1065 m above sea level, on the Tabriz - Zandjan - Qazvin road.fn 76 M. Siroux 37 53 ff. - The caravanserail site was visited on October 7, 1983.] » #3474 Kleiss, Wolfram, Karawanenbauten in Iran. Materialien zur iranischen Archäologie, Materialien zur iranischen Archa¨ologie, D. Reimer, Berlin, 1996 Band 2:Teil 1: ~ p. 58
SOURCE for Sarcham
« 79 Sarcham, southeast of Maragha, 733AH/AD1332-1333 (Siroux 1949, pp. 53-57; Godard 1936, pp. 151-152; RCEA, xv, pp. 27-28, no. 5642)fn 79 Sarcham is located at Lat37°3'58"N/Long47°56'42"E, 1213 m above sea level. » #3759 Katia Cytryn-Silverman, The Road Inns (Khans) in Bilad Al-Sham, BAR International Series 2130, 2010 ~ p. 19
SOURCE for Sartcham caravanserai
« et aprés treize heures de marche dans un pays fort ſterile, on trouve un autre Carvanſera qu'on nomme Sartcham dans un lieu entierement ſolitaire: c'eſt ce qui rend infolens les Raders qui ſe tiennent là pour la garde des chemins, et ils ne craignent rien ſe voyant éloignez des villes et des villages. [and after thirteen hours of walking in a very barren country, we find another Carvansera which is called Sartcham in a completely solitary place: this is what makes the Raders who stand there to guard the roads uneasy, and they fear nothing seeing themselves far from the towns and villages.] » #3632 Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste, Les six voyages de Jean Baptiste Tavernier, Ecuyer Baron d'Aubonne, qu'il a fait en Turquie, en Perse, et aux Indes,, Chez Gervais Clouzier et Claude Barbin, 1676 ~ p. 65

R182-009 Merbad
R182-009 Merbad : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Mehrabad , مهر آباد ,
VARIANT names: Mehrabad , Merbad ,
SOURCE for Mehrabad
SOURCE for Merbad
« We arrived at the twenty-fifth of the morning at the village called Merbad, » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 p. 55

R182-010 Zarigan
R182-010 Zarigan : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Zanjan , Zenjan , زنجان ,
VARIANT names: Samgael , Senjan , Senkan , Zanjan , Zarigan , Zinjaun ,
SOURCE for Samgael
« Le vingt-troisieme nous arrivâmes à la ville de Samgael, au-delà de laquelle nous nous arrêtâmes, [On the twenty-third we arrived at the city of Samgael, beyond which we stopped,] » #3227 LeBrun, Corneille, Voyages de Corneille Le Brun par la Moscovie, en Perse, et aux Indes Orientales., Wetstein, Amsterdam, 1718 ~ p. 175
SOURCE for Senjan
« However, I have more inclination for not too remote realities, and I request to be informed how many inhabitants Senjanhas, and am told 50,000, a considerable exaggeration, as I suspect. How much is the revenue of the town? Eighty-six thousand tuman in maliat, 10,500 charvar of wheat and barley, and 10,000 charvar of straw. And what is the strength of the garrison? Two thousand foot and 1300 cavalry soldiers, but the force can be doubled if necessary. Of the inhabitants of Senjan only 5 per cent are Parsis or Persians. » #3654 Sven Hedin, Overland To India, Macmillan and Co., London, 1910 ~ vol. 1 pp. 147-8
SOURCE for Senkan
« The City of Senkan was heretofore of a considerable bigness, and famous for its Trading, before Tamberlane destroy'd it: but what reduc'd it to the condition it is in now, is the Turk, who hath taken and plunder'd it several times. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 185
« On the first of the next Moneth we came into a litle City called Senkan » #3675 John Struys, trans. John Morrison, The Perillous and Most Unhappy Voyages of John Struys; through Italy, Greece, … Media, Persia, …, and other places in Europe, Africa and Asia, London, 1683 ~ p. 301
SOURCE for Zanjan
SOURCE for Zarigan
« Nous arrivâmes ſur les fix hen res du matin vingt-cinquième à van village nommé Merbad, où fur les dix heures du ſoir aprés neuf heures de beaux chemins nous allâmes à Zarigan. [We arrived on the twenty-fifth of the morning at the village named Merbad, where at ten o'clock in the evening after nine hours of beautiful roads we went to Zarigan.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 p. 55
SOURCE for Zinjaun
« Zinjaun is the capital of the district of Khumseh, and is governed by Abdoolah Meerza one of the King's sons, who resides here. The town is large and populous ; it is enclosed in a mud wall, in good repair. The bazaar is superior to those at Hamadan and Kermanshah , and almost equal to that at Bagdad. » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 p. 150

R182-011 Queurqueboula
R182-011 Queurqueboula : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Mobarakabad , Qarabulaq , Qarah Bolagh , Qareh Bolagh , قره بلاغ ,
VARIANT names: Kara-bulak , Qarabulaq , Queurqueboula ,
SOURCE for Kara-bulak
« Then we rattle on again along a good road till we come to our night-quarters at the miserable chaparkhaneh of Kara-bulak. » #3654 Sven Hedin, Overland To India, Macmillan and Co., London, 1910 ~ vol. 1 p. 149
SOURCE for Qarabulaq
SOURCE for Queurqueboula
« Le Caravanſerail où nous logeâmes le vingt-ſeptiéme s'appelle Queurqueboula et n'eſtqu'à demye lieue de Sultanie. [The caravanserai where we stayed on the twenty-seventh is called Queurqueboula and is only half a league from Sultanie.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 p. 57

R182-012 Sultanie
R182-012 Sultanie : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Sa`idiyeh , Soltaneyyeh , Soltaniyeh , Sultaniye , Sultaniyeh , سلطانيه ,
VARIANT names: Soltaneyyeh , Sultanie , Sultanieh , Sultaniyye , Sulthanie ,
SOURCE for Soltaneyyeh
« From Sultaniyyah to Ray and Varamin » #1764 ed. Le Strange, G., The geographical part of the Nuzhat-al-qulub composed by Hamd-Alla¯h Mustawfi¯ of Qazwi¯n in 740 (1340), E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1919 ~ p. 168
SOURCE for Sultanie
« Le Caravanſerail où nous logeâmes le vingt-ſeptiéme s'appelle Queurqueboula et n'eſtqu'à demye lieue de Sultanie. Cette ville paroît fort belle de loing, ce qui me donna envie de l'aller voir. Quand je fus dedans je ne trouvay rien de plus laid. Quelques Moſquées et quelques maifons particulieres en font toute la beauté: le reſte paroît des nits à rats. Les dehors et les jardins ſeulement en font beaux. Par les ruïnes qu'on y voit, il eſt aifé de juger que cette ville étoit autrefois plus grande qu'elle `n'eſt aujourd'huy. [The caravanserai where we stayed on the twenty-seventh is called Queurqueboula and is only half a league from Sultanie. This city appears very beautiful from afar, which made me want to go and see it. When I was inside, I found nothing uglier. A few mosques and some private houses constitute its entire beauty; the rest looks like rat holes. Only the exteriors and gardens make it beautiful. From the ruins one sees there, it is easy to judge that this city was once larger than it is today.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 p. 57
« On the 2 of Decemb. we set forward and came in good time to Sultanie, » #3675 John Struys, trans. John Morrison, The Perillous and Most Unhappy Voyages of John Struys; through Italy, Greece, … Media, Persia, …, and other places in Europe, Africa and Asia, London, 1683 ~ p. 301
SOURCE for Sultanieh
« June 5.-We left our quarters before dusk, marched sixteen miles, and halted for a few hours at the village of Saingula ; we then proceeded to Sultanieh, eighteen miles distant. » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 p. 147
« June 6.-In the middle of the plain is Sultanieh , a city founded six hundred years ago by Sultan Khodabundah, but now completely in ruins. Amidst the heaps of fallen houses, the only building worthy of notice is the tomb of the founder. It » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 p. 148
« Sultanieh » #3070 James Justinian Morier, A Journey Through Persia, Armenia, and Asia Minor, to Constantinople, in the Years 1808 and 1809, Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, London, 1812 ~ p. 412
SOURCE for Sultaniyye
« Zanján on 15th November for Sultániyyé. The road from Zanján to Sultániyyé runs through a perfectly flat stony plain bounded by low hills to the north and the south, and is devoid of interest. » #3380 Browne, Edward Granville, A year amongst the Persians; impressions as to the life, character, and thought of the people of Persia, received during twelve month's residence in that country in the years 1887-8, Adam and Charles Black, 1893 ~ p. 75
SOURCE for Sulthanie
« Iune 21. having stay'd till the great Heat were over, we left Senkan after Sun-set, taking our way, by Moon-light, through a Plain of six Leagues, at the end whereof we came, with the Sun-rising, to Sulthanie. It had been so calm and cold in the Night, that we had hardly
description
PAGE 186
the use of our Limbs, so that we had much ado to alight. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ pp. 185-6

R182-013 Sangala
R182-013 Sangala : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Khorosan , Sa'in Qal`eh , Sain-Kalekh , صائين قلعه ,
VARIANT names: Quhud , Sa'in Qal`eh , Saingula , Sangala ,
SOURCE for Quhud
« From Sultaniyyah in 5 leagues to the village of Quhud, which the Mongols call Sain Qalcah, » #1764 ed. Le Strange, G., The geographical part of the Nuzhat-al-qulub composed by Hamd-Alla¯h Mustawfi¯ of Qazwi¯n in 740 (1340), E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1919 ~ p. 168
SOURCE for Sa'in Qal`eh
SOURCE for Saingula
« June 5.-We left our quarters before dusk, marched sixteen miles, and halted for a few hours at the village of Saingula ; » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 p. 147
SOURCE for Sangala
« Nous logeâmes dans un gros Bourg nommé Sangala. Il n'y a point dans ce lieu de Caravanſerail, mais on loge dans des maiſons plus mal propres que des étables à cochons, et pour fon argent a-t'on bien de la peine à trouver des vivres. [We stayed in a large town called Sangala. There is no caravanserai in this place, but one stays in houses more filthy than pigsties, and for one's money one has great difficulty finding provisions.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 p. 60

R182-014 Emtier
R182-014 Emtier : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Khorramdareh , Khorramdarreh , Khurramdarreh , Khurramdarrekh , خرمدره ,
VARIANT names: Choramdah , Choramdeky , Emtier , Gromdora , Khorramdarreh , Khurram-dere ,
SOURCE for Choramdah
« We departed two hours before Sun-rising, and travell'd that day six Leagues, through a very fertil Country, all arable and pasture Lands, leaving, on the left hand, the little Mountains called Tzikitz•ki, where the King of Persia's best Race-Horses and Mares for breed are kept. About noon we took up our Lodging at the Village of Choramdah, which lies on the side of a little River, having so many Trees and Gardens about it, that it is not without reason that name is given it, which signifies, a place of Pleasure. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 197
SOURCE for Choramdeky
« Leaving Syllebek we came the next day at night to Choramdeky which for it's many Gardens seems to be a Paradise. It is also watered with a good River which glides thrô the Town, and by a Serpentine course thrô the Fields round about the City renders the Earth more fertile and of a very good soil, » #3675 John Struys, trans. John Morrison, The Perillous and Most Unhappy Voyages of John Struys; through Italy, Greece, … Media, Persia, …, and other places in Europe, Africa and Asia, London, 1683 ~ p. 303
SOURCE for Emtier
« Notre Caravane eut encore le lendemain quatre heures de la même plaine à auſſi fertile et auffi pleine de villages, et logea dans une maiſon proche une petite ville nommée Emtier fort jolie par la grande quantité de jardins et la petite riviere qui y paffe. [Our caravan spent another four hours the next day on the same plain, which was also fertile and full of villages, and stayed in a house near a small town called Emtier, which was very pretty because of the large number of gardens and the small river that flows through it.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 p. 60
SOURCE for Gromdora
« Nous pourfuivimes notre voyage deux heures avant jour, et après une traite de cinq heures, nous ar rivames à Gromdora, bourg d'une grande étendue, rempli d'arbres et de jardins, [We continued our journey two hours before daybreak, and after a five-hour trek, we arrived at Gromdora, a large town filled with trees and gardens.] » #3227 LeBrun, Corneille, Voyages de Corneille Le Brun par la Moscovie, en Perse, et aux Indes Orientales., Wetstein, Amsterdam, 1718 ~ p. 177
SOURCE for Khorramdarreh
SOURCE for Khurram-dere
« After another uneventful stage, we reached our next halting-place of Khurram-deré-a pretty village situated on a river, surrounded by poplars and willows -about 4.30 ?.?. Here, as usual, we were very hospitably received by the villagers » #3380 Browne, Edward Granville, A year amongst the Persians; impressions as to the life, character, and thought of the people of Persia, received during twelve month's residence in that country in the years 1887-8, Adam and Charles Black, 1893 ~ p. 76

R182-015 Parfac
R182-015 Parfac : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Farsagin , Farsajin , Farsejin , Farsijin , Farsjin , Parsadzhin , فارسجین , فارسيجين ,
VARIANT names: Farsajin , Parfac , Parsaheim , Partin ,
SOURCE for Farsajin
« thence 4 to Fa¯risjin » #1764 ed. Le Strange, G., The geographical part of the Nuzhat-al-qulub composed by Hamd-Alla¯h Mustawfi¯ of Qazwi¯n in 740 (1340), E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1919 ~ p. 168
SOURCE for Parfac
« La belle plaine continua toujours juſqu'au village de Parfac que nous joignîmes aprés ſept heures de marche et d'où nous allâmes le lendemain neufheures durant dans un pays auſſi agréable que les jours pre-cedens. Ce fut dans ce chemin que je me fouvins d'avoir traver-ſé toute la Suiſſe dans le cœur de l'hyver, ſans y avoir ſenty tant de froid. [The beautiful plain continued all the way to the village of Parfac, which we reached after a seven-hour walk, and from where we spent the next nine hours in a country as pleasant as the previous days. It was on this road that I remembered having crossed all of Switzerland in the heart of winter without feeling so much cold.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 p. 61
SOURCE for Parsaheim
« Nous trouvâmes en cet endroit deux villages nommés Parſaheim et Touoekhſi, dont le dernier, qui eft le plus petit, eft ceint d'une muraille de terre comme un jardin, où l'on entre par une grande porte. [We found in this place two villages named Parſaheim and Touoekhſi, the latter of which, being the smaller, is surrounded by an earthen wall like a garden, which one enters through a large gate.] » #3227 LeBrun, Corneille, Voyages de Corneille Le Brun par la Moscovie, en Perse, et aux Indes Orientales., Wetstein, Amsterdam, 1718 ~ p. 177
SOURCE for Partin
« De Habar aprés ſept heures de marche on arrive à un village nommé Partin. Le chemin de Zangan à Partin ſe fait en deux jours. C'eſt une plaine fertile, et on y découvre plufieurs villages. [From Habar, after a seven-hour walk, you arrive at a village called Partin. The journey from Zangan to Partin takes two days. It's a fertile plain, and you'll discover several villages there.] » #3632 Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste, Les six voyages de Jean Baptiste Tavernier, Ecuyer Baron d'Aubonne, qu'il a fait en Turquie, en Perse, et aux Indes,, Chez Gervais Clouzier et Claude Barbin, 1676 ~ pp. 65-6

R182-016 Klara : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Khabaraj , Khiaraj , Khiyaraj , خبارج , خيارج ,
VARIANT names: Gihara , Khiaraj , Kiare , Klara ,
SOURCE for Gihara
« Enfuite, nous traverlâmes 3. ou 4. fois une petite riviere, par un tems agréable et doux, julques à Gihara, où cha-cun fe mit à l'abri des ruïnes d'une muraille baffe [Fleeing, we crossed a small river three or four times, in pleasant and mild weather, until we reached Gihara, where each of us took shelter behind the ruins of a wall.] » #3227 LeBrun, Corneille, Voyages de Corneille Le Brun par la Moscovie, en Perse, et aux Indes Orientales., Wetstein, Amsterdam, 1718 ~ p. 177
SOURCE for Khiaraj
SOURCE for Kiare
« Kiare » in {map#1253 Carte de la Perse, de la Turquie d'Asie et d'une partie de la Tartarie Indépendante / Dressée par P. Lapie, ... pour les Voyages de Chardin ; Gravée par Blondeau, ..., , 1810, }
SOURCE for Klara
« Une Caravane qui avoit été volée il n'y avoit pas huit jours en cet endroit, nous y fit apprehender les voleurs, et précipita nôtre marche juſques à Klara. Cette petite Ville ſituée ſur une petite élevation paroît être quelque choſe de loin; mais quand on eſt dedans, c'eſt la plus grande pauvreté du monde. [A caravan that had been robbed less than eight days earlier in this place led us to apprehend the thieves and hasten our march to Klara. This small town, situated on a small rise, appears to be something from afar; but when one is inside, it is the greatest poverty imaginable.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 pp. 61-2

R182-017 Saxava
R182-017 Saxava : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Sagezabad , Saggez Abad , Sagzabad , Sagziabad , Sakezabad , Sangarabad , سگز آباد , سنگر آباد ,
VARIANT names: Sagezabad , Sakabad , Sakfawa , Saxava , Sexava ,
SOURCE for Sagezabad
« Beyond this place the way divides; to the right one road turns off, going to Sagzābād, while the main road (towards Khurāsā continues onward, going through Sunqurābād. » #1764 ed. Le Strange, G., The geographical part of the Nuzhat-al-qulub composed by Hamd-Alla¯h Mustawfi¯ of Qazwi¯n in 740 (1340), E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1919 ~ p. 168
« From Sultaniyyah to the village of Sagzābād as already described (p. 168) it is 5 stages, or 24 leagues, and here the highroad towards Khurāsān branches off. » #1764 ed. Le Strange, G., The geographical part of the Nuzhat-al-qulub composed by Hamd-Alla¯h Mustawfi¯ of Qazwi¯n in 740 (1340), E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1919 ~ p. 175
SOURCE for Sakabad
« Sakabad » in {map#1253 Carte de la Perse, de la Turquie d'Asie et d'une partie de la Tartarie Indépendante / Dressée par P. Lapie, ... pour les Voyages de Chardin ; Gravée par Blondeau, ..., , 1810, }
SOURCE for Sakfawa
« Nous nous remimes en chemin à 3. heures du matin, et après une traite de 4. lieues, nous arrivames à Sakfawa, grand village, aufli rempli d'arbres que le précédent. On y voit à droite les ruines d'un grand bâtiment, et à gauche celles d'un grand Caravanserai, reprefentées au num. 61. Il fallut s'y arrêter pour payer les droits, et je paffar ce tems-là à tirer des pigeons. [We set off again at 3:00 AM, and after a journey of 4 leagues, we arrived at Sakfawa, a large village, as full of trees as the previous one. On the right, one can see the ruins of a large building, and on the left, those of a large caravanserai, shown again in number 61. We had to stop there to pay the tolls, and I spent that time shooting pigeons.] » #3227 LeBrun, Corneille, Voyages de Corneille Le Brun par la Moscovie, en Perse, et aux Indes Orientales., Wetstein, Amsterdam, 1718 ~ p. 178
SOURCE for Saxava
« Le premier de Janvier 170r. étant partis à trois heures du matin, nous marchâmes cinq heures par un affez beau chemin, quoy qu'il tombât encore de la nege bien fort. Les Maiſons du Fauxbourg de Saxava où nous logeâmes, étoient incomparable-ment plus plus pro propres que toutes cel les de la route precedente. Saxava eſt une affez grande Ville, fituée dans une plaine ſabloneufe. Elle a prés de deux mille de tour, et n'eſt guere peuplée. Les murail les de fon enceinte tombent en beaucoup d'endroits. Les reſtes de pluſieurs grands édifices font connoître qu'autrefois elle a été belle. Il y paffe une petite rivie-re prefque toute falée, d'où vient qu'on y fait venir de l'eau douce par pluſieurs canaux. [On January 1st, 1700, having departed at three o'clock in the morning, we walked for five hours along a fairly good road, although it was still snowing heavily. The houses in the suburb of Saxava where we stayed were incomparably cleaner than all those on the preceding route. Saxava is a fairly large town, situated on a sandy plain. It is nearly two miles in circumference and is sparsely populated. The walls of its enclosure are crumbling in many places. The remains of several large buildings show that it was once beautiful. A small, almost entirely eroded river flows through it, which is why fresh water is brought in by several canals.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 p. 62
SOURCE for Sexava
« Certe plaine eſt ſuivie d'une campagne fterile et mal habi-tée, et qui dure tout un jour juſqu'à Sexava.... Sexava eſt une petite ville dont le terroir porte d'excellentes noix. Ses Carvanferas pour n'eftre que de terre et tres-petits font fort propres et commodes, et le nombre-fupplée au défaut de la grandeur. [This plain is followed by a barren and poorly inhabited countryside, which lasts all day until Sexava. ... Sexava is a small town whose soil produces excellent walnuts. Its caravansers, though only earthen and very small, are quite neat and convenient, and their number makes up for their lack of size.] » #3632 Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste, Les six voyages de Jean Baptiste Tavernier, Ecuyer Baron d'Aubonne, qu'il a fait en Turquie, en Perse, et aux Indes,, Chez Gervais Clouzier et Claude Barbin, 1676 ~ p. 66

R182-018 Zioug caravanserai
R182-018 Zioug caravanserai : place IRN (caravanserai)
NIMA/GNS feature: RHSE UFI: 10040338 coordinate: lat 35.5433 long 50.165
NIMA/GNS names: Karvansara-ye Shah `Abbasi , کاروانسرای شاه عباسی ,
VARIANT names: Hetzib Caravansera , Idqioup caravanserai , Karavanserail Hedjib , Karvansara-ye Shah `Abbasi Hijab , Zioug caravanserai ,
SOURCE for Hetzib Caravansera
« Ian. 9. having travell'd about three leagues, neer an old uncover'd Caravansera, named Hetzib, we met with a Lord whom the King of Poland sent Ambassador to the King of Persia. His name was Theophilus de Schonberg, a person, though well advanc'd in years, of a very good countenance. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 286
SOURCE for Idqioup caravanserai
« De Sexava aprés ſept heures de marche en pays defert on vient à un grand Carvanſera appelle Idqioup, qui a eſté autre-fois plus beau qu'il n'eſt à preſent, et qu'on voit feul dans une campagne. [From Sexava after seven hours of walking in defert country one comes to a great Carvansera called Idqioup, which was formerly more beautiful than it is now, and which can be seen alone in a countryside.] » #3632 Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste, Les six voyages de Jean Baptiste Tavernier, Ecuyer Baron d'Aubonne, qu'il a fait en Turquie, en Perse, et aux Indes,, Chez Gervais Clouzier et Claude Barbin, 1676 ~ p. 66
SOURCE for Karavanserail Hedjib
« Abmessungen: 77 x 77 m Außenmaße (ohne Portalvor-sprung), 45 × 42 m Abmessung des Hofes, 4,50 m Stallbreite, 9 m Kuppeldurchmesser (Abb.11), Fassadenhöhe 10 m (Abb. 12), Mauerstärke 1,20 m. [Dimensions: 77 x 77 m external dimensions (excluding portal projection), 45 × 42 m courtyard dimensions, 4.50 m stable width, 9 m dome diameter (Fig. 11), facade height 10 m (Fig. 12), wall thickness 1.20 m.] » #3473 Kleiss, Wolfram, Karawanenbauten in Iran. Materialien zur iranischen Archäologie, Materialien zur iranischen Archa¨ologie, D. Reimer, Berlin, 1997 Band 3:Teil 2: ~ p. 16
SOURCE for Karvansara-ye Shah `Abbasi Hijab
SOURCE for Zioug caravanserai
« nous marchames douze heures toûjours par de petites Montagnes couvertes de neges, et nous traverſames plufieurs fois un ruiffeau qui fer-pente beaucoup. On logea aprés dans un affez beau Caravanſerail qui tombe en ruine nommé Zioug. Il n'y a aucunes maiſons ay Villages aux environs, et il n'y habite perſonne, ce qui fait que l'on n'y trouve quoyque ce ſoit, pas même du bois. [We walked for twelve hours, always through small, snow-covered mountains, and we crossed several times a stream with a steep drop. Afterwards, we lodged in a rather beautiful caravanserai, now falling into ruin, called Zioug. There are no houses in the surrounding villages, and no one lives there, so one can find nothing at all, not even wood.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 p. 63

R182-019 Dangue caravanserai
R182-019 Dangue caravanserai : place IRN (caravanserai)
Supplement: karvansaraye vardeh کاروانسرای ورده
VARIANT names: caravasar , Carawansera , Dangue caravanserai , Denghe caravanserai , Karavanserail Donk , Vardeh Caravanserai ,
SOURCE for caravasar
« A 10, quando queria anocheçer salio el Enbaxador de Saba, y por no ser buen camino gastó toda la noche hasta que fue de dia en caminar çinco grandes leguas, y en llegar á Dung, que no es más de un caravasar, aunque grande, muy viejo y en partes arruinado, [At 10 o'clock, when night was falling, the Ambassador of Saba set out, and because the road was not good, he spent the whole night until daybreak walking five great leagues, and arrived at Dung, which is nothing more than a caravanserai, although large, very old and in parts ruined,] » #3245 García de Silva y Figueroa, Manuel Serrano y Sanz, Comentarios De D. Garcia De Silva Y Figueroa De La Embajada Que De Parte Del Rey De España Don Felipe III Hizo Al Rey Xa Abas De Persia, La Spciedad de Bibliofilos Espanoles, Madrid, 1905 ~ vol. 5 p. 78
SOURCE for Carawansera
« On the 20 we had a very pleasant days Journey through a delightfull Landship; very close inhabited and full of Villages and Hamlets coming at night to a Carawansera, where we took up our Lodging for that night, » #3675 John Struys, trans. John Morrison, The Perillous and Most Unhappy Voyages of John Struys; through Italy, Greece, … Media, Persia, …, and other places in Europe, Africa and Asia, London, 1683 ~ p. 307
SOURCE for Dangue caravanserai
La plaine où nous paſſâmes le cinquiéme aprés minuit paroif-foit affez fertile, et le chemin auroit été affez beau s'il n'avoit pas été couvert de neiges. Un Caravanſerail affez beau tient au Village nommé Dangue; dans ce Village et dans deux ou trois qui font proches de là, nous eûmes d'aſſez bon vin à bon marché. [The plain where we passed on the fifth day after midnight seemed quite fertile, and the road would have been quite good if it hadn't been covered with snow. A rather fine caravanserai is attached to the village called Dangue; in this village and in two or three others nearby, we had some fairly good wine at a good price.]
SOURCE for Denghe caravanserai
« et quatre heures plus loin onar-rive au Carvanſera de Denghe où ſe joignent les deux rou-ces, et dont j'ay parlé au chapitre precedent. [and four hours further on we arrive at the Carvanſera of Denghe where the two roads join, and which I spoke of in the previous chapter.] » #3632 Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste, Les six voyages de Jean Baptiste Tavernier, Ecuyer Baron d'Aubonne, qu'il a fait en Turquie, en Perse, et aux Indes,, Chez Gervais Clouzier et Claude Barbin, 1676 ~ p. 66
SOURCE for Karavanserail Donk
« Abmessungen: 55 × 50,50 m Außenmaße (ohne Turm-vorsprünge), 33,50 × 31m Hofabmessungen, Kuppelspann-weite 5,50 m und Höhe der Eingangsfront 7,50 m (Abb. 20). [Dimensions: 55 × 50.50 m external dimensions (excluding tower projections), 33.50 × 31 m courtyard dimensions, dome span 5.50 m, and entrance facade height 7.50 m (Fig. 20).] » #3473 Kleiss, Wolfram, Karawanenbauten in Iran. Materialien zur iranischen Archäologie, Materialien zur iranischen Archa¨ologie, D. Reimer, Berlin, 1997 Band 3:Teil 2: ~ p. 20
SOURCE for Vardeh Caravanserai

R182-020 Sava caravanserai
R182-020 Sava caravanserai : place IRN (caravanserai)
Supplement: karvansaraye haj mirza mahmad akbarzadeh کاروانسرای حاج میرزا محمد اکبرزاده
VARIANT names: karvansaraye haj mirza mahmad akbarzadeh , Sava caravanserai , Saveh caravanserai ,
SOURCE for karvansaraye haj mirza mahmad akbarzadeh
SOURCE for Sava caravanserai
De ce dernier Carvanſera à Sava il n'y a plus que trois heures de marche pour la Caravane, [From this last Carvanſera to Sava, it is only a three-hour walk for the Caravan.]
SOURCE for Saveh caravanserai
« De là nous marchâmes la nuit du ſixiéme pen-dant huit heures par des che-mins entrecoupez de ruiſſeaux. Le Caravanſerail est à l'entrée d'une petite Ville nommée Sava, qui marque par ſes ruines qu'el-le a été confiderable autrefois. [From there we walked for eight hours on the night of the sixth, along paths interspersed with streams. The caravanserai is at the entrance to a small town called Sava, whose ruins show that it was once a significant place.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 p. 64

R182-021 Jafara caravanserai
R182-021 Jafara caravanserai : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: PPL UFI: 228062 coordinate: lat 34.7895 long 50.5746
NIMA/GNS names: Ja`farabad , جعفر آباد ,
VARIANT names: Ja`farabad , Japherebode ,
SOURCE for Ja`farabad
SOURCE for Japherebode
« The 15th daye at night we came to Japherebode [Ja'farābād], haueing traveled 6 lges, » #3214 Stodart, Robert; introduction and notes by Sir. E. Denison Ross, The Journal of Robert Stodart: Being an account of his experiences as a member of Sir Dodmore Cotton's Mission in Persia in 1628-29. Published from the unique manuscript preserved in the Bodleian Library, Luzac and Co, 1935 ~ p. 65

R182-022 Guedan-Guery-Guernas
R182-022 Guedan-Guery-Guernas : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: MT UFI: 11660515 coordinate: lat 34.750897 long 50.696356
NIMA/GNS names: Kuh-e Namak , کوه نمک ,
VARIANT names: Guedan-Guery-Guernas , Kuh-e Namak , Mountain of Kilissim ,
SOURCE for Guedan-Guery-Guernas
« Quand nous cûmes marché le huitieme environ quatre heures, toûjours dans la plaine, nous paſlâmes devant une petite mont tagne fort proche du grand che min; elle eſt ronde., et au milieu de la plaine. On fait mille cotes de cette montagne; mais une choſe que l'on en aſſure eſt que tous ceux qui y vont n'en revien-nent plus. Elle tire fon nom de là; car elle s'appelle en Perſan, Guedan-Guery-Guernas, et en Turc, Guidel-Quel-Maiſe,qui veut dire, montagne de ceux qui y vont n'en reviennent jamais. [When we had walked for about four hours on the eighth day, still in the plain, we passed a small mountain very close to the main road; it is round and in the middle of the plain. A thousand slopes are made of this mountain; but one thing is certain of it: all those who go there never return. It takes its name from this; for in Persian it is called Guedan-Guery-Guernas, and in Turkish, Guidel-Quel-Maise, which means, mountain of those who go there never return.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 pp. 65-6
SOURCE for Kuh-e Namak
SOURCE for Mountain of Kilissim
« Neer this Caravansera, and on our right hand, we discover'd the Mountain of Kilissim, which is not very high, but encompass'd of all sides with several barren and stony Hills, which pro|duce nothing but Salt, as do's also all the neighbouring Champaign, which is all white, by reason of the Salt and Saltpeter. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 285

R182-023 Com : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Ghom , Qom , Qum , قم ,
VARIANT names: Com , Comes , Coom , Cum , Khom , Kom , Koum , Kum , Qom , Qum , Qumm ,
SOURCE for Com
« Ce fait le Roy voulut aller à SPAHAN ville capitale de Par-thie, elloignée de CASBIN douze iournées les comptant à pas de Carauane, où nous le fuiuifmes. L'on trouue par le chemin beau-coup de bonnes places, comme entr'autres vne, qui eft appellée Com, vne autre dite CASSAN, qui eft plus grande, et plus riche que Com, comme aufli beaucoup de bourgs et villages. Tout cechemin eſt plain et vny, toutesfois d'vn coſté et d'autre on voittou-fiours des montagnes, [This done, the King wished to go to Spahan, the capital city of Parthia, twelve days distant from Casbin, counting them at the pace of Carauane, where we fled. One finds many good places along the way, such as one called Com, another called Cassan, which is larger and richer than Com, as well as many towns and villages. The whole road is flat and winding, however, on one side and the other one always sees mountains.] » #3614 unknown ed. M. Morisot, Relations veritables et curieuses de l'isle de Madagascar, et du Bresil. : Auec l'histoire de la derniere guerre faite au Bresil, entre les Portugais et les Hollandois. ; Trois relations d'Egypte, et vne du royaume de Perse, Chez Augustin Courbé, Paris, 1651 ~ p. 133
« Cette ville a 14. quartiers, et 2100. maifons, dans chacune defquelles il y a un puits, fans compter 300. abenbaars ou citernes. Elle a quatre portes, quatre Bazars, et un Meydeen, plufieurs bains, et un grand nombre de moſquées et del chapelles. [This city has 14 districts and 2100 houses, each with a well, not counting 300 cisterns or granaries. It has four gates, four bazaars, a mosque, several baths, and a large number of mosques and chapels.] » #3227 LeBrun, Corneille, Voyages de Corneille Le Brun par la Moscovie, en Perse, et aux Indes Orientales., Wetstein, Amsterdam, 1718 ~ p. 180
« D Es environs de la mon-cagne dont on fait tant de contes, on commença à voir la Ville de Com. Ayant que d'y ar-river, il faut paffer devant cinq endroits de beaucoup d'étenduë, pleins de ruines, dont les débris font encore fort elevez. [From the surroundings of the mountain about which so many tales are told, one began to see the City of Com. Having to arrive there, one must pass in front of five places of great extent, full of ruins, whose debris still stands very high.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 p. 67
SOURCE for Comes
« The 16th daye at night we came to the fayre citie Comes [Qum], weh lieth on a plaine. ... Here we picht in a pomgranet garden, haueing traveled 6 lges, In this towne ther is a fine marked [market] place. Here we stayed the 17th daye. » #3214 Stodart, Robert; introduction and notes by Sir. E. Denison Ross, The Journal of Robert Stodart: Being an account of his experiences as a member of Sir Dodmore Cotton's Mission in Persia in 1628-29. Published from the unique manuscript preserved in the Bodleian Library, Luzac and Co, 1935 ~ p. 65
SOURCE for Coom
« by this wee are entred Coom? where we refresht our
description
PAGE 212
scorched and wearied bodies three dayes: In which time wee could not chuse but gather something.
COOM, (in the latitude of 34 degrees 40 minutes) is a City of good note, in Parthia; placed in the mid-way 'twixt those two royall Cities, Cazbyn and Spawhawn. It is scituate in an ample and faire sandy plain, and yeelds every way an exact horizon. Coom, gives place to no other Towne in Persia for antiquity; the ruines appearing at this day, gaine some be|leife in the inhabitants, whose common saying is, it was once compara|ble to Babylon. » #1608 Herbert, Thomas, Sir, Some Yeares Travels into divers parts of Asia and Afrique. Describing especially the two famous Empires, the Persian, and great Mogull: weaved with the history of these later times ... With a revivall of the first discoverer of America. Revised and enlarged by the Author., Printed by R. Bip. for Jacob Blome and Richard Bishop, London, 1638, ~ p. 212
SOURCE for Cum
A 8, á la ora ordinaria, se començó á caminar de es-paçio por no auer hasta Cum mas de quatro leguas, [At 8 o'clock, at the ordinary time, they began to walk from space to Cum but not more than four leagues,]
SOURCE for Khom
« On the 25 we came to the City Khom, and took up our Lodging in a Carawansera near to the great Maydan. » #3675 John Struys, trans. John Morrison, The Perillous and Most Unhappy Voyages of John Struys; through Italy, Greece, … Media, Persia, …, and other places in Europe, Africa and Asia, London, 1683 ~ p. 308
SOURCE for Kom
« De là à Kom il y a encore ſept ou huit heures de marche dans des terres feches et des fables falez: mais à une demi-lieuë de Kom la terre eft bonne et de grand rapport. [From there to Kom there is still seven or eight hours' walk through barren lands and barren fields: but half a league from Kom the land is good and of great yield.] » #3632 Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste, Les six voyages de Jean Baptiste Tavernier, Ecuyer Baron d'Aubonne, qu'il a fait en Turquie, en Perse, et aux Indes,, Chez Gervais Clouzier et Claude Barbin, 1676 ~ p. 67
« The 19. we travell'd five Leagues,* 11.193 and got in the morning before the City of Kom. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 193
« The third, we came to the Citie of Kom, where we were assign'd lodgings, in very fair houses neer the Basar, » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 285
SOURCE for Koum
« A Koum, tout nous parut fort bien. Les bazars sont vastes et il y a de belles maisons avec de grands jar-dins. La ville a un certain air provincial qui ne déplaît pas. Koum est une ville sainte. Sa mosquée, fort grande, est ornée d'un dome tout doré et de construction mo-derne très-élégante. [In Koum, everything seemed very good to us. The bazaars are vast, and there are beautiful houses with large gardens. The town has a certain provincial air that is quite appealing. Koum is a holy town. Its very large mosque is adorned with a gilded dome and is of very elegant, modern construction.] » #3657 Gobineau Comte de, Trois ans en Asie (de 1855 à 1858), Libraire de L. Hachette et Cie, Paris, 1859 ~ vol. 1 p. 256
SOURCE for Kum
« For the golden dot is the dome of the great and most sacred mosque of Kum. Kum is one of those cities to which, renowned for their sanctity, pilgrims flock on their earthly journey towards Paradise. » #3069 Crawshay-Williams, Eliot, Across Persia, Edward Arnold, London, 1907 ~ p. 296
« Kum is little less than a city of mosques, minarets, madrasahs, and corpses, for, next to Meshad, it is the most famous burial-place in Persia. Its special sanctity is due to the fact that it is the proud possessor of the shrine of Fatima, sister of Imam Riza, the eighth Imam. She was interred here in A.D. 816, and honors are accorded her that Mohammedanism rarely vouchsafes to a woman. » #3178 Jackson, A. V. Williams, Persia past and present; a book of travel and research, with more than two hundred illustrations and a map, The Macmillan Company, London, 1906 ~ p. 414
« Kûm, Ash Wednesday, 1890 » #3644 Bishop, Isabella L., Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan, John Murray, London, 1891 ~ vol. 1 p. 160
« Kûm, March 23. » #3644 Bishop, Isabella L., Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan, John Murray, London, 1891 ~ vol. 1 p. 211
« The first of these telegraph stations is at Kum, and thither I at once made my way through the spice-laden twilight of the bazaars. » #3380 Browne, Edward Granville, A year amongst the Persians; impressions as to the life, character, and thought of the people of Persia, received during twelve month's residence in that country in the years 1887-8, Adam and Charles Black, 1893 ~ p. 168
« Pool-e-dulak to Kúm, 31 1. R., 14 ?.Cross the Gonsir river by brick bridge, thence some 7 miles across barren desert plain, on which but little vegetation is visible. 7 miles, cultivation on left of road, extending to small village, distant about a mile from road. To the right, also, a small hamlet off the road; enter and pass through low bare hillocks and broken ground, with gradual ascent to left bank of Kúm river. Cultivation extends some distance to the right; post-house and serai on bank of river, opposite a brick bridge. Supplies of corn and provisions here abundant. » #3696 Claude Clerk, Notes in Persia, Khorassan, and Afghanistan, The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, 1861 vol. 31:pp. 37-65 ~ p. 55
SOURCE for Qom
SOURCE for Qum
« thence 6 to Qum, » #1764 ed. Le Strange, G., The geographical part of the Nuzhat-al-qulub composed by Hamd-Alla¯h Mustawfi¯ of Qazwi¯n in 740 (1340), E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1919 ~ p. 175
SOURCE for Qumm

R182-024 Deffinfim
R182-024 Deffinfim : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Sansen , Sen Sen , Sinsin , سن سن ,
VARIANT names: Çençen , Deffinfim , Sen Sen , Sensen , Sinfin , Sinsin , Sin-Sin , Zenzen ,
SOURCE for Çençen
« A la tarde, despues de ponerse el sol salio el Enbaxa-dor de Caxen, y aunque se camino casi toda la noche por tierra llana no se llegó hasta que queria amanecer á una pequeña aldea llamada Çençen, ... Con el calor del sol se encendio el dia de manera que se padeçio gran trabaxo, no auiendo en que se recoger y defender del gran calor sino unas paredes medio arruinadas de vn carauasar viejo, reco-giendose el Enbaxador á la mezquita del aldea, que no era mayor que una estrecha çelda de frayles, con las paredes muy delgadas y grandes ventanas á todas partes. [In the afternoon, after sunset, the Ambassador of Caxen set out, and although he walked almost all night over flat land, he did not arrive until dawn at a small village called Çençen... With the heat of the sun, the day became so intense that great hardship was suffered, there being nowhere to take shelter and defend oneself from the great heat except some half-ruined walls of an old caravanserai, the Ambassador taking refuge in the village mosque, which was no bigger than a narrow friar's cell, with very thin walls and large windows on all sides.] » #3245 García de Silva y Figueroa, Manuel Serrano y Sanz, Comentarios De D. Garcia De Silva Y Figueroa De La Embajada Que De Parte Del Rey De España Don Felipe III Hizo Al Rey Xa Abas De Persia, La Spciedad de Bibliofilos Espanoles, Madrid, 1905 ~ vol. 2 p. 66
SOURCE for Deffinfim
« Le douzieme nous partimes à une heure aprés minuit.. Nous marchâmes douze heures toû-ours dans la plaine, et nous paſſames devant pluſieurs beaux Jardins enclos de fort hautes murailles qui font des lieux de plai-ſance des Roys de Perſe, où ils viennent quand ils veulent aller à la chaffe. Le Village où nous logeâmes ſe nomme Deffinfim. [On the twelfth, we departed at one o'clock after midnight. We walked for twelve hours, always across the plain, and we passed several beautiful gardens enclosed by very high walls, which are pleasure grounds for the Kings of Persia, where they come when they wish to go to the baths. The village where we stayed is called Deffinfim.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 p. 71
SOURCE for Sen Sen
SOURCE for Sensen
« The 19th daye we came at night to Sensen [Sin-sin), a verie poore towne in a verie barren place nere a hill. Here we piched in a veri poore caravanserow out of the towne about half a mile (here the water is sweet), hauing traveled 6 lges. » #3214 Stodart, Robert; introduction and notes by Sir. E. Denison Ross, The Journal of Robert Stodart: Being an account of his experiences as a member of Sir Dodmore Cotton's Mission in Persia in 1628-29. Published from the unique manuscript preserved in the Bodleian Library, Luzac and Co, 1935 ~ p. 65
« The 23. we got seven Leagues, to the Village of Sensen, where we found abundance of Pro|visions and fruits, » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 194
« In the after-noon, we got on hors-back, and reach'd that day five leagues, to the Village of Sensen. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 285
« The next day we got the Village Sensen, lying about 5 Dutch Miles distant from Kaschan where on the 3 day of Ianuary we arrived to|wards the Evening, taking up our Quarters at a very noble and com|modious Carawansera, seeming rather a Palace than an Inn. » #3675 John Struys, trans. John Morrison, The Perillous and Most Unhappy Voyages of John Struys; through Italy, Greece, … Media, Persia, …, and other places in Europe, Africa and Asia, London, 1683 ~ p. 310
SOURCE for Sinfin
« Le neuvième nous nous repofâmes à celui de Sinfin à 7. lieuës de l'en-droit, où nous avions paffé la nuit. Ce village eft affez grand, et on y trouve plufieurs bâtimens et des Caravanserais ruinés. [On the ninth day we rested at Sinfin, 7 leagues from the place where we had camped the night. This village is quite large, and there are several buildings and ruined caravansers.] » #3227 LeBrun, Corneille, Voyages de Corneille Le Brun par la Moscovie, en Perse, et aux Indes Orientales., Wetstein, Amsterdam, 1718 ~ p. 181
SOURCE for Sinsin
« At Sinsin the next evening it was gloriously cold. » #3644 Bishop, Isabella L., Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan, John Murray, London, 1891 ~ vol. 1 p. 225
SOURCE for Sin-Sin
« but, as the sun was sinking, pushed on past Nasrahad, and eventually drove up to our night's rest-house at Sin-Sin through a world bathed in floods of magnificent moonlight. » #3069 Crawshay-Williams, Eliot, Across Persia, Edward Arnold, London, 1907 ~ p. 296
« Pasengan to Sin-Sin, 51 ?. ?. 21 ? » #3696 Claude Clerk, Notes in Persia, Khorassan, and Afghanistan, The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, 1861 vol. 31:pp. 37-65 ~ p. 55
SOURCE for Zenzen
« From Coom we rode to Zenzen; » #1608 Herbert, Thomas, Sir, Some Yeares Travels into divers parts of Asia and Afrique. Describing especially the two famous Empires, the Persian, and great Mogull: weaved with the history of these later times ... With a revivall of the first discoverer of America. Revised and enlarged by the Author., Printed by R. Bip. for Jacob Blome and Richard Bishop, London, 1638, ~ p. 213

R182-025 Cachan
R182-025 Cachan : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: PPLA2 UFI: 10325556 coordinate: lat 33.997284 long 51.441575
NIMA/GNS names: Kachan , Kashan , كاشان ,
VARIANT names: Cachan , Caixan , Caixao , Cascian , Cashan , Cassan , Cassian , Caxen , Kachan , Kaschan , Kashan , Katschan , Qasan ,
SOURCE for Cachan
« A la pointe du jour nous apperçumes Cachan, où nous arrivames a 7. heures du matin. Une partie de la caravane alla loger dans la ville, et le refte dans le Caravanferan du fauxbourg. [At daybreak we sighted Cachan, where we arrived at 7 o'clock in the morning. Part of the caravan went to stay in the town, and the rest in the Caravanferan of the suburb.] » #3227 LeBrun, Corneille, Voyages de Corneille Le Brun par la Moscovie, en Perse, et aux Indes Orientales., Wetstein, Amsterdam, 1718 ~ p. 182
« Le treiziéme érant partis à deux heures aprés minuit, nôtre courſe fut de neuf heures. Au commencement le chemin fut fort mauvais, et nous trouvámes pluſieurs Villages des habitez, avant que d'arriver à Cachan, dont le Caravanferail eft tres-beau. [The thirteenth departure was at two o'clock after midnight, our journey lasted nine hours. At the beginning the road was very bad, and we encountered several inhabited villages before arriving at Cachan, whose caravanserai is very beautiful.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 p. 71
« Il y a dans Cachan ... les Carvanferas grands et commodes; mais il y en a un entr'autres qui eftoit fort magnifique proche des jardins du Roy à l'entrée de la ville, dans lequel je logeay à mon dernier voyage d'Afie. Tant le Carvanfera que les Jardins font des ouvrages de Chabas I. du nom, et il y fit une fort grande depenfe. Ce Carvanfera à environ 100. pas en quarre, il eſt bati de brique, et à deux étages, et contient prés de fix vingt chambres voutées et d'une raiſonnable grandeur. [In Cachan there are... large and comfortable Carvanferas; but there is one among others that was quite magnificent near the King's Gardens at the entrance to the town, in which I stayed on my last trip to Africa. Both the Carvanfera and the Gardens are the work of Chabas I, and he spent a very large amount on them. This Carvanfera, about 100 paces square, is built of brick, has two stories, and contains nearly twenty vaulted rooms of reasonable size.] » #3632 Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste, Les six voyages de Jean Baptiste Tavernier, Ecuyer Baron d'Aubonne, qu'il a fait en Turquie, en Perse, et aux Indes,, Chez Gervais Clouzier et Claude Barbin, 1676 ~ p. 72
SOURCE for Caixan
« in analogous manner, but more evidently, the name of the city of Kashan, rendered once with 'Caixan' and once with 'Caixào', a few lines after (f. 3r). » #3224 Margherita Farina, Giovanni Battista Raimondi's Travel in the Middle East: A Case of Sixteenth-Century Portuguese-Italian Interference, Oriente Moderno, NUOVA SERIE, ~ pp. 55-6
SOURCE for Caixao
« CAIXÃO, cidade de-Kashan, em 33' 59' lat. N. e 51° 30' long. E., capital da província persa do mesmo nome. [Fernão Lopes de Castanheda - História do des- cobrimento e conquista da India pelos Portugueses]. [CAIXÃO, city of Kashan, in 33' 59' N. lat. and 51° 30' E. long., capital of the Persian province of the same name. [Fernão Lopes de Castanheda - History of the discovery and conquest of India by the Portuguese].] » #2603 Visconde De Lagoa, Glossario Toponimico Da Antiga Historiografia Portuguesa Ultramarina, Oficina Grafica, Casa Portuguesa Rua Das Gaveas, 1953, ~ vol. A-C p. 145
« From this city of whatever name, the Portugals, pursuing their course to the Shah of Persia, arrived at the city of Cayxam (Kashan) on the Friday of July 20th 1515 » #3565 Smith, Ronald Bishop, The First Age of the Portuguese Embassies, Navigations and Peregrinations in Persia (1507-1524), Decatur Press, Bethesda, Maryland, 1970 ~ p. 44
« From here they will depart for Ormuz by another winding road that passes through many towns and places, very useful land with large livestock; they will arrive at the city of Caixão, where they will stay for fifteen days » #2516 Afonso de Albuquerque, ed.Raymundo Antonio de Bulhão Pato, Henrique Lopes de Mendonça, Cartas de Affonso de Albuquerque, seguidas de documentos que as elucidam, Academia Real Das Sciencias de Lisboa, 1884, 1898 ~ vol. 2 p.249
SOURCE for Cascian
« VI. Io dico adunque, che avendo già veduto e osservato in Cascian ciò che di sopra ho scritto, ed essendoci riposati abba-stanza, la domenica a sera del ventotto di gennaio ci partimmo, [VI. I say, then, that having already seen and observed in Cascian what I have written above, and having rested sufficiently, we departed on Sunday evening, the twenty-eighth of January,] » #1530 Pietro Della Valle, Viaggi di Pietro della Valle: il pellegrino, G. Gancia, Brighton, 1843, ~ vol. 1 p. 572
SOURCE for Cashan
« and thence to Cashan, a gallant Citie; from Coom six and thirty miles: the way was easie and plaine, but somewhat sandie. » #1608 Herbert, Thomas, Sir, Some Yeares Travels into divers parts of Asia and Afrique. Describing especially the two famous Empires, the Persian, and great Mogull: weaved with the history of these later times ... With a revivall of the first discoverer of America. Revised and enlarged by the Author., Printed by R. Bip. for Jacob Blome and Richard Bishop, London, 1638, ~ p. 213
« Cashan is not lesse than York or Norwich, above foure thousand families are accounted in her: the houses are fairely built, the streets be large and comly; the Mosqus and Hummums are curiously painted and ceruleated, with a feigned Turquoise: the Buzzar is spatious and uniforme; furnished with Silks, Damasks, rich Carpets, Sattens, and cloth of gold; no part of the Persian Monarchy shewes better, or more variety, nor a people more exactly industrious. » #1608 Herbert, Thomas, Sir, Some Yeares Travels into divers parts of Asia and Afrique. Describing especially the two famous Empires, the Persian, and great Mogull: weaved with the history of these later times ... With a revivall of the first discoverer of America. Revised and enlarged by the Author., Printed by R. Bip. for Jacob Blome and Richard Bishop, London, 1638, ~ p. 214
SOURCE for Cassan
« Odoric expressly says that Kashan, or Cassan,' as he calls it, was 'the city of the Three Kings' and that these worshippers set out from there to Jerusalem, which they reached by divine aid in thirteen days. (4) The passage in the account of Odoric de Por-denone reads as follows: -'DE LA CITÉ DE CASSAN. - De ceste cité m'en alay vers la grant Inde par mer. Si vins par maintes journées a une cité des trois roys qui firent offrande à Jhesu Crist nouvel né. Et appelle on ceste cité de Cassan, cité royal de grant honneur mais Tartre l'ont moult destruite. De cette cité de Cassan jusques en Jherusalem a plus de journées dont on puet clerement appercevoir que ly troy Roy de ceste cité de Cassan furent en XIII journées amené en Jherusa par vertu divine et non humaine. En ceste cité a moult grand hab dance de tous biens, de pain, et de vin et de toutes autres choses.'fn. 4 See Odoric de Pordenone, ed. Cordier, p. 41, Paris, 1891. »
#3178 Jackson, A. V. Williams, Persia past and present; a book of travel and research, with more than two hundred illustrations and a map, The Macmillan Company, London, 1906 ~ p. 412
« Ce fait le Roy voulut aller à SPAHAN ville capitale de Par-thie, elloignée de CASBIN douze iournées les comptant à pas de Carauane, où nous le fuiuifmes. L'on trouue par le chemin beau-coup de bonnes places, comme entr'autres vne, qui eft appellée Com, vne autre dite CASSAN, qui eft plus grande, et plus riche que Com, comme aufli beaucoup de bourgs et villages. Tout cechemin eſt plain et vny, toutesfois d'vn coſté et d'autre on voittou-fiours des montagnes, [This done, the King wished to go to Spahan, the capital city of Parthia, twelve days distant from Casbin, counting them at the pace of Carauane, where we fled. One finds many good places along the way, such as one called Com, another called Cassan, which is larger and richer than Com, as well as many towns and villages. The whole road is flat and winding, however, on one side and the other one always sees mountains.] » #3614 unknown ed. M. Morisot, Relations veritables et curieuses de l'isle de Madagascar, et du Bresil. : Auec l'histoire de la derniere guerre faite au Bresil, entre les Portugais et les Hollandois. ; Trois relations d'Egypte, et vne du royaume de Perse, Chez Augustin Courbé, Paris, 1651 ~ p. 133
SOURCE for Cassian
« The 20th daye at night we came to the fayre citie of Cassian (Kashan), lying in the cuntrey of Parthia. On the waye between this citie and the foresayde citie of Comes the cuntrey of the Par-thiance and the Medians are parted. Here we piched in a caravansero that Shaw Abbas built, the fayerest that ever I saw it is big innaw to lodge any king of Chrissendom was all his trayne-hauing traveled 7 lges. » #3214 Stodart, Robert; introduction and notes by Sir. E. Denison Ross, The Journal of Robert Stodart: Being an account of his experiences as a member of Sir Dodmore Cotton's Mission in Persia in 1628-29. Published from the unique manuscript preserved in the Bodleian Library, Luzac and Co, 1935 ~ p. 66
SOURCE for Caxen
« Llegose á Caxen, adonde auia gran número de otras mugeres cubiertas con sus mantos blancos, sobre las paredes, varandas y otras partes altas, y ansi se en-tro por la çiudad, aunque fuera de lo que della está rrodeado de muralla, que es alta y muy bien labrada, hasta el Maydan, que es una larga calle, aunque no tanto como la de Xiras, pero mas ancha, con muchos arboles por las vandas á raiz de las paredes, adonde ay algunas casas y dentro grande arboleda de huertas. [He arrived at Caxen, where there were a great number of other women covered with their white cloaks, on the walls, balustrades and other high parts, and thus he entered the city, although outside of what is surrounded by a wall, which is high and very well made, up to the Maydan, which is a long street, although not as long as that of Xiras, but wider, with many trees along the sides at the base of the walls, where there are some houses and inside a large grove of orchards.] » #3245 García de Silva y Figueroa, Manuel Serrano y Sanz, Comentarios De D. Garcia De Silva Y Figueroa De La Embajada Que De Parte Del Rey De España Don Felipe III Hizo Al Rey Xa Abas De Persia, La Spciedad de Bibliofilos Espanoles, Madrid, 1905 ~ vol. 2 p. 57
SOURCE for Kachan
« Kachan » in {map#1253 Carte de la Perse, de la Turquie d'Asie et d'une partie de la Tartarie Indépendante / Dressée par P. Lapie, ... pour les Voyages de Chardin ; Gravée par Blondeau, ..., , 1810, }
SOURCE for Kaschan
« Malgré la vue de tout le peuple de Kaschan, venu au-devant de nous, y compris la communauté juive, l'im-patience nous prenait un peu d'une route aussi longue, quand, à la fin, nous arrivames, et la première vue de notre logis dissipa comme une fumée notre mécontentement. [Despite the sight of all the people of Kashan, who came to meet us, including the Jewish community, we were a little impatient with such a long journey, when, at last, we arrived, and the first sight of our lodging dissipated our discontent like smoke.] » #3657 Gobineau Comte de, Trois ans en Asie (de 1855 à 1858), Libraire de L. Hachette et Cie, Paris, 1859 ~ vol. 1 p. 237
« The 27. we came to the Citie of Kaschan, » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 285
« Kaschan where on the 3 day of Ianuary we arrived to|wards the Evening, taking up our Quarters at a very noble and commodious Carawansera, seeming rather a Palace than an Inn. » #3675 John Struys, trans. John Morrison, The Perillous and Most Unhappy Voyages of John Struys; through Italy, Greece, … Media, Persia, …, and other places in Europe, Africa and Asia, London, 1683 ~ p. 310
SOURCE for Kashan
« I journeyed to Kashan (25), where I stayed for a month, fn. 25 Kashan, Nain, Sirjan and Tarum, Iranian towns. » #623 Nikitin, Athanasy, Khozhenie za tri moria Afanasiia Nikitina, 1466-1472 gg. (Afansy Nikitin's Voyage beyond the Three Seas, 1466-1472), Moskva, 1960, ~ p. 109
« Passing the post-house of Mohamedye and Gaz, Kashan came in sight over an undulation in the sand, and we were soon threading the narrow lanes of this, one of the largest business places of Persia. » #3069 Crawshay-Williams, Eliot, Across Persia, Edward Arnold, London, 1907 ~ p. 295
« thence 12 to Kāshān. Total, from Sävah to Kāshān it is 22 leagues. » #1764 ed. Le Strange, G., The geographical part of the Nuzhat-al-qulub composed by Hamd-Alla¯h Mustawfi¯ of Qazwi¯n in 740 (1340), E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1919 ~ p. 175
« we caught sight of the blue domes of the mosques at Kashan that rose with a glimpse of color over the brown plain. Kashan, pronounced in Persian as Kashan, is flanked by mountains and hills on the south, west, and northwest, but on the other sides it lies open to the plain. » #3178 Jackson, A. V. Williams, Persia past and present; a book of travel and research, with more than two hundred illustrations and a map, The Macmillan Company, London, 1906 ~ p. 410
« Kashan is one of the hottest places on the great Persian plateau, but has the rare luxury of a good water supply brought from a reservoir some distance off in the Kuhrūd mountains. It has a much-diminished population, said now to number 30,000 souls. Much of it is in ruins, and much more is ruinous. It has a thriving colony of Jews. It is noted for its silks and velvets; but the modern productions are regarded by judges as degenerate. It is still famous for its work in copper and for its great copper bazar. » #3644 Bishop, Isabella L., Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan, John Murray, London, 1891 ~ vol. 1 p. 230
« Next day brought us to another considerable town- Káshán-after an uneventful march of about seven hours, broken by a halt for lunch at a village called Nasrábád, at which I was supplied with one of the excellent melons grown in the neighbourhood. » #3380 Browne, Edward Granville, A year amongst the Persians; impressions as to the life, character, and thought of the people of Persia, received during twelve month's residence in that country in the years 1887-8, Adam and Charles Black, 1893 ~ p. 173
« and crawling along in true caravan fashion, entered Káshán soon after sunset, and » #3380 Browne, Edward Granville, A year amongst the Persians; impressions as to the life, character, and thought of the people of Persia, received during twelve month's residence in that country in the years 1887-8, Adam and Charles Black, 1893 ~ p. 548
« Sin-Sin to Kashan, 4) ?. ?., 20 ?. ... Enter Kashan by road rudely paved with stones; a considerable town, celebrated for its silk manufactures. » #3696 Claude Clerk, Notes in Persia, Khorassan, and Afghanistan, The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, 1861 vol. 31:pp. 37-65 ~ p. 56
SOURCE for Katschan
« The Persians put this City of Katschan at 84 degrees longitude, and at thirty four distant from the Line. After an exact Observation of three days, I found that it is distant from it thirty three degrees and 51 minutes, that is, nine minutes less. The City is of a great length, reaching from East to West, above half a German League. Its Walls and bastions are of a kind of Potters day, and it lies in a great Plain, the ground of which is good enough for Tillage, » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 194
SOURCE for Qasan

R182-026 Gourfapa
R182-026 Gourfapa : place IRN (caravanserai)
Supplement: replaced by school building
VARIANT names: Carou caravanserai , Gourfapa , Karavanserail Kuhrud ,
SOURCE for Carou caravanserai
« Nous logeâmes au bout de cette belle vallée, au caravanserai qu'on y a bâti, et que l'on nomme Carou (1) fn (1) Tavernier (tom. I, p. 67, édit. in-4.º de ses Voyages) écrit Coros, et nous représente cet endroit comme un gros village, qui n'a cependant qu'une seule rue; mais cette rue a une demi-lieue de long; un ruisseau la partage en deux dans toute salon-gueur. Le karavânserâï de Corou est beau et commode. Ce vil-lage est certainement le même que le Bruyn nomme Ghor, et qu'il place à-peu-près à la même distance de Káchân, et à une lieue de la petite ville de Nathan. Ce village lui parut si agréable, qu'il en fit un dessin dont on voit la gravure sous le n.º 67 de l'édit. in fol. de son Voyage. Voyez aussi tom. IV, p. 68 de l'édit. in-4.º de la même relation.. [We stayed at the end of this beautiful valley, at the caravanserai that has been built there, and which is called Carou (1). fn (1) Tavernier (vol. I, p. 67, quarto edition of his Voyages) writes Coros, and describes this place as a large village, which nevertheless has only one street; but this street is half a league long; a stream divides it in two right through the middle. The karavânserâï of Corou is beautiful and convenient. This village is certainly the same one that Bruyn calls Ghor, and which he places at about the same distance from Káchân, and a league from the small town of Nathan. This village seemed so pleasant to him that he made a drawing of it, the engraving of which can be seen under no. 67 of the folio edition of his Voyage. See also vol. IV, p. 68 of the quarto edition of the same account.] » #3213 Sir John Chardin, ed. Louis Langlès, Voyages du Chevalier Chardin en Perse et autres lieux de l’Orient, Nouvelle édition, Le Normant, Imprimeur-Libraire, Paris, 1811 ~ vol. 3 p. 11
SOURCE for Gourfapa
« Nous reſtames a Cachan juſ qu'au feizième que nous en partimes à deux lieures aprés minuit, et apres huit heures de beau chemin, nous montames une montagne zu haut de la-quelle est un grand lac, qui fournit à ce qu'on dit toute l'eau dont Cachan a beſon, Nous logeâmes là dans un Caravanfe. rail preſque tout ruiné, prés d'un Village nommé Gourlapa. » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 p. 74
SOURCE for Karavanserail Kuhrud
« Karavanserail Kuhrud (Kouhroud) (Taf. 18,3)(Abb. 12; 146) (90)Lage: 20 km südlich Karavanserail Qabrabad, in +2250 mü.N.N., am Weg von Kashan über Vandadeh nach Esfahan, 9 km nördlich des Paßübergangs.Typ: Hofkaravanserail mit vier Iwanen, drei Stallabtei-lungen, runden Ecktürmen und vorgezogenem Portalbau.Abmessungen: 56,50 x 51,50 m Außenmaße (ohne Vor-sprünge), 28,50 x 24 m Hofabmessungen. Höhenmaße sind unbekannt.Baumaterial: Gebrannte Ziegel.Bauliche Besonderheiten und Zustand: Das Karavanse-rail war mit seiner Südwestecke in den Hang hineingebaut und wurde nach 1983 vollständig abgerissen, um einem Schulbau Platz zu machen.Inschriften: keine bekannt.Datierung: Safavidisch, 17. Jahrhundert.fn89 Siroux, Anciennes voies... 150f.fn 90 Ebenda, 142f. [Kuhrud (Kouhroud) Caravanserai (Plate 18.3)(Figs. 12; 146) (90)Location: 20 km south of the Qabrabad Caravanserai, at 2250 m above sea level, on the road from Kashan via Vandadeh to Isfahan, 9 km north of the mountain pass.Type: Courtyard caravanserai with four iwans, three stable sections, round corner towers, and a projecting gatehouse.Dimensions: 56.50 x 51.50 m external dimensions (excluding projections), 28.50 x 24 m courtyard dimensions. Height is unknown.Building material: Fired bricks. Structural features and condition: The caravanserai was built into the hillside with its southwest corner and was completely demolished after 1983 to make way for a school building.Inscriptions: None known.Dating: Safavid, 17th century.fn89 Siroux, Anciennes voies... 150f.fn 90 Ibid., 142f.] » #3472 Kleiss, Wolfram, Karawanenbauten in Iran. Materialien zur iranischen Archäologie, Materialien zur iranischen Archa¨ologie, D. Reimer, Berlin, 1998 Band 5:Teil 3: ~ p. 78

R182-027 Corf (?) : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Abianeh , Abyaneh , Abyaneh , ابیانه ,
VARIANT names: Abyaneh , Corf (?) ,
SOURCE for Abyaneh
« The Historical Village of Abyaneh EAMENA-0164915 »
SOURCE for Corf (?)
« Une autre Caravane en chemin nous avertit qu'elle avoit rencontré des voleurs, ce qui fit que nous partimes à 5. heures apres midy, et chacun mit ſes armes en érat en cas de rencontre. On marcha ainſi juſqua fix heures du matm que nous arrivâmes à un Village nommé Corf, dont le Caravan-ferail eft tres méchant et rout découvert. Dans les montagnes prochaines il y a des voleurs qui font fouvent des deſcentes dans ces Villages, et volent tout ce qu'ils peuvent attraper, même julqu'aux perfonnes qu'ils pren-nent pour faire esclaves.Nous marchâmes le lendemain dix-septieme pendant douze Heures dans des montagnes tou-tes pleines de buiflons, ce que nous n'avions point encore ren-contré en Perle, et nous arriva. mes à un Caravanſerail nommé Sardaen. [Another caravan on the way warned us that they had encountered robbers, so we set off at 5:00 PM, and everyone put their weapons on high alert in case of an encounter. We marched like this until 9:00 PM when we arrived at a village called Corf, whose caravanserai is very wicked and openly open. In the nearby mountains, there are robbers who often raid these villages and steal everything they can catch, even the people they take as slaves.The next day, the seventeenth, we marched for twelve hours through mountains completely covered in bushes, something we hadn't yet encountered in Perle, and we arrived at a caravanserai called Sardaen.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 pp. 74-5

R182-028 Sardaen caravanserai
R182-028 Sardaen caravanserai : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Sar Dahan , سر دهن ,
VARIANT names: Sar Dahan ,
SOURCE for Sar Dahan

R182-029 Ric : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: PPLQ UFI: 6013537 coordinate: lat 32.9099 long 51.7671
NIMA/GNS names: `Aliabad , `Aliabad-e Rig , `Aliabad-e Rik , Kharabehha-ye `Aliabad , علی آباد ریگ , علی آباد ریک ,
VARIANT names: `Aliabad-e Rig , Reegue , Reig , Ric , Ruk ,
SOURCE for `Aliabad-e Rig
SOURCE for Reegue
« Our first nights journey was to Reegue (or Reig) an houres riding from Spahawne. » #1608 Herbert, Thomas, Sir, Some Yeares Travels into divers parts of Asia and Afrique. Describing especially the two famous Empires, the Persian, and great Mogull: weaved with the history of these later times ... With a revivall of the first discoverer of America. Revised and enlarged by the Author., Printed by R. Bip. for Jacob Blome and Richard Bishop, London, 1638, ~ p. 163
SOURCE for Reig
« and next night we got to Reig, more than that it was one and twenty miles from Natan, not worth the memorizing: unlesse you will accept its di|stance from Spahawn, nine English miles or three farsangs. And from Cas|byn 260 or thereupon. And where I will give over a Diary, desiring no longer to defraud thy patience. » #1608 Herbert, Thomas, Sir, Some Yeares Travels into divers parts of Asia and Afrique. Describing especially the two famous Empires, the Persian, and great Mogull: weaved with the history of these later times ... With a revivall of the first discoverer of America. Revised and enlarged by the Author., Printed by R. Bip. for Jacob Blome and Richard Bishop, London, 1638, ~ p. 215
SOURCE for Ric
« Notre marche du dix-huitieme, depuis quatre heures da foir jusqu'au Village nommé Ric fut de huit heures. Nous y reſtâmes tout le dix-neuviéme, le vingtiemenous en partimes à-deux heures aprés minuit. La plaine que nous travertimes eſt route ſemée de Villages. On trouve là en chemin faiſant je ne ſcay combien de petits ponts d'eſpace en eſpace ſur des capaux faits exprés pour arroufee-les terres. ... Prés huit heures de courſe nous aurivâmes ſur les dix heu res du matin à Hiſpaham. [Our march on the eighteenth, from four o'clock in the morning to the village called Ric, lasted eight hours. We remained there all of the nineteenth, and on the twentieth we left at two o'clock after midnight. The plain we crossed is dotted with villages. Along the way, one finds I don't know how many small bridges at intervals on caps made expressly to irrigate the land. ... After nearly eight hours of marching, we arrived at Hispaham around ten o'clock in the morning.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 pp. 75 and 77
SOURCE for Ruk
« and at night were fain to set down at Ruk a Village not far from Ispahan, by reason of the snow, remaining there also the most part of the next day. » #3675 John Struys, trans. John Morrison, The Perillous and Most Unhappy Voyages of John Struys; through Italy, Greece, … Media, Persia, …, and other places in Europe, Africa and Asia, London, 1683 ~ p. 312

R182-030 Hifpaham
R182-030 Hifpaham : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: PPL UFI: 6013426 coordinate: lat 32.657218 long 51.677608
NIMA/GNS names: Aspadana , Esfahan , Esfehan , Isfahan , اصفهان ,
VARIANT names: al-Yahudiyya , A-su-pau-han , Esfahan , Gabæ , Hispaham , Hispahan , Hispahone , Isbahan , Isfahan , Ispahan , Ispahaun , Ispahawne , I-ssi-fa-hang , Julfa , Sipahan , Spaan , Spahan , Spahaune , Spahawn , Spahone , Ya-ssi-pau-hien ,
SOURCE for al-Yahudiyya
« al-Yahūdiyya V D3 La ville actuelle d'Isfahan. Iran. Ce toponyme désigne en principe la moitié Ouest d'Isbahän, mais il est souvent employé pour dési-gner la capitale (qasaba) tandis qu'Isbahān désigne la circonscription (kūra). I 198, 199; Η 362; Hur 58; Y 274; R 90(g); Muq 7, 23, 26, 51, 388, 389, 397, 398, 399(d), 400, 401, 402, 457-58, 459, 491 ?. Yaq IV, 1045; LS 203-204; Schw. 586 + index. » #2912 Georgette Cornu, Atlas du monde arabo-islamique a l'epoque classique IXe-Xe siecles, E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1985, ~ p. 45
SOURCE for A-su-pau-han
« same as Ya-ssi-pau-hien in Amoy dialect » #326 Chau Ju-kua (trans. Hirth, F and Rockhill, W W), His work on the Chinese and Arab Trade in the twelth and thriteenth centuries entitled Chu-fan-chi, Office of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 1911 pp. 116, 121 note12
SOURCE for Esfahan
SOURCE for Gabæ
#836 p. 13
SOURCE for Hispaham
« Prés huit heures de courſe nous aurivâmes ſur les dix heu res du matin à Hiſpaham. [After nearly eight hours of racing, we arrived at Hispaham around ten o'clock in the morning.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 p. 77
SOURCE for Hispahan
« And so we arrived at Hispahan. Hispahan is one of the greatest Cities in Persia, where the King sometimes keepeth his residencie. The people are industrious and curious in all Sciences, but especially in weaving Girdles and Shashes, in making of Velvets, Sattens, Dammasks, very good Ormuzines, and Persian Carpets of a wonderfull fine-nesse. Here you may buy all manner of Drugs, and Spices, and Turkeses, with store of Pearles, Diamonds, and Rubies, as also all sorts of Silkes, as well wrought, as raw. » #2540 Purchas, Samuel, Hakluytus posthumus, or Purchas his pilgrimes : contayning a history of the world in sea voyages and lande travells by Englishmen and others in 20 vols., Glasgow : J. Maclehose, 1905, ~ vol. 3 pp. 84-5
SOURCE for Hispahone
« This daye we came from Hispahone [Ispahan], being the last of Aprill, to Botoon [?J 1 som two leauges from the citye.
fn. 1 Not traced. Della Valle gives Bertabad in this neighbourhood. »
#3214 Stodart, Robert; introduction and notes by Sir. E. Denison Ross, The Journal of Robert Stodart: Being an account of his experiences as a member of Sir Dodmore Cotton's Mission in Persia in 1628-29. Published from the unique manuscript preserved in the Bodleian Library, Luzac and Co, 1935 ~ p. 45
SOURCE for Isbahan
SOURCE for Isfahan
« Iṣfahān 4. » #3044 Kātib Çelebi ed: Gottfried Hagen and Robert Danko, An Ottoman Cosmography, Translation of Cihānnümā, Brill, Leiden, 2021 ~ pt. 2 p. 375
« and from the village of Sin it is 4 leagues to Isfahan city » #1764 ed. Le Strange, G., The geographical part of the Nuzhat-al-qulub composed by Hamd-Alla¯h Mustawfi¯ of Qazwi¯n in 740 (1340), E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1919 ~ p. 175
« finally 4 leagues to Isfahan. » #1764 ed. Le Strange, G., The geographical part of the Nuzhat-al-qulub composed by Hamd-Alla¯h Mustawfi¯ of Qazwi¯n in 740 (1340), E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1919 ~ p. 167
« I felt almost inclined to question my eyes when I actually caught sight of the ruined fire-temple. The deserted shrine stands on the top of a hill which rises about seven hundred feet sharply above the plain at a distance of three or four miles from Isfahan. The ascent is by a winding path which starts from the southeastern slope of the elevation and proceeds by a series of natural steps formed by ledges of the unhewn rock. » #3178 Jackson, A. V. Williams, Persia past and present; a book of travel and research, with more than two hundred illustrations and a map, The Macmillan Company, London, 1906 ~ p. 253
« Inside the shabby gateway the road to Julfa lies among rows of mean mud houses, heaps of ruins, and shabby provision bazars; and that mile or more of Isfahan was the one disagreeable part of the journey. » #3644 Bishop, Isabella L., Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan, John Murray, London, 1891 ~ vol. 1 p. 244
« The aggregate distance from Yezd to Isfahan I computed to be a hundred and seventy-seven miles. The course principally west, and the road good. » #3663 Travels in Beloochistan and Sinde; accompanied by a geographical and historical account of those countries, Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, London, 1816 ~ p. 423
« je ne parlerai dans cette route que de mon dernier voyage, lorsque je partis d'Ispahan pour les Indes le vingt-quatrième de février 1665. [I will only speak in this passage of my last voyage, when I left Isfahan for India on the twenty-fourth of February 1665.] » #3144 Jean-Baptiste Tavernier, Pascal Pia, Voyages en Perse et description de ce royaume par Jean-Babtiste Tavernier Marchand Francais, E´d. du Carrefour, Paris, 1930 ~ p. 294
SOURCE for Ispahan
« avoir fait trois lieuës dans des campagnes graffes et fertiles on arrive à Ifpahan. [Having traveled three leagues through rough and fertile countryside, one arrives at Ifpahan.] » #3632 Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste, Les six voyages de Jean Baptiste Tavernier, Ecuyer Baron d'Aubonne, qu'il a fait en Turquie, en Perse, et aux Indes,, Chez Gervais Clouzier et Claude Barbin, 1676 ~ p. 73
« Et de la a Ispahan اصفهان sans aucune ville dans l'intervalle, go milles. [And from there to Isfahan (اصفهان), with no town in between, 6 miles.] » #3001 Al-Idrisi, P. Amedee Jaubert, Geographie d'Edrisi, Bertrand, Paris, 1836 ~ vol. 2 p. 166
« At last we emerged from the bazaars into the fine spacious square called Meydán- i- Shah. On our right hand as we entered it was the 'Alí Kápí (Supreme Gate), which is the palace of the Zillu ' s -Sultán, the Prince Governor of Isfahan, of whom I have already spoken » #3380 Browne, Edward Granville, A year amongst the Persians; impressions as to the life, character, and thought of the people of Persia, received during twelve month's residence in that country in the years 1887-8, Adam and Charles Black, 1893 ~ p. 196
« We were conducted through several streets, through the Maidan, and before the Kings Pa|lace, to that part of the Suburbs which is called Tzulifa, where we were lodg'd in the Quar|ter of the chiefest of the Armenian Merchants, who are Christians, and have their habitations there. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 197
« the 16. of Ianuary I left Ispa|han, with a retinue of three persons, » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ Mandelslo pt. 2 p. 1
« HAving stay'd the most part of 2 Days at Ruk, we set forward again, and on the 19 we came to the long-wishd-for Ispahan. » #3675 John Struys, trans. John Morrison, The Perillous and Most Unhappy Voyages of John Struys; through Italy, Greece, … Media, Persia, …, and other places in Europe, Africa and Asia, London, 1683 ~ p. 313
« Reise von Isfahan nach Persepolis und Schinas anno 1683 in November [Journey from Isfahan to Persepolis and Schinas in November 1683] » #3220 Engelbert Kaempfer, ed. Karl Meier-Lemgo, Die Reisetagebu¨cher Engelbert Kaempfers, F. Steiner, Weisbaden, 1968 ~ p. 85
« je me résolus de me rendre à Ispahan, le plus tôt que je pourrois, et j'y arrivai le 2 juillet, fatigué et abattu autant qu'on le peut être. [I resolved to go to Isfahan as soon as I could, and I arrived there on July 2nd, as tired and dejected as one can be.] » #3213 Sir John Chardin, ed. Louis Langlès, Voyages du Chevalier Chardin en Perse et autres lieux de l’Orient, Nouvelle édition, Le Normant, Imprimeur-Libraire, Paris, 1811 ~ vol. 9 p. 91
« From Guz to Ispahan through cultivated plains. Road crossed by numerous streams of water » #3696 Claude Clerk, Notes in Persia, Khorassan, and Afghanistan, The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, 1861 vol. 31:pp. 37-65 ~ p. 57
SOURCE for Ispahaun
« After we had received their Complements, they undertook to be both our Guide and Guard to Ispahaun, Three Miles farther, defending us against the unwary Insults of Thieves, with which this place is infested » #1591 Fryer, John M. D., A New Account of East-India and Persia in eight letters being nine years travel (Edited, with notes and an introduction, by William Crooke), Hakluyt Society:Kraus Reprint, 1909:1967, 3 vols. ~ vol. 2 p. 239
SOURCE for Ispahawne
« The twenty fourth day, we entred into the City where wée staied eleuen or twelue daies.This City of Ispahawne, is a gallant City, and one of the principall Cities of Persia, and aboundeth in traffique of all sorts of Merchandize. There are ma|ny great Surroies, where are houses made of purpose for the laying in and kéeping of Merchants goods, and to harbour and lodge themselues and their Camels Horses or other Cattle, and prouision; the profits of which Surroies redound to the King only. » ##3481 Robert Couverte, A true and almost incredible report of an Englishman, that ..., Printed by William Hall, for Thomas Archer and Richard Redmer, London, 1612 ~ ~ p. 53
SOURCE for I-ssi-fa-hang
« name written in the Yaun period » #326 Chau Ju-kua (trans. Hirth, F and Rockhill, W W), His work on the Chinese and Arab Trade in the twelth and thriteenth centuries entitled Chu-fan-chi, Office of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 1911 pp. 116, 121 note12
SOURCE for Julfa
« From Daulatabad to Julfa 22¾ miles. » #3529 Henry Blosse Lynch, Across Luristan to Ispahan, Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography, London, 1890 vol. 12:no. 9:pp. 533-553 ~ p. 551
« #3563 Burn, R., The Bakhtiari Hills, an Itinerary of the road from Isfahan to Shustar, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta, 1897 vol. LXVI:pp 170-9 ~ » #3563 Burn, R., The Bakhtiari Hills, an Itinerary of the road from Isfahan to Shustar, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta, 1897 vol. LXVI:pp 170-9 ~ p. 170
SOURCE for Sipahan
« (2) The city of Isfahan (Sipahān) consisted of two parts, Shahristān (also called al-Madina and Djayy, evidently the seat of the governor) and Djahüdhān (Arabicised: al-Yahūdiyya, i.e. the old Jewish quarter). See Hudud al-'alam, 131; al-Istakhri 198-9; Yākūt, 343. » #2645 The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd Edition, Brill, Leiden, ~ vol. 9 p. 220
SOURCE for Spaan
« 3 The city of Spaan, Spahan, or Ispahan, by the Arabians called Isfahan, situated in the southern part of Persian Irak, is well known as the magnificent capital of the kings of the Sefi family, which, espe- cially during the reign of Shah Abbas II., exceeded in splendour, as well as extent, most Asiatic cities. It fell under the dominion of the Moghuls in 1221, and was taken, plundered, and nearly destroyed by Tamerlane in 1387. » #3318 ed. Thomas Wright trans. Marsden, The Travels of Marco Polo, the Venetian, The Translation of Marsden Revised, with a Selection of his Notes, H.G. Bohn, London, 1854 ~ p. 49 fn. 3
« We remained in this city of Spaan with His Majesty until the 25th of this month, during which time we were invited by His Majesty to frequent banquets. Spaan appears to be a very convenient city. It is situated in a plain abounding with all kinds of provisions. It is said that, as the city refused to surrender, much of it was destroyed after it had been taken. It is surrounded by a wall of earth like the others. From Tauris to Spaan is a twenty-four days' journey, through a country entirely belonging to Persia, consisting of a very arid plain with salt water in many places. » #383 Barbaro, J. and Contarini, A., Travels to Tana and Persia, Hakluyt Society:Burt Franklin, Cambridge:New York, 1873:1963-6, ~ p. 131
SOURCE for Spahan
« December 1.-I hired 125 Camells to carry mine and Mr. Robert Dowglasse's Bales, at Mahmoodies 80 for 100 Maunds Tauris, to Bagdat, and 13 mules to carry our luggage, at Mah-moodies 90 per 100 Maunds Tauris.¹December 13. This day I left Spahan, and began my journey towards Aleppo, by way of Bagdat. » #3146 Yule, Henry Colonel, The Diary Of William Hedges, The Hakluyt Society, London, 1889 ~ vol. 1 p. 213
« La ville de SPAHAN autresfois appellée, comme veulent aucuns Hecatompyle, eft fort grande; mais elle n'a point de for-tereffe, ny aucun beau palais, elle n'a pas fi grande difette d'eau comme CASBIN, mais elle a auffi beaucoup plusbeſoin de bois. [The city of Spahan, formerly called, as some would have it, Hecatompyle, is very large; but it has no fortress, nor any beautiful palace, it does not have as large a water supply as Casbin, but it also has much more need of wood.] » #3614 unknown ed. M. Morisot, Relations veritables et curieuses de l'isle de Madagascar, et du Bresil. : Auec l'histoire de la derniere guerre faite au Bresil, entre les Portugais et les Hollandois. ; Trois relations d'Egypte, et vne du royaume de Perse, Chez Augustin Courbé, Paris, 1651 ~ p. 134
« siendo cosa increible el grande numero de estas naciones que en la ciudad de Spahan está rrecogido, no cabiendo en los muchos y grandes carauasares que en la giudad ay, por no tener casas propias en que biuir. [It is incredible how many of these nations are gathered in the city of Spahan, not fitting in the many large caravanserais in the city, because they have no houses of their own to live in.] » #3245 García de Silva y Figueroa, Manuel Serrano y Sanz, Comentarios De D. Garcia De Silva Y Figueroa De La Embajada Que De Parte Del Rey De España Don Felipe III Hizo Al Rey Xa Abas De Persia, La Spciedad de Bibliofilos Espanoles, Madrid, 1905 ~ vol. 2 pp. 24-5
SOURCE for Spahaune
« 5 February 1707/8. Departed from Spahaune [Isfahan] the 5th February at 3 after-noon. » #3248 Bernard P. Scattergood, Ed. Temple, Carnac Rihard, The Scattergoods and the East India Company, A Collection of Mss., Indian Antiquary, Bernard Quaritch, London, 1930 vol. LIX:pt DCCXXXVI-A:pp. 33-74 ~ p. 38
SOURCE for Spahawn
« One of the oldest and best accounts of Ispahan, soon after the period of Shah Abbas's government, is given by Sir Thomas Herbert, an English traveller, who visited it in 1627, and parts of whose description are so curious as to be worth transcribing, especially as his book is not now so easy of access to the general reader. He says:-'The imperial city of Spahawn is in thirty-two degrees thirty-nine minutes north; is seated in the kingdom of Parthia, in a fair plain and pleasant horizon. It is by some called Spaan, and by others Spahan and Hispahan, as their several dialects concorded. » #1185 Buckingham, J. S., Travels in Assyria, Media, and Persia, including a journey from Bagdad by Mount Zagros, to Hamadan, the ancient Ecbatana, researches in Ispahan and the ruins of Persepolis, and journey from thence by Shiraz and Shapoor to the sea-shore, Henry Colburn: Gregg International Publishers Limited, London: London, 1829:1971, ~ note p. 231
« ISFAHAN-Telegraph Station. In the Persian province of Irak-Ajim; pronounced "Spahawn." » #3181 Bradshaw's Through Route Overland Guide to India, and Colonial Handbook, W. J. Adams and sons, 1884 ~ p. 253
« The tenth of Aprill wee fet out from Spahawnet a village fix miles South from Spahawn: when we had gone a farfang (three miles,) we were ſtayed by the way to taſte a banquet in a ſpacious garden of the Kings, whither the Engliſh Agent and ſuch other Chriftian Mechants as were in Spaharon came out to attend our Lord Ambaffador: a mile neerer the Citie, the Vifier, the Sultan of Spahawn, Meloyembeg and Hodge nazar the Armenian Prince with foure thousand horse and innumerable foot, » #1608 Herbert, Thomas, Sir, Some Yeares Travels into divers parts of Asia and Afrique. Describing especially the two famous Empires, the Persian, and great Mogull: weaved with the history of these later times ... With a revivall of the first discoverer of America. Revised and enlarged by the Author., Printed by R. Bip. for Jacob Blome and Richard Bishop, London, 1638, ~ p. 150
SOURCE for Spahone
« The 27th daye we came to on of the Kinges garde[n]swch is wthin an English mile of the citie of Spahone [Ispahan], wher we rested this daye and layd in a muskeet [mosque] this night, weh is ouer against the garden gate. » #3214 Stodart, Robert; introduction and notes by Sir. E. Denison Ross, The Journal of Robert Stodart: Being an account of his experiences as a member of Sir Dodmore Cotton's Mission in Persia in 1628-29. Published from the unique manuscript preserved in the Bodleian Library, Luzac and Co, 1935 ~ p. 67
SOURCE for Ya-ssi-pau-hien
#326 Chau Ju-kua (trans. Hirth, F and Rockhill, W W), His work on the Chinese and Arab Trade in the twelth and thriteenth centuries entitled Chu-fan-chi, Office of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 1911 pp. 116, 121 note12

R182-031 Amadam
NIMA/GNS names: Ecbatana , Hamadan , Hamedan , همدان ,
VARIANT names: Agbatana , Amadam , Ecbatana , Ekbatana , Hagmatana , Hamadan , Hamadhan , Suſa di Aſſuero ,
SOURCE for Agbatana
« HAMADHAN (HAMADAN), city in central Iranlocated in a fertile plain just south of Mt. Alwand, 48° 31' E. (Greenw.), 34° 48' N., altitude ca. 1800 metres/5900 ft.Hamadhan is a very old city. Whether the name is first mentioned in cuneiform sources dating about 1100 B.C., telling of the conquests of Tiglatpileser I, is uncertain but unlikely. Herodotus (I, 98) says that the Median king Deiokes in the seventh century B.C. built the city called Agbatana, or Ekbatana according to other Classical authors. » #2645 The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd Edition, Brill, Leiden, ~ vol. 3 p. 105
SOURCE for Amadam
« e la mat-tina di buon' ora partiſſimo camminando, nella neve che all'altezza di quattro palmi era caduta in quella notte,che biſognò calpeſtare fino ad Amadan, dove giungemmo all' ore venti una, ed entrati in caſa, la trovammo, che non eravi luogo, da poterſi riparare dal freddo, perche ci erano ſtari tolti i legni delle porte, e finestre. [and early in the morning we set out, walking through the snow that had fallen to a depth of four palms that night, which we had to trample down to Amadan, where we arrived at twenty-one o'clock, and when we entered the house, we found that there was no place to shelter from the cold, because the wood of the doors and windows had been taken away.] » #3643 Leandro : di Santa Cecilia, Persia ovvero secondo viaggio di f. Leandro di Santa Cecilia carmelitano scalzo dell'oriente. Scritto dal medesimo,, nella stamperia di Angelo Rotilj nel palazzo de Massimi, Roma, 1757 ~ p. 23
« Arrivai finalmente a dì 24. Gennaro in Amadan [I finally arrived on the 24th. January in Amadan] » #3643 Leandro : di Santa Cecilia, Persia ovvero secondo viaggio di f. Leandro di Santa Cecilia carmelitano scalzo dell'oriente. Scritto dal medesimo,, nella stamperia di Angelo Rotilj nel palazzo de Massimi, Roma, 1757 ~ p. 192
« Ainſi nous partîmes enſemble d'Hifpahan le 5. de Juillet 1701. pour Amadam avec une petite Caravane qui y alloit. Aprés voir paffe par pluſieurs Villes et Villages qu'il feroit empuyéux de nommer, nous y arrivâmes le dix-neuvième du même mois. [Thus we departed together from Hifpahan on July 5th, 1701, for Amadam with a small caravan that was going there. After passing through several towns and villages that it would be difficult to name, we arrived there on the nineteenth of the same month.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 p. 126
SOURCE for Ecbatana
owtrad web file OWTRAD Dataset tmcIRa0100 last updated 3may01 gives « Ecbatana, 48.583, 34.767, IR, nkn, approx, 59, tmcIRa0100_049a »
some descrepancy on co-ordinates
« ECBATANA, cidade de - Nome antigo da cidade persa de Hamadan, en 34° 49' lat. N. e 48° 27' long. E., a sudoeste de Teerão. Diogo do Couto, poré (X, VI, 12.°), propende para a identificação com Tabriz. [ECBATANA, city of - Ancient name of the Persian city of Hamadan, in 34° 49' lat. N. and 48° 27' long. E., southwest of Tehran. Diogo do Couto, however (X, VI, 12th), tends to identify it with Tabriz.] » #2603 Visconde De Lagoa, Glossario Toponimico Da Antiga Historiografia Portuguesa Ultramarina, Oficina Grafica, Casa Portuguesa Rua Das Gaveas, 1953, ~ vol. D-N p. 33
« When it lost the name of Ecbatana in that of Hamadan , it seems to have lost all its honours too » #3184 Sir Robert Ker Porter, Travels in Georgia, Persia, Armenia, Ancient Babylonia, Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, London, 1821 ~ vol. 2 p. 101
SOURCE for Ekbatana
SOURCE for Hagmatana
« As you approach Hamadan itself, one of the most elevated of all Iranian cities, delightfully cool in summer, very cold in winter, you see the impressive snow-capped Mount Alvand (3,570 m.) overshadowing the famous Median capital, ancient Hagmatana ('The Place of Assembly'), known to the Greeks as Ecbatana, the site of which is now covered by modern Hamadan. » #888 Matheson, S., Persia. An Archaeological Guide, Faber and Faber Limited, 1976 ~ p. 109
SOURCE for Hamadan
« Hamadan is a large town (population 50,000), traversed by tortuous, bumpy and narrow streets. There are big bāzārs, a carpet factory, post and telegraph office and British and Russian banks. There is much dense wood in the vicinity of the town; also rich cultivation, as it lies at the edge of a fertile plain. The main industry is leather manufacture, the tanneries being the best in Persia. The water supply is excellent and fuel is fairly plentiful. » #3485 Routes in Persia Volume II. (North-Western Persia), Printed at the government monotype press, Simla, 1923 ~ p. 161
« Arrivés à quatre heures du soir à Hamadân, nous descendîmes chez un Arménien, Rustèm-Khân, fils et délégué du gouverneur de cette province, Méhémet-Husséin-Khân, était absent. [Arriving at four o'clock in the evening in Hamadan, we stayed at the house of an Armenian, Rustem Khan, son and delegate of the governor of this province, Mehemet Hussein Khan, who was absent.] » #3179 Adrien Dupré, Voyage en Perse, fait dans les années 1807, 1808 et 1809, en traversant la Natolie et la Mésopotamie, 1819 ~ vol. 1 p. 258
« Hamadan is a large and important place situated at the eastern extremity of an extensive and thickly peopled plain . » #2941 Austen Henry Layard, Early Adventures in Persia, Susiana, and Babylonia, John Murray, London, 1887, ~ vol. 1 p. 252
« We were on horseback this morning at six o'clock ; having little more than a farsang to ride before we should reach the ancient city of the Medes. I had dispatched my Ispahan mehmandar some time before dawn , to apprise the vizier of Hamadan of my approach » #3184 Sir Robert Ker Porter, Travels in Georgia, Persia, Armenia, Ancient Babylonia, Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, London, 1821 ~ vol. 2 pp. 90-1
« fn. 5 According to Istakhri, p. 197, the distance from Gondēshäpür to al-Lûr was four farsakhs, then thirty farsakhs to Shābür Khäst (no trace of a town or settlement), twenty-two farsakhs from the latter to Nihawand, which lies fourteen farsakhs from Hamadan. (For the town of Shapürkh(w)äst, see Le Strange, The Lands, pp. 201 ff.; Hudüd al-'alam, tr. Minorsky, p. 383.)) »
#2871 W. Barthold, An Historical Geography of Iran, Princeton University Press, New Jersey, 1984, ~ fn. 5 p. 180
« Two miles from Hamadan, we passed a considerable stream of water, by a neat stone bridge. Near it were many marble tombstones, elegantly sculptured in flowers and inscriptions in the Cufic and Arabic characters. » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 p. 92
« The whole distance of our journey from Sadawah to Hamadan was about eight hours, and our course on the whole about east-south-east. On entering this town, we passed through a burying-ground, of which the tombs were of an unusual kind; some of these were like stone chests, or sarcophagi, of the common size of the human form, closely covered on the top » #1185 Buckingham, J. S., Travels in Assyria, Media, and Persia, including a journey from Bagdad by Mount Zagros, to Hamadan, the ancient Ecbatana, researches in Ispahan and the ruins of Persepolis, and journey from thence by Shiraz and Shapoor to the sea-shore, Henry Colburn: Gregg International Publishers Limited, London: London, 1829:1971, ~ p. 160
« The view of Hamadan from this height, overlooking the plain of many colors, repaid me for the ascent, if nothing else did, for it presented the distant city to me in still another light. The Musallah, once crowned with walls, stood out clear to the view, but looked barren and desolate. Fine gardens, which afford a delightful resort for an afternoon in the suburbs, especially in the vicinity of the Armenian village of Sheverin, border the town. » #3178 Jackson, A. V. Williams, Persia past and present; a book of travel and research, with more than two hundred illustrations and a map, The Macmillan Company, London, 1906 ~ p. 174
e'l giorno seguente, a mezzodi, arri-vammo alla città di Hamadan, fin dove andava la nostra caro-vana, e fin dove avevamo coi mulattieri noleggiato. [and the next day, at midday, we arrived at the city of Hamadan, as far as our caravan was going, and as far as we had hired the muleteers.]
Fueron bastante penosas las cuatro últimas jornadas de Nubaran á Hamadan; [The last four days from Nubaran to Hamadan were quite arduous;]
SOURCE for Hamadhan
SOURCE for Suſa di Aſſuero
« La Città di Amadan, o fia l'antica Suſa di Aſſuero, è Città Regia della Perfia, fituata in una valta pianura, formata in ordine di Teatro, fiancheggiata in diſtanza di un ora da altiffimi monti, ed il principale, che da Levante, Mezzo Giorno, e Ponente le fa corona, è il monte denominato l' Alvent, il qua-le nelle fue estremità, ricoperto ſempre fi vede di nevi. [The City of Amadan, or the ancient Susa of Aſſuero, is a Royal City of Persia, located in a valley-plain, formed in the order of a theatre, flanked at a distance of an hour by very high mountains, and the main one, which crowns it from the east, south, and west, is the mountain called Alvent, which at its extremities is always covered with snow.] » #3643 Leandro : di Santa Cecilia, Persia ovvero secondo viaggio di f. Leandro di Santa Cecilia carmelitano scalzo dell'oriente. Scritto dal medesimo,, nella stamperia di Angelo Rotilj nel palazzo de Massimi, Roma, 1757 ~ p. 24

R182-033 Carmancha
R182-033 Carmancha : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Bahtaran , Bakhtaran , Kermansah , Kermanshah , Kermanshahan , Qahremanshahr ,
VARIANT names: Caramanscia , Carmancha , Karamanscia , Karmasin , Kermanchah , Kerman-Chah , Kermanshah , Kirmansha , Kirmanshahan , Kirmisin , Qarmasin , Qirmisin ,
SOURCE for Caramanscia
« Arrivammo con non piccolo ſtento dopo tredici giorni, che uſciti eramo da Babilonia, alla prima Città di Perſia nominata Caramanſcià, numeroſa di abitanti al numero allora di dieci mila ora però ſono due anni, che è ſtata affatto rovinata dal partito degl'Aguani. [We arrived with no small difficulty thirteen days after we left Babylon at the first city of Persia called Karamanshah, which at that time had a population of ten thousand, but which has now been completely ruined by the party of the Aguans for two years.] » #3643 Leandro : di Santa Cecilia, Persia ovvero secondo viaggio di f. Leandro di Santa Cecilia carmelitano scalzo dell'oriente. Scritto dal medesimo,, nella stamperia di Angelo Rotilj nel palazzo de Massimi, Roma, 1757 ~ p. 19
SOURCE for Carmancha
« Nous arrivâmes à Carmancha le douziéme fur les huit heures du matin. Cette Ville eft la der niere de Perſe, et n'a rien de parsiculier finon que c'eſt une grande Ville où l'on voit quantité de ruines. Je croy que c'eſt le lieu de toute la Perſe, où il y a un plus grand nombre de cimetieres, co qui fait connoître que cette Ville a été autrefois fort peuplée. [We arrived at Carmancha on the twelfth at eight o'clock in the morning. This city is the last in Persia, and has nothing particularly remarkable about it except that it is a large city where one sees a great many ruins. I believe it is the place in all of Persia where there are the greatest number of cemeteries, which shows that this city was once very populated.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 pp. 131-2
SOURCE for Karamanscia
« Accompagnatomi per tanto con alcuni Mercadanti, in tre giorni giunſi a Karamanfcia, ove ebbi rincontro, che mercè l'impegno di Mester-Darel Fattore Ingleſe, era ſtata ridata la cafa, e la libertà al Padre, il quale per riaverſi dal. fofferto travaglio fi era portato a Baffora, ſollecitandomi a darmi fretta nel cammino. [Accompanied therefore by some merchants, in three days I reached Karamanfaya, where I learned that, thanks to the efforts of Master Darrel, the English Farmer, the house and liberty had been restored to the Father, who, to recover from the suffering he had suffered, had taken me to Baffora, urging me to hasten on my journey.] » #3643 Leandro : di Santa Cecilia, Persia ovvero secondo viaggio di f. Leandro di Santa Cecilia carmelitano scalzo dell'oriente. Scritto dal medesimo,, nella stamperia di Angelo Rotilj nel palazzo de Massimi, Roma, 1757 ~ p. 191
SOURCE for Karmasin
« Kermanshah, or Kermanshahan, as it was more generally called in former times, is a place of considerable antiquity as well as the modern capital of the district of the same name. (1) fn. 1 The Arab pronunciation of theof the town varies betweenKarmasin and Kirmlsln. » #3178 Jackson, A. V. Williams, Persia past and present; a book of travel and research, with more than two hundred illustrations and a map, The Macmillan Company, London, 1906 ~ p. 230
SOURCE for Kermanchah
« Nous arrivames le 23 en fix heures à Kirmanchah (3), ancienne ville à 30 fieues au Sud-Oueſt de Hemedan, fui-vant le Géographe Turc.
fn. 3 Kirmanchah eſt ſuivant les Etvals à 23 d de long. fur 34 d. 30 m. de lat. ſuivant le Canon de long. fur 34 d. 10 m. de lat. (4) Dinever eft fuivant le Géographe Turc 82 d. de long. fur 36 de lat. ſuivant les Etvals à 73 d. de long. fur 35 de lat. et fui-le Canon à 76 d. de long. fur 35 de lat. [We arrived on the 23rd at four o'clock in Kirmanchah (3), an ancient town 30 fieues to the South-West of Hemedan, before the Turkish Geographer.
fn. 3 Kirmanchah is according to the Etvals 23 d in length. fur 34 d. 30 m. in lat. following the Canon long. fur 34 d. 10 m. in lat. (4) Dinever is according to the Turkish Geographer 82 d. in length. fur 36 in lat. following the Etvals 73 d. in length. fur 35 in lat. and after the Canon 76 d. in length. fur 35 in lat.] »
#2562 Jean Otter, Voyage en Turquie et en Perse, Paris, 1748, ~ vol. 1 p. 179
SOURCE for Kerman-Chah
« Désirant håter notre arrivée à Kermán-Cháh, nous nous remîmes en chemin. Après avoir quelque temps marché dans la vallée, et traversé ensuite des collines incultes et pres-que nues, nous atteignîmes, le 19 novembre, vers midi, cette ville située au milieu d'une belle plaine. Avant d'y entrer, on passe le long de jardins plantés de divers arbres, et arrosés .par des eaux abondantes, que des canaux en-tretenus avec soin apportent des montagnes voisines. [Wishing to hasten our arrival at Kerman-Sha, we set out again. After walking for some time in the valley, and then crossing uncultivated and almost bare hills, we reached, on November 19, around noon, this town situated in the middle of a beautiful plain. Before entering it, one passes along gardens planted with various trees, and watered by abundant water, which carefully maintained canals bring from the neighboring mountains.] » #3179 Adrien Dupré, Voyage en Perse, fait dans les années 1807, 1808 et 1809, en traversant la Natolie et la Mésopotamie, 1819 ~ vol. 1 p. 232
SOURCE for Kermanshah
owtrad web file OWTRAD Dataset tmcIRa0100 last updated 3may01 gives « Kermanshah, 47.067, 34.317, IR, nkn, exact, 21, tmcIRa0100_048a »
« Thence there is a gradual descent to the plain, and Kermanshah is reached at 18 miles. » #3485 Routes in Persia Volume II. (North-Western Persia), Printed at the government monotype press, Simla, 1923 ~ p. 154
« A short ride next day of four farsaks brought us to Kermanshah , the first town that we had seen in Persia . It stands in a fine , wellwatered plain , surrounded by lofty serrated mountains towering one above the other, with high and precipitous peaks , then still covered with snow. » #2941 Austen Henry Layard, Early Adventures in Persia, Susiana, and Babylonia, John Murray, London, 1887, ~ vol. 1 p. 224
« We watered our horses at a small stream just below, and in the immediate skirts of the town; but not at the Kara Soo, as the maps had led me to expect from their placing that river west of Kermanshah. The appearance of the place, from this point of view, was that of a very large provincial town, but not of one which was the seat of Royalty. There were neither lofty minarets nor fine domes to be seen, and excepting the harem of the Shah Zadé, seated on an eminence in the midst of a verdant garden, and the octagonal and flat-topped kiosque of his own dwelling in the castle, there were no striking objects to arrest the attention. » #1185 Buckingham, J. S., Travels in Assyria, Media, and Persia, including a journey from Bagdad by Mount Zagros, to Hamadan, the ancient Ecbatana, researches in Ispahan and the ruins of Persepolis, and journey from thence by Shiraz and Shapoor to the sea-shore, Henry Colburn: Gregg International Publishers Limited, London: London, 1829:1971, ~ p. 74
« our conjectures were soon set at rest by one of the company, with a long beard, saluting us in the European military fashion, and in the French language, bidding us welcome to Kermanshah. The party consisted of the Euro-pean residents of the city, together with their united trains of servants and followers: of these there were Messieurs De Veaux and Court, the two French officers, to whom we had letters; two Italians; and another person, call-ing himself a Spaniard, of whom more hereafter.We did not come within sight of the town till we had entered a deep and broad ravine, at the top of which it is situated. Kermanshah is encompassed with gardens, and decked with numerous small kiosks (pleasure-houses). It is laid out in walks, canals, and reservoirs: of water, all of which have a picturesque effect on the approach. » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 pp. 13-14
« la ville de Kermanshah, dernière place forte ottomane aux mains d'un seigneur kurde. La frontière passe à l'époque par le Qareh Su, qu'on traverse sur le pont dit Pol-i Shah, [The city of Kermanshah, the last Ottoman stronghold in the hands of a Kurdish lord. At that time, the border ran through the Qareh Su, which was crossed via the bridge known as Pol-i Shah.] » #3620 Stefanos Yerasimos, Les voyageurs dans l'Empire Ottoman (XIV - XVI siecles). Bibliographie, itineraires et inventaire des lieux habites., Imprimerie De La Sociêtê Turquie D'histoire,, Ankara, 1991 ~ p. 80
« Kirmanshah, approached from the south-west, added no elements of picturesqueness to the effect. A ruinous wall much too large for the shrunken city it encloses, parts of it lying in the moat, some ruinous loopholed towers, lines of small domes denoting bazars below, » #3644 Bishop, Isabella L., Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan, John Murray, London, 1891 ~ vol. 1 p. 98
« Es Aga Hassan oriundo de Bagdad, comerciante rico, rodeado, por su carácter oficial, de la mayor consideracion; la casualidad hizo, empero, que, á los tres dias de conocerle, se ausentase, y sin él, único con quien hablaba yo árabe, y me aconsejaba para la continuacion del viaje, me hallé en Kermanshah como en un desierto. [Aga Hassan, originally from Baghdad, was a wealthy merchant, surrounded by the highest regard due to his official position; however, chance caused him to leave three days after I met him, and without him, the only one with whom I spoke Arabic and who advised me on the continuation of the journey, I found myself in Kermanshah as if in a desert.] » #3180 Adolfo Rivadeneyra, Viaje Al Interior De Persia, ~ vol. 2 p. 107
SOURCE for Kirmansha
« January 9. We rose from Bisetoon and lay at Kirmansha. » #3146 Yule, Henry Colonel, The Diary Of William Hedges, The Hakluyt Society, London, 1889 ~ p. 215
SOURCE for Kirmanshahan
« Kirmanshähän, thence 6 to Jakarmis, thence 5 to Hisäkävän village, » #1764 ed. Le Strange, G., The geographical part of the Nuzhat-al-qulub composed by Hamd-Alla¯h Mustawfi¯ of Qazwi¯n in 740 (1340), E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1919 ~ p. 162
« Kirmanshah (or, more properly, Kirmanshahan), was probably founded by Bahram IV in the fourth century A.D. and named 'city of the kings of Kirman' because Bahram had been governor of Kirman province during the reign of his brother, Shahpur III. The Sassanian city was somewhat to the north of the present town, nearer Taq-i Bustan, and was captured by the Arabs in A.D. 649. » #888 Matheson, S., Persia. An Archaeological Guide, Faber and Faber Limited, 1976 ~ p. 131
« Kirmānshāhān 6 » #3044 Kātib Çelebi ed: Gottfried Hagen and Robert Danko, An Ottoman Cosmography, Translation of Cihānnümā, Brill, Leiden, 2021 ~ pt. 2 p. 375
SOURCE for Kirmisin
« Ebul Feda appelle Kirmanchah Kirmiſin, et la place à neuf lieues de Halvan. {Ebul Feda calls Kirmanchah Kirmisin, and places it nine leagues from Halvan.] » #2562 Jean Otter, Voyage en Turquie et en Perse, Paris, 1748, ~ vol. 1 p. 180
SOURCE for Qarmasin
« Qarmāsin ou Qarmisin V B2 Kirmānšāh. Iran. Cité de la circonscription de Hamadan. I 196, 197; Η 358, 361; Hur 19, 41; Qud 148, 198, 199, 226, 244; F 209, 211-17; Y 270; R 166; Muq 28, 51, 135, 257, 258, 384, 386, 393, 401. Yaq IV, 69-70; LS 186-87; Schw. 480 + index; DKI 371; ΕΙ II 1094-95 s.v. Kirmānšah. » #2912 Georgette Cornu, Atlas du monde arabo-islamique a l'epoque classique IXe-Xe siecles, E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1985, ~ p. 42
SOURCE for Qirmisin
« [Kermanshahan] = [Qirmisin] » #846 Talbert, Richard (ed.), Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 2000, ~ p. 1318

R182-031a Jeniara
R182-031a Jeniara : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: PPLA2 UFI: 15360297 coordinate: lat 34.50195101 long 47.96660413
NIMA/GNS names: Kangavar , کنگاور ,
VARIANT names: Chienghicuer , Concobar , Concovar , Jeniara , Kandavar , Kangavar , Kangawar , Kangowar , Kangur , Kanguvar , Kengauar , Kengavar , Kengawar , Kienghevar , Kingawar , Konkobar , Kungavar , Quingavar ,
SOURCE for Chienghicuer
« Il venerdì al 20 di gennaio andammo ad allog-giare in un' altra grossa terra chiamata Chienghicuer; e già cominciai a conoscere il vantaggio grande che tiene il paese della Persia a quel della Turchia, di bontà, di popolazione, di coltura e d'ogni altra circostanza; [On Friday the 20th of January we went to lodge in another large town called Chienghicuer; and I already began to perceive the great advantage that the country of Persia has over that of Turkey, in kindness, population, culture and every other circumstance;] » #1530 Pietro Della Valle, Viaggi di Pietro della Valle: il pellegrino, G. Gancia, Brighton, 1843, ~ vol. 1 p. 440
SOURCE for Concobar
« C2 [Kangavar]/ConcobarHRL Kangavar RE Κογκοβ?ρ; cf. RE Bagistana;Azarnoush 1981, 82-94 » #846 Talbert, Richard (ed.), Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 2000, ~ p. 1318
SOURCE for Concovar
« We commenced our march to Concovar, another sixteen mile stage, at half-past three in the afternoon ; » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 p. 80
SOURCE for Jeniara
« On paſſe par la Ville de Jeniara fort grande, mais fort pleine de ruines, et P'on trouve aprés pluſieurs Villages. [We pass through the City of Jeniara, very large, but very full of ruins, and afterwards we find several villages.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 p. 131
SOURCE for Kandavar
« We reached the vale in six hours, having travelled as many farsangs from Sahadabad; and this place was to be our menzil.Kandavar, the ancient Κογκαβάρ, reduced to a village, maintains something of prolonged existence, by preserving a name so near in sound to its venerable appellation of antiquity, and shewing a few human habitations, still mingling with the ruins of the past. The village consists of about three hundred houses, most of which occupy the lofty eminence, so long celebrated as having been the site of a superb temple of Diana. » #3184 Sir Robert Ker Porter, Travels in Georgia, Persia, Armenia, Ancient Babylonia, Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, London, 1821 ~ vol. 2 p. 140
SOURCE for Kangavar
SOURCE for Kangawar
« The road to Kangawar lies through a broad valley, which has many streams. Among the mountains which encompass it are the Kuh-i-Hassan, Boka, the Kuh-i-Paran, and the Kuh-i-Bozah. ... Seeing a caravan of asses approaching, I rode on as fast as I could to the well-situated little town of Kangawar, expecting him to follow shortly. At present the entrance into Kangawar is up the bed of a stream. » #3644 Bishop, Isabella L., Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan, John Murray, London, 1891 ~ vol. 1 pp. 129-130
SOURCE for Kangowar
« Early next morning we arrived at Kangowar, a large town situated on a hill- side . » #2941 Austen Henry Layard, Early Adventures in Persia, Susiana, and Babylonia, John Murray, London, 1887, ~ vol. 1 p. 243
SOURCE for Kangur
« Kaylūr 7 [Kangūr 75] parasangs » #3044 Kātib Çelebi ed: Gottfried Hagen and Robert Danko, An Ottoman Cosmography, Translation of Cihānnümā, Brill, Leiden, 2021 ~ pt. 2 p. 375
SOURCE for Kanguvar
« Then from Kanguvar it is 5 leagues to Bidastan » #1764 ed. Le Strange, G., The geographical part of the Nuzhat-al-qulub composed by Hamd-Alla¯h Mustawfi¯ of Qazwi¯n in 740 (1340), E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1919 ~ p. 166
SOURCE for Kengauar
January 6.-My Nephew Hedges and I rose from Farespa (leaving Mr. Dowglasse and my Cousin Letter with y Camels) and lay at Kengauar (1). fn. 1 We have now got into the direct route from Hamadan to Bagh-dad, and it is more easily followed. This is Kangavar (Kongaver, etc.), a place of old note, the Κογκοβ?ρ of Isidore of Charax. The next stage is Sahāna, and then Bisutün (Bihistün, Baghistan, "the place of gardens", Βαγίστανον οι Βαγίστανη of the Greeks), the site of the famous spring, and of the rock-inscriptions in cuneiform, with which the name of Rawlinson is for ever associated. The next stage is the well-known city Kirmanshah. Then Pul-i-Shah ("King's Bridge"), Mah-i-dasht, Härünābād.-Y.
SOURCE for Kengavar
« De Sahana à Kengavar, jours. 1 » #3632 Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste, Les six voyages de Jean Baptiste Tavernier, Ecuyer Baron d'Aubonne, qu'il a fait en Turquie, en Perse, et aux Indes,, Chez Gervais Clouzier et Claude Barbin, 1676 ~ p. 286
SOURCE for Kengawar
« lt was about an hour from hence, and past sunset, when we reached Kengawar, having been nearly twelve hours on the road; our course being about east by north, and the distance forty miles. » #1185 Buckingham, J. S., Travels in Assyria, Media, and Persia, including a journey from Bagdad by Mount Zagros, to Hamadan, the ancient Ecbatana, researches in Ispahan and the ruins of Persepolis, and journey from thence by Shiraz and Shapoor to the sea-shore, Henry Colburn: Gregg International Publishers Limited, London: London, 1829:1971, ~ p. 150
SOURCE for Kienghevar
« Au fond est, sur une petite éminence, un grand village, où nous arrivons à deux heures. Cet endroit, appelé Kienghevar, que l'on croit être l'ancienne Konkobar, semble, en effet, avoir été une ville de quelque étendue. [In the background, on a small rise, is a large village, which we arrive at at two o'clock. This place, called Kienghevar, which is believed to be the ancient Konkobar, seems, in fact, to have been a town of some size.] » #3179 Adrien Dupré, Voyage en Perse, fait dans les années 1807, 1808 et 1809, en traversant la Natolie et la Mésopotamie, 1819 ~ vol. 1 p. 254
SOURCE for Kingawar
« Kingāwar 5—it is somewhat ruined » #3044 Kātib Çelebi ed: Gottfried Hagen and Robert Danko, An Ottoman Cosmography, Translation of Cihānnümā, Brill, Leiden, 2021 ~ p. 375
SOURCE for Konkobar
« Kangavar is a place of genuine antiquity; it was known, under the name of Konkobar, to the Greek geographer Isidor of Charax in the first century of our era; (3)
fn. 3 The first scholar to identify Kanga-var with Concobar, I believe, was D'Anville, Compendium of Ancient Geography, pt. 2, p. 460, London, 1791. Since that time much has been written about the site; see Rawlinson, JRGS. 9. 112; Buckingham, Travels in Assyria, Media, and Persia, pp. 150-154, London, 1829; Masson, Illus-trations of Isidorus of Charax, in JRAS. 12 (1850), pp. 97-124; Ker Porter, Travels, 2. 139-144; Texier, Description de l'Arménie, la Perse, etc., 1. 160 seq., pls. 62-64; Flandin and Coste, Voyage en Perse, Ancienne, 1. pls. 20-23, Moderne, pls. 72-74, Texte, pp. 11-14; Dieulafoy, L'Art Antique de la Perse, pt. 5, pp. 7-8, 11, 207; Curzon, Persia, 1. 51, n. 1; Mar-quart, Erānšahr, p. 24; and E. A. Floyer, Unexplored Baluchistan, pp. 424-425, London, 1882. »
#3178 Jackson, A. V. Williams, Persia past and present; a book of travel and research, with more than two hundred illustrations and a map, The Macmillan Company, London, 1906 ~ p. 237
SOURCE for Kungavar
« Kungavar » #3070 James Justinian Morier, A Journey Through Persia, Armenia, and Asia Minor, to Constantinople, in the Years 1808 and 1809, Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, London, 1812 ~ p. 413
SOURCE for Quingavar
« como de una legua, de formacion caliza y yesosa, que cierran áridas montañas, detras de las cuales se halla Quingavar, poblacion de seis mil almas, y donde existen ruinas al parecer de un gran templo. Difícil es clasificar el estilo á que pertenecen, no por los embates del tiempo, sino por lo incompleto del trabajo; los capiteles, las cornisas, los bása-mentos, si bien pueden parecer de órden dóricd, sólo están trazados á grandes rasgos, [about a league away, of limestone and gypsum formation, enclosing arid mountains, behind which lies Quingavar, a town of six thousand souls, and where there are ruins apparently of a great temple. It is difficult to classify the style to which they belong, not because of the ravages of time, but because of the incompleteness of the work; the capitals, the cornices, the bases, although they may seem of the Doric order, are only roughly sketched,] » #3180 Adolfo Rivadeneyra, Viaje Al Interior De Persia, ~ vol. 2 p. 82

R182-032 beautiful caravanserai
R182-032 beautiful caravanserai : place IRN (caravanserai) NIMA/GNS feature: none independent coordinate: lat 34.384453 long 47.434977 † basis (p) VARIANT names: beautiful caravanserai , Bisotun caravanserai , Das Safavidische Karavanserail , large caravanserai , Scehr-neu , SOURCE for beautiful caravanserai « L'onziéme nous loger-mes dans un beau Caravanſeraid qui eſt au pied d'une montagne, où je vis quantité d'inſcriptions fur des tombeaux. On juge par les ruines qu'il y a eu là une grande Ville. Il y reste encore une grande porte bâtie de fort groſſes pierres de taille contre lefquelles on voit des figures toutes armées. [On the eleventh, we lodged in a beautiful caravanserai at the foot of a mountain, where I saw many inscriptions on tombs. The ruins suggest that a large city once stood there. A large gate, built of very large hewn stones, still remains, against which armed figures are depicted.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 p. 131 SOURCE for Bisotun caravanserai «1668-032 Bisotūn Iran (Islamic Republic of) N34 23 04.32 E47 26 05.76 0.81 ha 35.36 ha» [accessed 10 Jan 2026] SOURCE for Das Safavidische Karavanserail « Die Karavanserails von Bisutun (Abb. 121 und 137) (101)Im Bereich von Bisutun sind folgende Anlagen an der alten Karawanenstraße zu unterscheiden:1. Ein Erdwall-Qal'eh südlich des safavidischen Karavanse rails, Alter unbestimmbar (102).2. Ein Bruchstein-Kastell neben der safavidischen Brücke Größe 95 × 79 m, mit Türmen und 2,50 m Mauerstärke, auf gehendes Mauerwerk aus Lehmmaterial. Wahrscheinlich vorsafavidisch (103).3. Das Alte Karavanserail.4. Das Safavidische Karavanserail.Das Alte Karavanserail (Taf. 12.3.4)Lage: Im Bereich des Dorfes Bisutun, unterhalb der großen, unvollendeten Felsabarbeitung.Typ: Aus einer frühislamischen Straßenstation durch Einbauten im 12.-13. Jahrhundert entwickeltes Hofkaravan- fn. 101 Das Alte Karavanserail siehe W. Kleiss/H. Luschey et al. Bisutun... (im Druck). Das Safavidische Karavanserail: AMIN. F. 3, 1970, 289 ff. fn. 102 AMI 21, 1989, 24.fn. 103 Ebenda 25. [The Caravanserai of Bisutun (Figs. 121 and 137) (101)In the area of ??Bisutun, the following structures can be distinguished along the old caravan route:1. An earthwork qal'eh south of the Safavid caravanserai, of undetermined age (102).2. A rubblestone fort next to the Safavid bridge, measuring 95 × 79 m, with towers and 2.50 m thick walls, with standing masonry made of clay material. Probably pre-Safavid (103).3. The Old Caravanserai.4. The Safavid Caravanserai.The Old Caravanserai (Plate 12.3.4)Location: In the area of ??the village of Bisutun, below the large, unfinished rock carving.Type: Court caravan developed from an early Islamic road station through additions in the 12th-13th centuries. 101 For the Old Caravanserai, see W. Kleiss/H. Luschey et al. Bisutun... (in press). The Safavid Caravanserai: AMIN. F. 3, 1970, 289 ff. fn. 102 AMI 21, 1989, 24.fn. 103 Ibid. 25.] » #3474 Kleiss, Wolfram, Karawanenbauten in Iran. Materialien zur iranischen Archäologie, Materialien zur iranischen Archa¨ologie, D. Reimer, Berlin, 1996 Band 2:Teil 1: ~ pp. 83-86 Nous arrivâmes à dix heures du soir dans un vaste caravansé-rail, près d'un chétif hameau, à peu de dis-tance du mont Bi-sutoun, dont il prend le nom. Un ruisseau qui a sa source au pied de la montagne, baigne à l'E. les murs de ce ca-ravansérail, et va fertiliser la plaine. [We arrived at ten o'clock in the evening at a vast caravanserai, near a small hamlet, a short distance from Mount Bi-sutoun, from which it takes its name. A stream which has its source at the foot of the mountain, bathes the walls of this caravanserai to the east, and goes to fertilize the plain.] SOURCE for large caravanserai « Dà queſto luogo proſeguendo il viaggio in lontananza di quattr' ore, ritrovali a piedi del monte un fuperbo Caravanserai, capace di dar alloggio a due mila Cavalli, ed altrettante perſone, e quando pallai, eraſi fatto riaggiuſtar da Kulikam; [From this place, continuing the journey for four hours, he found at the foot of the mountain a large caravanserai, capable of giving accommodation to two thousand horses and as many people, and when he arrived, he had been readjusted by Kulikam.] » #3643 Leandro : di Santa Cecilia, Persia ovvero secondo viaggio di f. Leandro di Santa Cecilia carmelitano scalzo dell'oriente. Scritto dal medesimo,, nella stamperia di Angelo Rotilj nel palazzo de Massimi, Roma, 1757 ~ p. 20 SOURCE for Scehr-neu « Speravamo riposar la notte in un grande alloggiamento pubblico di quelli che non più chan come in Arabia, ma si chiamano in questi paesi, come anche in Turchia, chieruan-serai, cioè palazzo o casa di carovana, ed è fabbricato nel fin della giornata insieme con certe altre poche case fatte di nuovo a piè di un'altissima montagna, e sopra il chieruan-serai tanto ripida, che par quasi tagliata a posta perpendicolare come muro. Chiamano il luogo in persiano Scehr-neu, cioè Città nuova, perchè di poco si è cominciata a fabbricare: ma noi restammo ingannati del riposo che vi speravamo, perchè veniva appunto da Ispahan una gros-sissima carovana di più di duemila e settecento camelli, la quale benchè andasse spartita in diverse ville, era nondimeno parte di essa (che in Scehr-neu trovammo alloggiata) con tanta gente; che non solo noi che venimmo da poi, ma gran parte anche di loro non avevano luogo nel chieruan-serai, e stavano attendati di fuori. [We hoped to rest the night in a large public lodging of the kind no longer known as chan as in Arabia, but called in these countries, as in Turkey, chieruan-serai, that is, palace or caravan house, and which was built at the end of the day, together with a few other newly constructed houses, at the foot of a very high mountain, and above the chieruan-serai so steep that it almost seems to have been cut perpendicularly like a wall. They call the place in Persian Scehr-neu, meaning New City, because construction has only recently begun. But we were deceived in the rest we hoped for, for a very large caravan of more than two thousand seven hundred camels was coming from Ispahan, which, although it was divided among several villages, was nevertheless part of it (which we found lodged in Scehr-neu) with so many people. that not only we who came from later, but also a large part of them had no place in the chieruan-serai, and were camped outside.] » #1530 Pietro Della Valle, Viaggi di Pietro della Valle: il pellegrino, G. Gancia, Brighton, 1843, ~ vol. 1 pp. 437-8

R182-033 Clin caravanserai
R182-033 Clin caravanserai : place IRN (caravanserai) NIMA/GNS feature: none independent coordinate: lat 34.268487 long 46.805444 † basis (p) Supplement: Shah Abbasi Caravanserai Mahidasht کاروانسرای شاه عباسی ماهیدشت VARIANT names: Caravanserai/Khan - 0231552 , Caravanserai/Khan - 0231685 , Clin caravanserai , Karavanserail Mahidasht , khan Mahee-Dusht , Shah Abbasi Caravanserai Mahidasht , SOURCE for Caravanserai/Khan - 0231552 EAMENA-0231552 [accessed 28 Nov 2025] SOURCE for Caravanserai/Khan - 0231685 EAMENA-0231685 [accessed 28 Nov 2025] SOURCE for Clin caravanserai « Nous y demeurâmes juſqu'au vingt-uniéme que nous partîmes avec la Caravane d'Hifpaham pour Bagdat, et vinmes coucher dans un fort grand Caravanserait nommé Clin. [We stayed there until the twenty-first when we left with the caravan of Hifpaham for Bagdat, and came to sleep in a very large caravanserai named Clin.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 p. 132 SOURCE for Karavanserail Mahidasht « Karavanserail Mahidasht (Taf. 12,1.2) (Abb. 121 und 136)(102)Lage: Am Rande des Dorfes Mahidasht, an der Straße von Kermanshah nach Qasr-e Shirin, 26 km westlich von Kermanshah und 38 km nordöstlich von Eslamabad (Shaha-bad-e Gharb). Typ: Hofkaravanserail mit 4 Iwanen und 4 getrennten Stallabschnitten. Kuppel über dem Eingang. Auf der Ostseite Toilettenanlagen.Abmessungen: Außenmaße 70 x 68 m. Hofmaße 35,10× 37,20 m (Querachse). Kuppeldurchmesser 7,70 m. Mauer-stärke 1 m.Baumaterial: Ziegelbau (25/25/6cm) auf Naturstein-sockel, Hof gepflastert.Bauliche Besonderheiten und Zustand: Dem Verfall preisgegeben. Oberteil der Fassade eingestürzt.Inschriften: Inschrift über der Einfahrt verlorengegangen.Datierung: Safavidisch.fn. 100 Ebenda 241. Der Bau wurde am 5. 3. 1973 vermessen. [Mahidasht Caravanserai (Plate 12,1.2) (Figs. 121 and 136)(102)Location: On the outskirts of the village of Mahidasht, on the road from Kermanshah to Qasr-e Shirin, 26 km west of Kermanshah and 38 km northeast of Eslamabad (Shaha-bad-e Gharb). Type: Courtyard caravanserai with four iwans and four separate stable sections. Dome over the entrance. Toilet facilities on the east side.Dimensions: External dimensions 70 x 68 m. Courtyard dimensions 35.10 x 37.20 m (transverse axis). Dome diameter 7.70 m. Wall thickness 1 m.Building material: Brick construction (25 x 25 x 6 cm) on a natural stone base, paved courtyard.Structural features and condition: In disrepair. Upper part of the facade collapsed.Inscriptions: Inscription above the entrance lost.Dating: Safavid.fn. 100 Ibid. 241. The building was surveyed on March 5, 1973.] » #3474 Kleiss, Wolfram, Karawanenbauten in Iran. Materialien zur iranischen Archäologie, Materialien zur iranischen Archa¨ologie, D. Reimer, Berlin, 1996 Band 2:Teil 1: ~ pp. 82-3 SOURCE for khan Mahee-Dusht « We continued to go east-north-east over the plain, for upwards of an hour, when we reached the caravanserai, having been about six hours on our road from Harounabad, on a general course of east-north-east. There were only a few dwellings near the khan, which had been erected on the banks of the stream that ran by it, for the shelter and supply of passengers halting on the road; and even from these, though small, we procured what we had not been able to do from the largest towns since leaving Bagdad. We found here milk, lebben, cheese, dates, good bread, and fruits of several kinds, in abundance; so that we enjoyed our repose, and prolonged it until noon before we prepared to move. ... and considered to be exactly half-way between the khan of Mahee-Dusht and Kermanshah.» #1185 Buckingham, J. S., Travels in Assyria, Media, and Persia, including a journey from Bagdad by Mount Zagros, to Hamadan, the ancient Ecbatana, researches in Ispahan and the ruins of Persepolis, and journey from thence by Shiraz and Shapoor to the sea-shore, Henry Colburn: Gregg International Publishers Limited, London: London, 1829:1971, ~ p. 73 SOURCE for Shah Abbasi Caravanserai Mahidasht

R182-034 Ghuirim
R182-034 Ghuirim : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: PLN UFI: 10105276 coordinate: lat 34.045401 long 46.685302
NIMA/GNS names: Dasht-e Shian , دشت شیان ,
VARIANT names: Dasht-e Shian , Ghuirim ,
SOURCE for Dasht-e Shian
SOURCE for Ghuirim
« Le vingt-deuxième nous def cendîmes une montagne rout couverte d'arbres, c'eft une cho ſe rare en ce pays. Nous fûmes prés de cinq heures à la defcen, dre pour aller camper dans une grande plaine nommée Guirim. [On the twenty-second we descended a mountain completely covered with trees, which is a rare thing in this country. It took us nearly five hours to descend, to go and camp in a large plain called Girim.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 p. 132

R182-035 Aniqui
R182-035 Aniqui : place IRN NIMA/GNS feature: PPL UFI: -3078472 coordinate: lat 34.461092 long 45.862644 NIMA/GNS names: Pol-e Zahab , Pol-e Zohab , Sar-e Pol-e Zahab , Sari-Pul , Sar-i-Pul Zuhab , Sarpol , Sarpol-e Zahab , سر پل ذهاب , VARIANT names: Adgem-Khanikin , Alaman , Aniqui , Chala , Halman , Halouan , Halwan , Holwan , Hulwan , Pesciver , Pool Zohaub , Pool-e-Zohaub , Sar-e Pol-e Zahab , Sar-i Pul-i-Zuhab , Saripul , Sar-i-Pul (i-Zuhab) , Saripul-i-Zohab , Serpol , Serpool , Ser-puli-Zohab , Zarg-Pol (Zagri-Piloe) , SOURCE for Adgem-Khanikin « Nous fimes le 14 cinq heures de chemin, et campames à Adgem-Khanikin fur le bord de la même rivière. Ce lieu dépend du Kiurdistan, et les Etats du Grand Seigneur finiſſent un peu au-delà. [On the 14th we traveled five hours, and camped at Adgem-Khanikin on the banks of the same river. This place depends on Kyurdistan, and the States of the Grand Seigneur end a little beyond.] » #2562 Jean Otter, Voyage en Turquie et en Perse, Paris, 1748, ~ vol. 1 p. 174 SOURCE for Alaman « Saripul Halwan Alaman 12-18 » in {map#1393 Map of Ancient sites of Iraq, Directorate General of Antiquities, Baghdad, 1954, } SOURCE for Aniqui On commence de là à ne plus trouver de Caravanſerail. Le 23 pous campâmes ſur les frontieres de Perſe et de Turquie, ce lieu ſe nomme Aniqui, où il y a une petite riviere qui ſepare ces deu Empires. [From there we begin to find no more Caravanserais. On the 23rd we camped on the borders of Persia and Turkey, this place is called Aniqui, where there is a small river which separates these two Empires.] SOURCE for Chala « A2 [Hulwan]/Valashfarr/Beth Lashpar/Chala/Albania § Chalonitis ACHRL Sar Pol-i Zohab IRQ Isid Char 3; Herzfeld 1968, 12;Oppenheimer 1983, 146-49 » #846 Talbert, Richard (ed.), Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 2000, ~ p. 1317 SOURCE for Halman « If Halman was centered on Sar-e Pol-e Zohab, then Namar (Assyrian Namri) was presumably contiguous or, at the very least, nearby, judging from the fact that a single governor had jurisdiction over both regions. » #3503 D. T. Potts, Elamite Karintas and Avestan Kvirinta: Notes on the Early History of Kerend, Iranian Studies, vol. 50:no. 3:pp. 345-367 ~ p. 347 SOURCE for Halouan « This corresponds precisely with the situation of the present Kassr-Shirine, which is just midway between Halouan, the present Zohaub, and Khan-e-Keen, the last station we had passed on our way. » #1185 Buckingham, J. S., Travels in Assyria, Media, and Persia, including a journey from Bagdad by Mount Zagros, to Hamadan, the ancient Ecbatana, researches in Ispahan and the ruins of Persepolis, and journey from thence by Shiraz and Shapoor to the sea-shore, Henry Colburn: Gregg International Publishers Limited, London: London, 1829:1971, ~ p. 39 SOURCE for Halwan « Saripul Halwan Alaman 12-18 » in {map#1393 Map of Ancient sites of Iraq, Directorate General of Antiquities, Baghdad, 1954, } SOURCE for Holwan « The district of Kurrend extends along the brink of Mount Zagros, from the vicinity of Holwan to the village of Goour. It is covered with forests of stunted oak, and inhabited by an extraordinary race of men, » #3021 John Macdonald Kinneir, A Geographical Memoir of the Persian Empire, John Murray, London, 1813 ~ p. 141 « About 3 km. further along the main road is the Kurdish village of Sar-i Pul-i-Zuhab. Captured by the Arabs when they swept triumph-antly over the land in A.D. 640, the original settlement was renamed Holvan. Later it passed into Saljuq hands, in A.D. 1046, but the town was destroyed by fire and earthquake in 1149. » #888 Matheson, S., Persia. An Archaeological Guide, Faber and Faber Limited, 1976 ~ p. 135 SOURCE for Hulwan Hulwan (Persian: حلوان) was an ancient town on the Zagros Mountains in western Iran, located on the entrance of the Paytak Pass, nowadays identified with the town of Sarpol-e Zahab. [accessed 04 Feb 2025] « Then from Hulwan, the first place in the province of Arabian Iraq » #1764 ed. Le Strange, G., The geographical part of the Nuzhat-al-qulub composed by Hamd-Alla¯h Mustawfi¯ of Qazwi¯n in 740 (1340), E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1919 ~ p. 162 « Hulwan III D2Sar-i-Pül Zuhab. Iran.Capitale (qasaba) de la circonscription (kürs) du même nom.1 79, 80, 86, 87, 190, 196, 200; Η 169, 231, 234, 235, 246, 358, 368, 370, 371; Hur 5, 6, 14, 19, 20, 41, 172, 173, 178; Qud 198, 226, 232, 235, 236, 243, 244; F 165, 199, 210, 211, 258; Y 270; R 97, 104, 105, 164; M 36, 37, 40, 347, 358; Muq 50, 53, 114, 115, 123, 125, 128, 133, 135, 258, 259, 401.Yaq II, 317-21; LS 191 et index; DKI 489; EI2 III 591. [Hulwan III D2 Sar-e-Pul Zuhab. Iran. Capital (qasaba) of the district (kürs) of the same name. 1 79, 80, 86, 87, 190, 196, 200; Η 169, 231, 234, 235, 246, 358, 368, 370, 371; Sun 5, 6, 14, 19, 20, 41, 172, 173, 178; Qud 198, 226, 232, 235, 236, 243, 244; F 165, 199, 210, 211, 258; Y 270; R 97, 104, 105, 164; M 36, 37, 40, 347, 358; Muq 50, 53, 114, 115, 123, 125, 128, 133, 135, 258, 259, 401. Yak II, 317-21; LS 191 et index; DKI 489; EI2 III 591.] » #2912 Georgette Cornu, Atlas du monde arabo-islamique a l'epoque classique IXe-Xe siecles, E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1985, ~ p. 29 « Ḥulwān 1, via the pass ofṬāq-i Kamarābād » #3044 Kātib Çelebi ed: Gottfried Hagen and Robert Danko, An Ottoman Cosmography, Translation of Cihānnümā, Brill, Leiden, 2021 ~ pt. 2 p. 375 « Hulwan (4) is a small capital. It is both a plain and a hill city, surrounded on all sides by gardens and grape-vines and fig trees, and situated close to the mountains. It has a long market and an ancient fortress, as well as a small stream of water. (5) It also has a quhandiz, and in the interior of which stands the mosque. The town is approached from eight different roads-the road of Khura-san, the road of al-Baqat, the road of al-Musalla, the road of the fn. 4 Hulwan, in the extreme north-east of al-'Iraq, at the foot of the mountain range of Persia. It was 5 farsakas distant from Qasr Shirin and 41 from Baghdad. The town does not exist at the present day, but the name is preserved in that of the river of Holwan. It is supposed to have been found-ed by Qubad, or Cobades, of the Sassanian dynasty of Persia, who reigned from A.D. 488 to 498, and again from 501 or 502 till 531. In the days of its prosperity Hulwan was the sixth city in al-'Iraq and was celebrated for its pomegranates which were without a like in the whole world and also for its fig which from its excellence acquired the name of Shah anjir, "the king of figs." There were sulphur springs in the neighbourhood of Hulwan, which possessed healing properties for a variety of ailments. Yäqût describes the climate of Hulwan as noxious and its water as bad. II. 317.fn. 5 The Holwan river, an affluent of the Diyala which in this part of its course is known as the Shirwan river. » #3135 Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad Muqaddasi ed. George Speirs Alexander Ranking, Ahsānu-t-taqāsim Fi Ma?rifati-l-aqālim Volume 1, Parts 1–4, Asiatic Society of Bengal, New Series, No. 899, Calcutta, 1897 ~ p. 197 SOURCE for Pesciver « Il giorno dell'undici partimmo tardo, per asciugare i padiglioni, che intostati e gelati dalla neve, non si potevano piegare: tuttavia giugnemmo a buon'ora a posarci sotto una gran montagna, che bisognava passare, vicino ad un castello chiamato Pesciver, fab-bricato di nuovo in quel luogo per guardia de' confini, ed allora appunto ci risiedeva quel Casum sultan, che dissi di sopra, con forse cinquecento de' suoi soldati, tenendo il resto della sua mi-lizia sparsa in diversi luoghi dei confini là vicino. [On the eleventh we set out late, to dry the tents, which, being thick and frozen with snow, could not be bent: however, we arrived early and stopped under a great mountain, which we had to pass, near a castle called Pesciver, newly built in that place to guard the borders, and at that time that Casum sultan, whom I mentioned above, was residing there, with perhaps five hundred of his soldiers, keeping the rest of his militia scattered in various places on the borders nearby.] » #1530 Pietro Della Valle, Viaggi di Pietro della Valle: il pellegrino, G. Gancia, Brighton, 1843, ~ vol. 1 p. 434 SOURCE for Pool Zohaub « We reached Pool Zohaub, or Serpool, at sunrise, crossed the river over a well-built bridge, and pitched our tents on a rich plain, about half a mile to the south-east of the village, near an immense wall of limestone, which divides this from another fertile valley, » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 1 p. 316 SOURCE for Pool-e-Zohaub « Pool-e-Zohaub » #3070 James Justinian Morier, A Journey Through Persia, Armenia, and Asia Minor, to Constantinople, in the Years 1808 and 1809, Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, London, 1812 ~ p. 414 SOURCE for Sar-e Pol-e Zahab SOURCE for Sar-i Pul-i-Zuhab « About 3 km. further along the main road is the Kurdish village of Sar-i Pul-i-Zuhab. Captured by the Arabs when they swept triumph-antly over the land in A.D. 640, the original settlement was renamed Holvan. Later it passed into Saljuq hands, in A.D. 1046, but the town was destroyed by fire and earthquake in 1149. » #888 Matheson, S., Persia. An Archaeological Guide, Faber and Faber Limited, 1976 ~ p. 135 SOURCE for Saripul « Saripul Halwan Alaman 12-18 » in {map#1393 Map of Ancient sites of Iraq, Directorate General of Antiquities, Baghdad, 1954, } SOURCE for Sar-i-Pul (i-Zuhab) « At 18 miles, an irrigation stream with a broad gravelly bed is crossed, and at 20 miles Sari-Pül is reached, which is a dirty and ruinous village above the right bank of the Hulvan river. The valley is mainly abandoned in winter at which time sup-plies would be very scarce. » #3485 Routes in Persia Volume II. (North-Western Persia), Printed at the government monotype press, Simla, 1923 ~ p. 150 SOURCE for Saripul-i-Zohab « After riding for six hours the rain changed into sleet and wet snow, blotting out the hills and creating an unnatural twilight, in which we floundered in mud up to the mules' knees into the filthiest village I have ever seen, a compound of foul, green ditches, piles of dissolving manure, mud hovels looking as if they were dissolving too, reed huts, and an Ilyat village, grouped round the vilest of caravanserais, the entrance to which was knee-deep in mire. » #3644 Bishop, Isabella L., Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan, John Murray, London, 1891 ~ vol. 1 p. 81 SOURCE for Serpol « A huit heures et demie du matin, hous nous arrêtons à Serpol, hameau composé d'une vingtaine de masures couvertes de feuilles et de paille, et situé au pied d'une colline cal-caire. Les décombres et les terres amoncelées annoncent qu'il y avait là autrefois une ville d'une certaine grandeur. [At eight-thirty in the morning, we stopped at Serpol, a hamlet composed of about twenty hovels covered with leaves and straw, and located at the foot of a limestone hill. The rubble and piled-up earth indicate that there was once a town of some size there.] » #3179 Adrien Dupré, Voyage en Perse, fait dans les années 1807, 1808 et 1809, en traversant la Natolie et la Mésopotamie, 1819 ~ vol. 1 p. 225 SOURCE for Serpool « It was quite dark when we reached the khan at Serpool , and we were all sufficiently wearied, by our excursion from the beaten track. ... The village itself is small, not having more than thirty or forty dwellings, and these all inhabited by tbe Koords of the Plain. » #1185 Buckingham, J. S., Travels in Assyria, Media, and Persia, including a journey from Bagdad by Mount Zagros, to Hamadan, the ancient Ecbatana, researches in Ispahan and the ruins of Persepolis, and journey from thence by Shiraz and Shapoor to the sea-shore, Henry Colburn: Gregg International Publishers Limited, London: London, 1829:1971, ~ pp. 53-4 SOURCE for Ser-puli-Zohab « About two hours before daylight we reached the village of Ser-puli -Zohab . The caravan did not halt at this place , but as there were ruins and sculptures in the neighbourhood which we were desirous of examining , we prevailed upon our muleteer to stop there for some hours . The ruins consisted principally of numerous mounds , marking the site of an ancient city . » #2941 Austen Henry Layard, Early Adventures in Persia, Susiana, and Babylonia, John Murray, London, 1887, ~ vol. 1 p. 215 SOURCE for Zarg-Pol (Zagri-Piloe) « Je suis porté à croire, avec M. Olivier (1), que cette ville était Zarg-Pol, qui avait été bâtie près du défilé dont il sera question plus bas, et que les Grecs et les Romains nommaient Zagri-Piloe.fn. 1 Voyages en Turquie et en Perse, toime m, cha-pitre I, page 6, édition in-4. [I am inclined to believe, with Mr. Olivier (1), that this city was Zarg-Pol, which was built near the pass discussed below, and which the Greeks and Romans called Zagri-Pile.fn. 1 Travels in Turkey and Persia, volume m, chapter 1, page 6, quarto edition.] » #3179 Adrien Dupré, Voyage en Perse, fait dans les années 1807, 1808 et 1809, en traversant la Natolie et la Mésopotamie, 1819 ~ vol. 1 p. 225

R182-036 Cachacherin
R182-036 Cachacherin : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Ghasr-i-shirin , Ghasr-shirin , Qasr-e Shirin , Qasr-i-Shirin , قصر شيرين ,
VARIANT names: Cachacherin , Calacherin , Casri-Chirin , Casr-i-Scirin , Cassiscirin , Chefdra Sherin , Depegoz , Kafri-Chirin , Kasr-e- Sheree , Kasr-i-Shirin , Kasri-Shirin , Kassr-Shirine , Kusra Shireen , Qasr-e Shirin , Qasr-i-Shirin ,
SOURCE for Cachacherin
Peu éloignez de ces beaux en droits, nous campames en un Lieu nommé Cachacherin. [Not far from these beautiful places, we camped in a place called Cachacherin.]
SOURCE for Calacherin
« Nous ſeiournaſmes laiuſques au dix-feptiefme iour, et en partif-mes auant Soleil leué. Le dix-huictiefme iour du mois nous vinſmesà CALACHERIN, lieu duquel les maiſons eftoient baſties dans vn eſcueil, et de meſme façon que font les trous des pigeons dans les coulombiers. Il y avn chaſteau baſti ſur le coupeau dudit eſcucil: lequel eſt vn lieu de fi difficile accez, que c'eſt merueille. [We turned to the seventeenth day, and left before sunrise. On the eighteenth day of the month we came to CALACHERIN, where the houses were built on a reef, in the same way as pigeon holes are made in dovecotes. There was a castle built on the top of the said reef: which is a place of such difficult access that it is marvelous.] » #3614 unknown ed. M. Morisot, Relations veritables et curieuses de l'isle de Madagascar, et du Bresil. : Auec l'histoire de la derniere guerre faite au Bresil, entre les Portugais et les Hollandois. ; Trois relations d'Egypte, et vne du royaume de Perse, Chez Augustin Courbé, Paris, 1651 ~ p. 120
« 18/11 Calacherin (Qasr-i Shirin) » #3620 Stefanos Yerasimos, Les voyageurs dans l'Empire Ottoman (XIV - XVI siecles). Bibliographie, itineraires et inventaire des lieux habites., Imprimerie De La Sociêtê Turquie D'histoire,, Ankara, 1991 ~ p. 429
SOURCE for Casri-Chirin
« Nous parvinmes' à neuf heures et un quart près d'un chétif hameau, nommé Casri-Chirin, entouré de collines calcaites, dont la cou-leur est verdâtre. On n'y voit qu'un petit nombre de mauvaises mazures voisines de quelques plantations de riz, et un beau cavaransérail, où nous couchâmes. [At a quarter past nine we arrived near a small hamlet called Casri-Chirin, surrounded by limestone hills of a greenish color. There are only a few poor huts near a few rice plantations, and a beautiful cavaranserai, where we slept.] » #3179 Adrien Dupré, Voyage en Perse, fait dans les années 1807, 1808 et 1809, en traversant la Natolie et la Mésopotamie, 1819 ~ vol. 1 p. 224
SOURCE for Casr-i-Scirin
« Il giorno appresso trovammo una gran terra pur distrutta ed abbandonata, che la chiamano ancora Casr-i-Scirin, cioè Palazzo di Scirin. Scirin, in persiano, significa dolce, ma è anche nome proprio d'uomini e di donne, ed in particolare di una gran signora, in queste parti padrona, al creder mio, di quel palazzo o terra che fu dama di un Chosrou re di Persia, e degli amori loro ce ne è fra' Persiani un poema famosissimo. [The next day we found a large, yet destroyed and abandoned, town that they still call Casr-i-Scirin, meaning Palace of Scirin. Scirin, in Persian, means sweet, but it is also a proper name for men and women, and in particular for a great lady, in these parts mistress, I believe, of that palace or town that was the lady of a certain Chosrou, king of Persia, and about their love affairs there is a very famous poem among the Persians.] » #1530 Pietro Della Valle, Viaggi di Pietro della Valle: il pellegrino, G. Gancia, Brighton, 1843, ~ vol. 1 p. 431
SOURCE for Cassiscirin
« De Conaguy à Callifcirin, jours. 1 » #3632 Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste, Les six voyages de Jean Baptiste Tavernier, Ecuyer Baron d'Aubonne, qu'il a fait en Turquie, en Perse, et aux Indes,, Chez Gervais Clouzier et Claude Barbin, 1676 ~ p. 286
SOURCE for Chefdra Sherin
« Provvedutomi pertanto di un buon giumento, paflai per Chefdra Scerin Città affatto diruta, e che dicono eſſer ſtata edificata anticamente ad onore del Sole [Having therefore provided myself with a good donkey, I set out for Chefdra Scerin, a city which was completely ruined, and which they say had been built in ancient times in honour of the Sun.] » #3643 Leandro : di Santa Cecilia, Persia ovvero secondo viaggio di f. Leandro di Santa Cecilia carmelitano scalzo dell'oriente. Scritto dal medesimo,, nella stamperia di Angelo Rotilj nel palazzo de Massimi, Roma, 1757 ~ p. 191
SOURCE for Depegoz
« Qaṣr-i Shirin, also called Depegöz 7—it is a ruined fortress » #3044 Kātib Çelebi ed: Gottfried Hagen and Robert Danko, An Ottoman Cosmography, Translation of Cihānnümā, Brill, Leiden, 2021 ~ pt. 2 p. 375
SOURCE for Kafri-Chirin
« d'où nous allames le furlendemain en cinq heu-res à Kafri-Chirin (1), que l'Idriſi place à ſept lieues de Khanikin, à cinq de Halvan et à 20 de Chehre-zour. Kafri-Chirin eſt une fortereſſe que Khofrew Pervis fit autrefois bâ-tir pour loger ſa maîtreſſe Chirin. Elle a mille pas de circonférence; la rivière de Halvan paſſe tout au-près; l'air y eſt mal ſain, et le Semoum que les Turcs appellent Sam-yeli, y fouffe quelquefois.
fn. 1 Kafri-Chirin eſt à 71 d. 30 m. de long. fur 33 d. 40 m. de lat ſuiyant le Canon, et à 71 d. 4 m. de long. fur 33 d. 55 m. de lat. fuivant le Kias, [From where we went the next day in five hours to Kafri-Chirin (1), which the Idrisi places seven leagues from Khanikin, five from Halvan and 20 from Chehre-zour. Kafri-Chirin is a fortress that Khofrew Pervis once had built to house his mistress Chirin. It has a circumference of a thousand paces; the Halvan River passes very close by; the air there is unhealthy, and the Semoum, which the Turks call Sam-yeli, sometimes flows there.
fn. 1 Kafri-Chirin is 71 d. 30 m. long, 33 d. 40 m. wide following the Canon, and 71 d. 4 m. long. 33 d. 55 m. lat. following the Kias,] »
#2562 Jean Otter, Voyage en Turquie et en Perse, Paris, 1748, ~ vol. 1 p. 173
SOURCE for Kasr-e- Sheree
« Kasr-e- Sheree » #3070 James Justinian Morier, A Journey Through Persia, Armenia, and Asia Minor, to Constantinople, in the Years 1808 and 1809, Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, London, 1812 ~ p. 414
SOURCE for Kasr-i-Shirin
« A six hours' march ended at the wildly-situated village of Kasr-i-Shirin, high on the right bank of the Holwan, with a plantation of dates on the left bank and considerable cultivation in the valley. It has only eighty houses of the most wretched construction, rivalled in height and size by middens, the drainage of which wastes itself on the wretched roadway. A caravanserai of the most miserable description, a square fort with a small garrison, and some large graveyards with domed tombs and curious obelisks, are the salient features of this village. » #3644 Bishop, Isabella L., Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan, John Murray, London, 1891 ~ vol. 1 p. 79
SOURCE for Kasri-Shirin
« We again made a short journey through a rocky and hilly country to Kasri-Shirin , a village in ruins and deserted on account of the depredations of the robber tribes dwelling on the Persian frontier, which were perpetually making forays in the plain, pillaging the villages and plundering caravans . » #2941 Austen Henry Layard, Early Adventures in Persia, Susiana, and Babylonia, John Murray, London, 1887, ~ vol. 1 p. 212
SOURCE for Kassr-Shirine
« The modern town of Kassr-Shirine consists of about fifty dwellings, enclosed within a wall of mud and stone, between the ruins of the old palace and the river. The khan, however, which is outside this enclosure, is large and commodious ; in its construction were used a large quantity of square red bricks, similar to those seen at Modain, and taken pro1)ably from the ruins above. The river Alwund flows by the spot, in a valley running from east to west ; and after passing the town about half a mile, it makes a bend to the south-westward : its stream is narrow, but rapid and clear, and its banks are generally covered with rushes. » #1185 Buckingham, J. S., Travels in Assyria, Media, and Persia, including a journey from Bagdad by Mount Zagros, to Hamadan, the ancient Ecbatana, researches in Ispahan and the ruins of Persepolis, and journey from thence by Shiraz and Shapoor to the sea-shore, Henry Colburn: Gregg International Publishers Limited, London: London, 1829:1971, ~ p. 41
SOURCE for Kusra Shireen
« Kusra Shireen, a small village of twenty-eight houses, with a caravanserai-shah in pretty good condition, is situated on the side of a mountain, at the foot of which flows the Dialla. This is an abominable place, and the inhabitants, a rascally set, form part of the rabble who lie in wait for travellers at Kanaki. ... This village is situated at the western extremity of a large town in ruins, and the enceinte, which is clearly to be traced, forms a long square of at least a league in length on the shortest front. » #3433 Ferrier, J. P., Caravan journeys and wanderings in Persia, Afghanistan, Turkistan, and Beloochistan; with historical notices of the countries lying between Russia and India, J. Murray, London, 1857 ~ p. 12
SOURCE for Qasr-e Shirin
SOURCE for Qasr-i-Shirin
« following up the right bank of the river, at 18 miles the road passes under a hill crowned by by a stone fort and reaches Qasr-i-Shirin. » #3485 Routes in Persia Volume II. (North-Western Persia), Printed at the government monotype press, Simla, 1923 ~ p. 149
« From Qasr-i-Shirin, on the road to Baghdad » #1764 ed. Le Strange, G., The geographical part of the Nuzhat-al-qulub composed by Hamd-Alla¯h Mustawfi¯ of Qazwi¯n in 740 (1340), E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1919 ~ p. 162
« Qaṣr-i Shirin 5 » #3044 Kātib Çelebi ed: Gottfried Hagen and Robert Danko, An Ottoman Cosmography, Translation of Cihānnümā, Brill, Leiden, 2021 ~ pt. 2 p. 375

R182-037 Canaquin
R182-037 Canaquin : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Kanaqin , Khanaqin , Khanikin , Khaniqin ,
VARIANT names: artemita , Canaquin , Chanekin , Ciai-chanaghi , Conaguy , Farhatserin , Hadji-Kara , Hanikin , Haniqin , Kanaqin , Khanakee , Khanaki , Khan-e-Keen , Khan-el-Keen , Khanikin , Khaniqin , Khannikin , Old Khaniqi ,
SOURCE for artemita
« to, mention is made of a city called Artemita, of which, from the correspondence of relative distance and local feature, I should conceive this place of Khan-e-Keen to be the site.Strabo speaks of Artemita as a celebrated city. Isidore of Charax says, that it was seated on a river called the Silla. ... M. D'Anville says, "Artemita was a Greek city, on a stream whose name, which is sometimes written Silla, should rather be M. D'Anville says, "Artemita was a Greek city, on a stream whose name, which is sometimes written Silla, should rather be called Delas, the modern form whereof is Diala." (3)
fn.3 Compendium of Ancient Geography. English Edit. 8vo. vol. 2, p. 469. »
#1185 Buckingham, J. S., Travels in Assyria, Media, and Persia, including a journey from Bagdad by Mount Zagros, to Hamadan, the ancient Ecbatana, researches in Ispahan and the ruins of Persepolis, and journey from thence by Shiraz and Shapoor to the sea-shore, Henry Colburn: Gregg International Publishers Limited, London: London, 1829:1971, ~ p. 35
SOURCE for Canaquin
« Le vingt-cinquiéme nous partînaes avant le jour, et nous arrivâmes Canaquin Village fort gros, où l'on cravaille beaucoup en foye. [On the twenty-fifth we left before daybreak, and we arrived at Canaquin Village, a very large village, where they work a lot in the village.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 p. 136
SOURCE for Chanekin
« Chanekin » in {map#1343 Reisen im Orient. von H. Petermann ; Nebst Einer Karte, Entworfen Von H. Kiepert. 2. Band, p. 243, 1861, }
SOURCE for Ciai-chanaghi
« Sopra la ripa vi trovai le reliquie di una grossa terra, alla quale adesso non resta altro che il nome di Ciai-chanaghi; cioè, cor-rottamente un poco, [On the bank I found the remains of a large land, of which now nothing remains but the name of Ciai-chanaghi; that is, somewhat corrupted,] » #1530 Pietro Della Valle, Viaggi di Pietro della Valle: il pellegrino, G. Gancia, Brighton, 1843, ~ vol. 1 p. 431
SOURCE for Conaguy
« De Cafered à Conaguy, jours. 1 » #3632 Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste, Les six voyages de Jean Baptiste Tavernier, Ecuyer Baron d'Aubonne, qu'il a fait en Turquie, en Perse, et aux Indes,, Chez Gervais Clouzier et Claude Barbin, 1676 ~ p. 286
SOURCE for Farhatserin
« Or ayant paffé beaucoup de montagnes, nous arriuafmes aux ruines fort memorables de FARHATSERIN, qui fut iadis vne tref-grande ville, aupres deſquelles nous nous ar-reſtaſmes à coſté d'vn petit fleuue. [Now having crossed many mountains, we arrived at the very memorable ruins of FARHATSERIN, which was formerly a very large city, near which we stopped beside a small river.] » #3614 unknown ed. M. Morisot, Relations veritables et curieuses de l'isle de Madagascar, et du Bresil. : Auec l'histoire de la derniere guerre faite au Bresil, entre les Portugais et les Hollandois. ; Trois relations d'Egypte, et vne du royaume de Perse, Chez Augustin Courbé, Paris, 1651 ~ p. 118
« 14/11 Farhatserin (Khanaquin) » #3620 Stefanos Yerasimos, Les voyageurs dans l'Empire Ottoman (XIV - XVI siecles). Bibliographie, itineraires et inventaire des lieux habites., Imprimerie De La Sociêtê Turquie D'histoire,, Ankara, 1991 ~ p. 429
SOURCE for Hadji-Kara
« Nous fimes halte dans le village de Hadjy-Kara, situé sur la rive droite de cette rivière. Il y a un caravansérail nouvellement bâti. C'est le dernier en-droit où l'on trouve des dattiers sur cette route. [We stopped in the village of Hadjy-Kara, located on the right bank of this river. There is a newly built caravanserai. It is the last place where date palms can be found on this route.] » #3179 Adrien Dupré, Voyage en Perse, fait dans les années 1807, 1808 et 1809, en traversant la Natolie et la Mésopotamie, 1819 ~ vol. 1 p. 223
SOURCE for Hanikin
« Describing the population of such towns as Qizil Robat and ?āni?in, Herzfeld noted that in 1905 they were overwhelmingly Persophone (Herzfeld 1907: 51). Moreover, he noted that at this time ?āni?in, which is today c. 11–12 km. from the Iran-Iraq border, was the last town on Ottoman soil, housing the quarantine station in a large caravanserai, an important stopping point for Persian pilgrims en route to Kerbelā and Najaf. » #3576 D. T. Potts, On Cultural Boundaries and Languages in Western Iran: The Case of the Zagros Gates, in: ed. Ali Hozhabri, Archaeology of Iran in the Historical Period, University of Tehran and Springer, , 2020, pp. 55-63 ~ p. 59
SOURCE for Haniqin
« HäniqinIII D2Id. Iraq.Cité de la circonscription (kūra) de Hulwan.I 172; Η 233, 234; Hur 6, 19; Qud 198, 235; Y 270;R 164; M 53, 355; Muq 25, 53, 115, 121, 135. Yaq II, 393; LS 61-62, 80; DKI 484-85; EI2 IV 1056-57. [Häniqin III D2 Id. Iraq. City of the constituency (kūra) of Hulwan. I 172; Η 233, 234; Hur 6:19; Qud 198, 235; Y 270; R 164; M 53, 355; Muq 25, 53, 115, 121, 135. Jac II, 393; LS 61-62, 80; DKI 484-85; EI2 IV 1056-57.] » #2912 Georgette Cornu, Atlas du monde arabo-islamique a l'epoque classique IXe-Xe siecles, E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1985, ~ p. 28
SOURCE for Kanaqin
« city of Khāniqin 5 » #3044 Kātib Çelebi ed: Gottfried Hagen and Robert Danko, An Ottoman Cosmography, Translation of Cihānnümā, Brill, Leiden, 2021 ~ pt. 2 p. 375
SOURCE for Khanakee
« Khanakee » #3070 James Justinian Morier, A Journey Through Persia, Armenia, and Asia Minor, to Constantinople, in the Years 1808 and 1809, Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, London, 1812 ~ p. 415
SOURCE for Khanaki
« and reached Khanaki at nine in the morning. We crossed the Diala, which washes the northern walls of the town, over a handsome bridge, built by the Persians to facilitate their pilgrimage to Meshed Ali. About a mile to the N. we pitched our tents in the neighbourhood of some gardens.Khanaki, which is of reputed antiquity, defines the frontier of the Pashalick of Bag-dad, and has met with a fate natural to its unfortunate position between two rival pow-ers. About two years ago it was taken by Mohummud Ali Meerza, and must at that time have had its share of the calamities of war. Upon the retreat of the Prince into Kermanshah, he left behind him a garrison of three hundred Coords, who were surprised by the Pasha of Bagdad, and, without ex-ception, put to the sword. This catastrophe occurred only six months back. » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 1 p. 294
SOURCE for Khan-e-Keen
« It will be seen that Khan-e-Keen is seated on the river Silwund, which may well be the Silla of antiquity; that its distance corresponds, with sufficient accuracy, to that assigned to Artemita from Seleucia and Ctesiphon. (1)
fn. 1 There is no measuring off the exact distance of this place on Kinnier's Map, as in it its name is altogether omitted. In a route from Sennah by Kermanshah to Bagdad, by Mr. Webb, attached to the geographical memoir for the illustration of this map, Khanakee is stated to be eighteen miles from Kuzzelroobaut (or Kesrabad) and this measures exactly sixty miles, the distance of Dastagherd from Ctesiphon, making the whole seventy-eight. »
SOURCE for Khan-el-Keen
« Khan-el-Keen » in {map#1120 in #1185 Buckingham, J. S., Travels in Assyria, Media, and Persia, including a journey from Bagdad by Mount Zagros, to Hamadan, the ancient Ecbatana, researches in Ispahan and the ruins of Persepolis, and journey from thence by Shiraz and Shapoor to the sea-shore, Henry Colburn: Gregg International Publishers Limited, London: London, 1829:1971 ~ fig. General Map of Persia}
SOURCE for Khanikin
« At 18½ miles, crossing a stream, walled gardens are reached passing between which, stony streets are traversed, and the bridge over the rapid stream of the Hulvan crossed at 19 miles. The river bed is 100 yards wide, and the bridge is solid brick and stone; roadway 25 feet. The stream, 60 yards wide, is fordable. Khānikin is situated on both banks of the Hulvän river amongst gardens, and possesses a telegraph and post office. » #3485 Routes in Persia Volume II. (North-Western Persia), Printed at the government monotype press, Simla, 1923 ~ p. 148
« Le lendemain après avoir paſſé la rivière à gué, nous fimes cinq heu-res de chemin, et campames à Khanikin, gros bourg ſitué ſur le bord de la rivière de Halvan, [The next day, after fording the river, we traveled for five hours and camped at Khanikin, a large town situated on the banks of the Halvan River.] » #2562 Jean Otter, Voyage en Turquie et en Perse, Paris, 1748, ~ vol. 1 p. 173
« As the day broke we found ourselves approaching the foot of the great Zagros range, and soon after sunrise reached another large caravanserai at the picturesque but half- ruined village of Khanikin , embedded in palms and watered by the small river Holwan , here crossed by a large and well- built bridge . » #2941 Austen Henry Layard, Early Adventures in Persia, Susiana, and Babylonia, John Murray, London, 1887, ~ vol. 1 p. 210
SOURCE for Khaniqin
« it is 5 leagues to Khaniqin city, » #1764 ed. Le Strange, G., The geographical part of the Nuzhat-al-qulub composed by Hamd-Alla¯h Mustawfi¯ of Qazwi¯n in 740 (1340), E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1919 ~ p. 162
« Of the towns of Hulwan are:- Khāniqin; Zabūjān; Shalāshilan; (3) al-Jamid; (4) al-Hurr; as-Sirawan; (5) Bandanijān.(6)
fn. 6 The town called in Yaqūt al-Bandanijain (I.745). The original Persian name of the town was Wandanikān. It is, he says, a well-known place on the far side of an-Nahrawan towards the Jabal (Persian Iraq). It is a dependency of Baghdad, but might also be reckoned among the townships of Mihrijangadhaq. One of its inhabitants thus describes it: al-Bandanijain is a collection of hamlets, separate one from the other and each not visible from the others but of which the palm-trees continue with no interval. The largest hamlet was called Baqutnāyā, where there was a market and where the Governor's house and the residence of the Qadhi stood. The other hamlets were Buwaiqiyā, Sūq Jamil and Filisht. »
#3135 Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad Muqaddasi ed. George Speirs Alexander Ranking, Ahsānu-t-taqāsim Fi Ma?rifati-l-aqālim Volume 1, Parts 1–4, Asiatic Society of Bengal, New Series, No. 899, Calcutta, 1897 ~ p. 174
SOURCE for Khannikin
« From the top of the next slope there was a view of Khannikin, a considerable-looking town among groves of palms and other trees. Then came a worse sea of mud, and a rudely cobbled causeway, so horrible that it diverted us back into the mud, which was so bottomless that it drove us back to the causeway, and the causeway back to the mud, the rain all the time coming down in sheets. This causeway, without improvement, is carried through Khannikin, a town with narrow blind alleys, » #3644 Bishop, Isabella L., Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan, John Murray, London, 1891 ~ vol. 1 p. 62
SOURCE for Old Khaniqi
« village of Old Khāniqi 8 parasangs—a large river flows in front of it » #3044 Kātib Çelebi ed: Gottfried Hagen and Robert Danko, An Ottoman Cosmography, Translation of Cihānnümā, Brill, Leiden, 2021 ~ pt. 2 p. 375

R182-037 Bagdat
R182-037 Bagdat : place IRQ
NIMA/GNS feature: PPLC UFI: -3103581 coordinate: lat 33.3386111 long 44.3938889
NIMA/GNS names: Bagdad , Baghdad , Baghdad ,
VARIANT names: Bagdad , Bagdat , Bagdet , Baghdad , new Babylon , Pai-ta ,
SOURCE for Bagdad
« nous parti-mes de Bagdad le 6 de Juin [We left Baghdad on June 6th] » #2562 Jean Otter, Voyage en Turquie et en Perse, Paris, 1748, ~ vol. 1 p. 168
« Notre intention, en quittant Bagdad, était d'abord de descendre le Tigre jusqu'à Bassora, et d'aller ensuite à Bender-Bouchêhr; [Our intention, on leaving Baghdad, was first to descend the Tigris to Basra, and then to go to Bender-Bouchehr;] » #3179 Adrien Dupré, Voyage en Perse, fait dans les années 1807, 1808 et 1809, en traversant la Natolie et la Mésopotamie, 1819 ~ vol. 1 p. 218
« We quitted Bagdad by the gate of Imâm Azam, so called from its leading to the tomb of that saint, who is venerated as the chief of the Hanefies, and whose mausoleum is about an hour's ride to the north of the city. This was the gate by which I entered on my arrival here; and being in the N. E. quarter of Bagdad, it is the principal point of arrival and departure for all the great roads on the east side of the Tigris. » #1185 Buckingham, J. S., Travels in Assyria, Media, and Persia, including a journey from Bagdad by Mount Zagros, to Hamadan, the ancient Ecbatana, researches in Ispahan and the ruins of Persepolis, and journey from thence by Shiraz and Shapoor to the sea-shore, Henry Colburn: Gregg International Publishers Limited, London: London, 1829:1971, ~ p. 4
« At eight miles fromBagdad wemet a caravan of Persians, which appeared to form the suite of some woman of rank. Nine veiled females, all mounted astride on horses, were riding in aline. She who bythe superiority of dress appeared to be the principal lady, had her horse led by an eunuch. We arrived in Bagdad at half-past three in the afternoon, having suffered so much from the intense heat of the sun that our hands and faces were completely blistered. » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 1 pp. 218-9
Da Ispahan, del 17 di marzo 1617.
1. Con occasione di certe lettere, che per uomo a posta spedi-sco verso Italia, non voglio mancare di far parte a V. S. del mio viaggio dalla Babilonia in qua: ma, perchè ho poco tempo, il più brevemente che potrò, conforme le scrissi da Bagdad con le ultime mie, una de'ventitrè di decembre, e l'altra poscritta del due di gennaio; il quarto giorno del corrente anno 1617 partii da quella città nel modo che dirò. I Persiani, che sono oggi in guerra coi Turchi, fecero poco innanzi Natale una correria nel paese di Bagdad, e rovinarono una villa grossa, chiamata Mendeli. [From Ispahan, March 17, 1617.
1. On the occasion of certain letters that I am sending to Italy by post, I do not want to fail to inform Your Excellency of my journey from Babylon onwards. But, since I have little time, I will do so as briefly as possible, as I wrote to you from Baghdad with my last ones, one dated December 23rd and the other postscript dated January 2nd. On the fourth day of this year 1617, I left that city in the manner I will describe. The Persians, who are now at war with the Turks, made a raid on the country of Baghdad shortly before Christmas and destroyed a large village called Mendeli.]
SOURCE for Bagdat
« I came to Mando, eight p. a town belonging to the Turks. The 25th, eight p. to Emomester. The 26th, eight p. to Boroh, passed over a river in a boat, and came that night to Bagdat. » #1518 Kerr, Robert, A General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels arranged in systematic order: forming a complete History of the origin and progress of navigation, discovery, and commerce, by sea and land, from the earliest to the present time., W.Blackwood:T. Cadell, 1824, 18 vols ~ vol. 9 p. 219
« At Hispahan I abode thirteene dayes, and spent a moneths journey to Bagdat; which is a Citie about two English miles in compasse, seated on Tigris: neverthelesse it is very populous, and of great traffique of strangers, being the way to Persia, Turkie, and Arabia. Here I embarqued my selfe for Balsara; » #2540 Purchas, Samuel, Hakluytus posthumus, or Purchas his pilgrimes : contayning a history of the world in sea voyages and lande travells by Englishmen and others in 20 vols., Glasgow : J. Maclehose, 1905, ~ vol. 3 p. 86
« February 21. We rose from ye Caravansarai, and arrived about 12 o'clock this day at Bagdat (God be praised), all in good health, having been 71 dayes on our Journey from Spahan to this place. » #3146 Yule, Henry Colonel, The Diary Of William Hedges, The Hakluyt Society, London, 1889 ~ p. 218
« D'Anna à Bagdat, jours. 4 » #3632 Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste, Les six voyages de Jean Baptiste Tavernier, Ecuyer Baron d'Aubonne, qu'il a fait en Turquie, en Perse, et aux Indes,, Chez Gervais Clouzier et Claude Barbin, 1676 ~ p. 286
« Cette eſcorte ne marcha que deux jours avec nous, et ils ſe retirerent le cinquième dés que les troupes à pied et à cheval du Bacha de Bagdat parurent.Aprés avoir un peu côtoyé le Tygre, le ſeptiéme au matin nous fùmes loger à Bagdat chez les Capucins qui occupent une maiſon du Roy, [This escort only marched with us for two days, and they withdrew on the fifth as soon as the Pasha of Baghdad's troops, both on foot and horseback, appeared.After skirting the Tigris for a while, on the morning of the seventh we were lodged in Baghdat with the Capuchins, who occupy a house belonging to the King.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 p. 136
SOURCE for Bagdet
« The sixth day wee trauelled eightéene forsongs to the great City of Bagdet, or Babylon, where we staied vntill the twentie two day of October following.This City standeth vpon the great Riuer Euphrates, and is a great, rich, and strong City, with mighty strong wals, whereon are planted 100. and twenty péeces of brasse ordinance. » #3515 Robert Coverte, ed. Boies Penrose, The travels of Captain Robert Coverte, Wm. F. Fell co., printers, for Mr. Boies Penrose, 1931 ~ p. 85
SOURCE for Baghdad
« Parties of irregular horse were stationed at the caravanserais which have been built at regular distances on the much-frequented road between Hillah and Baghdad. » #2941 Austen Henry Layard, Early Adventures in Persia, Susiana, and Babylonia, John Murray, London, 1887, ~ vol. 2 p. 200
« thence 8 to Baghdad. Total (from Qasr-i-Shirin) to Baghdad 30 leagues, » #1764 ed. Le Strange, G., The geographical part of the Nuzhat-al-qulub composed by Hamd-Alla¯h Mustawfi¯ of Qazwi¯n in 740 (1340), E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1919 ~ p. 162
« From Baghdad to Asadābād in the direction of Hamadān: » #3044 Kātib Çelebi ed: Gottfried Hagen and Robert Danko, An Ottoman Cosmography, Translation of Cihānnümā, Brill, Leiden, 2021 ~ pt. 2 p. 375
SOURCE for new Babylon
« e finalmente dopo 41. giorni di pericoloſo, e rincrefcevole viaggio fopra il Chilech, giungemmo alla nuova Babilonia, nella di cui dogana trovai il Padre Emanuelle [and finally after 41 days of dangerous and unpleasant journey across Chile, we arrived at the new Babylon, in whose customs house I found Father Emanuelle.] » #3643 Leandro : di Santa Cecilia, Persia ovvero secondo viaggio di f. Leandro di Santa Cecilia carmelitano scalzo dell'oriente. Scritto dal medesimo,, nella stamperia di Angelo Rotilj nel palazzo de Massimi, Roma, 1757 ~ p. 17
« In ſedeci giorni dopo la noſtra partenza da Sufa arrivammo in Babilonia, dove trovai il Padre mio-Compagno, che di già ritornato era da Baffora ammalato. [Sixteen days after our departure from Sufa we arrived in Babylon, where I found my Companion Father, who had already returned from Baffora and was ill.] » #3643 Leandro : di Santa Cecilia, Persia ovvero secondo viaggio di f. Leandro di Santa Cecilia carmelitano scalzo dell'oriente. Scritto dal medesimo,, nella stamperia di Angelo Rotilj nel palazzo de Massimi, Roma, 1757 ~ p. 191
SOURCE for Pai-ta
#326 Chau Ju-kua (trans. Hirth, F and Rockhill, W W), His work on the Chinese and Arab Trade in the twelth and thriteenth centuries entitled Chu-fan-chi, Office of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 1911 pp. 117, 122 note 13