R189path Olearius - Mandelslo.kmz

R189path Olearius - Mandelslo

R189-015a Aggis Caravansera
R189-015a Aggis Caravansera : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: PASS UFI: -3051870 coordinate: lat 38.83 long 47.935
NIMA/GNS names: Agiz Pass , Gardaneh-ye Aghiz , Gardaneh-ye Agiz ,
VARIANT names: Aggis Caravansera , Agiz Pass ,
SOURCE for Aggis Caravansera
« About noon, we came in sight of a Caravansera, called Aggis, the structure whereof is of the noblest kind we had seen. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 169
SOURCE for Agiz Pass

R189-016 Tzanlu
R189-016 Tzanlu : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: PPL UFI: -3771140 coordinate: lat 38.5384 long 48.2016
NIMA/GNS names: Mohammad Jani , Mohammad Janlu , محمد جان لو , محمد جانی ,
VARIANT names: Mohammad Janlu , Tzanlu ,
SOURCE for Mohammad Janlu
SOURCE for Tzanlu
« Not far from it, we met a Persian, who was ex|cellently well mounted, and attended by two servants, who told us, that the King had sent him to be our Mehemandar, to take order for our subsistence, and to Conduct us with the soonest to the Court. We lodg'd that night in a Village called Tzanlu, at the foot of a Mountain, where we found excellent Gardens, and abundance of fruit-trees, but no Wood for firing, in|somuch that we were forc'd to make use of Cow-dung, Hors-dung, and Camels-dung. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 169

R189-016a Samajan bridge
R189-016a Samajan bridge : place IRN (bridge)
NIMA/GNS feature: none independent coordinate: lat 38.382831 long 48.232673 † basis (p)
VARIANT names: Pol-e Samiyan , Samajan bridge , Samiyan bridge ,
SOURCE for Pol-e Samiyan
« Lage: 11km nördlich der safavidisch-qadjarischen Qara-Su-Brücke (Kara-Su/Qareh Su), die den Namen Pol-e Samiyan trägt. Die Station liegt 26km nördlich von Ardebil am alten Weg von Ardebil nach Meshkinshahr und Ahar und auch in Richtung auf die Dasht-e Moghan-Steppe. Die Ruine konnte nicht vermessen werden. [Location: 11 km north of the Safavid-Qajar Qara-Su bridge (Kara-Su/Qareh Su), which bears the name Pol-e Samiyan. The station lies 26 km north of Ardebil on the old road from Ardebil to Meshkinshahr and Ahar, and also in the direction of the Dasht-e Moghan steppe. The ruin could not be surveyed.] » #3474 Kleiss, Wolfram, Karawanenbauten in Iran. Materialien zur iranischen Archäologie, Materialien zur iranischen Archa¨ologie, D. Reimer, Berlin, 1996 Band 2:Teil 1: ~ p. 51
SOURCE for Samajan bridge
« VVe cross'd it near the Village of Samajan, over a very fair stone bridge, containing six noble Arches, which were in all thirty eight fathom in length. About half a league thence, we came to the end of that day's journey, to a Village cal|led Thabedar, two little leagues from Ardebil, where we stay'd that night » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 169
SOURCE for Samiyan bridge

R189-017 Thabedar
R189-017 Thabedar : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: none independent coordinate: lat 38.371336 long 48.24378 † basis (p)
VARIANT names: Thabedar ,
SOURCE for Thabedar
« VVe cross'd it near the Village of Samajan, over a very fair stone bridge, containing six noble Arches, which were in all thirty eight fathom in length. About half a league thence, we came to the end of that day's journey, to a Village cal|led Thabedar, two little leagues from Ardebil, where we stay'd that night » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 169

R189-018 Ardebil
R189-018 Ardebil : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: PPLA UFI: -3053565 coordinate: lat 38.2498 long 48.2933
NIMA/GNS names: Ardabil , Ardebil , اردبيل , اردبيل ,
VARIANT names: Ardabil , Ardebil , Ardevil ,
SOURCE for Ardabil
SOURCE for Ardebil
« we took it for the City it self, though they are distant one from the other above half a league) we met with, in the head of a body of Horse, the Calenter of Ardebil, » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 170
SOURCE for Ardevil
« Paffons à la fituation de la ville, qu'on nomme Ardevil ou Ardebil. Elle eft au nord de la Perfe, à l'eft de la province de Servandans l'an-cienne Medie; [Let us consider the situation of the city, which is called Ardevil or Ardebil. It is north of Perfe, east of the province of Servandans in ancient Media;] » #3227 LeBrun, Corneille, Voyages de Corneille Le Brun par la Moscovie, en Perse, et aux Indes Orientales., Wetstein, Amsterdam, 1718 ~ p. 172

R189-017a Kelheran
R189-017a Kelheran : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: PPL UFI: -3069177 coordinate: lat 38.2903 long 48.2929
NIMA/GNS names: Kalkhowran `Olya , Kalkhowran Sheykh , Kalkhuran , Kalkhuran Sheykh , Sheykh Kalkharan , شيخ كلخران , کلخوران شیخ ,
VARIANT names: Kalkhuran , Kelgeran , Kelheran ,
SOURCE for Kalkhuran
SOURCE for Kelgeran
Le fixième Oftobre je me rendis au village de Kelgeran, à une bonne demi lieuë de la ville au nord. [On the tenth of October I went to the village of Kelgeran, a good half league north of the city.]
SOURCE for Kelheran
« Near the Village of Kelheran, (which is so noble a place, that viewing, at a distance, its Steeples, or Towers, whereof there are a very great number, and they make a very great shew, in regard they are built of stones of several colours, we took it for the City it self, though they are distant one from the other above half a league) we met with, in the head of a body of Horse, the Calenter of Ardebil, whose name was Taleb Chan, an aged, and very spare man. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 170

R189-020 Sengoa
R189-020 Sengoa : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: PPL UFI: -3082333 coordinate: lat 37.759153 long 48.282561
NIMA/GNS names: Sanava , Sangabad , Sanjabad , Sanjabad , Sendzhava , سنگ آباد ,
VARIANT names: Sanava , Sengoa ,
SOURCE for Sanava
SOURCE for Sengoa
« Iune the 13. we continu'd our journey, through very bad way, and over Mountains with such dreadfull precipices, that not thinking it safe to trust the Beasts with the Litter, wherein the Ambassador Brugman lay, we had it carried by men. In the Vallies, we found many great
description
PAGE 184
Villages and Huts, and excellent Meadows, all cover'd with fair Cattel. Having travell'd five Leagues, or better that day, we came at night to a Village called Sengoa, where we found a Melik » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 184

R189-021 River Kisilosein
R189-021 River Kisilosein : place IRN (bridge)
NIMA/GNS feature: none independent coordinate: lat 37.588279 long 48.228397 † basis (p)
Supplement: pel tarykhy feyruzabad پل تاريخي فيروزآباد
VARIANT names: Firouzabad bridge , River Kisilosein ,
SOURCE for Firouzabad bridge
SOURCE for River Kisilosein
« There runs through the bottom the River Kisilosein, which falls into it through Rocks and Precipices, with an inconceivable swiftness, and a noise that stuns the passengers. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 184

R189-019 Busum : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Bu Hoseyn , Busun , Busun-e Bala ,
VARIANT names: Busum , Busun ,
SOURCE for Busum
« Having taken leave of him, we prosecuted our journey, over a high and craggy Mountain, till we came to the Village of Busum, which lies in a bottom, four Leagues from Ardebil. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 183
SOURCE for Busun

R189-023 Hatzimir
R189-023 Hatzimir : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Haji Mir , Hajj Mir , Hajji Mir , Khadzhi-Mir , حاجی میر ,
VARIANT names: Haji Mir , Hatzimir ,
SOURCE for Haji Mir
SOURCE for Hatzimir
« The 17. we left Keintze, after the mid-day's great heat was a little over: but our Mehe|mandar, instead of Conducting us along the High-way, made us turn on the right hand, and Lodg'd us in a Village, called Hatzimir, seated in a bottom, which was, of all sides, encom|pass'd with Rocks. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 184

R189-024 Kamahl
R189-024 Kamahl : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Chomalu , Chormal , Chormalu , Chumalu , Chumanlu , چومالو ,
VARIANT names: Chormal , Kamahl ,
SOURCE for Chormal
SOURCE for Kamahl
« Iune 18. we got on Horse-back after Sermon, and Dinner, marching after the rate of a full trot, between two very sleepy Hills, and we came about midnight to the Village of Kamahl, which is two leagues or better out of the High-way, and six from our last Lodging, and we
descripti
were Lodg'd in several houses, scatter'd up and down, upon three hills. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ pp. 184-5

R189-025 Senkan
R189-025 Senkan : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Zanjan , Zenjan , زنجان ,
VARIANT names: Samgael , Senjan , Senkan , Zanjan , Zarigan , Zinjaun ,
SOURCE for Samgael
« Le vingt-troisieme nous arrivâmes à la ville de Samgael, au-delà de laquelle nous nous arrêtâmes, [On the twenty-third we arrived at the city of Samgael, beyond which we stopped,] » #3227 LeBrun, Corneille, Voyages de Corneille Le Brun par la Moscovie, en Perse, et aux Indes Orientales., Wetstein, Amsterdam, 1718 ~ p. 175
SOURCE for Senjan
« However, I have more inclination for not too remote realities, and I request to be informed how many inhabitants Senjanhas, and am told 50,000, a considerable exaggeration, as I suspect. How much is the revenue of the town? Eighty-six thousand tuman in maliat, 10,500 charvar of wheat and barley, and 10,000 charvar of straw. And what is the strength of the garrison? Two thousand foot and 1300 cavalry soldiers, but the force can be doubled if necessary. Of the inhabitants of Senjan only 5 per cent are Parsis or Persians. » #3654 Sven Hedin, Overland To India, Macmillan and Co., London, 1910 ~ vol. 1 pp. 147-8
SOURCE for Senkan
« The City of Senkan was heretofore of a considerable bigness, and famous for its Trading, before Tamberlane destroy'd it: but what reduc'd it to the condition it is in now, is the Turk, who hath taken and plunder'd it several times. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 185
« On the first of the next Moneth we came into a litle City called Senkan » #3675 John Struys, trans. John Morrison, The Perillous and Most Unhappy Voyages of John Struys; through Italy, Greece, … Media, Persia, …, and other places in Europe, Africa and Asia, London, 1683 ~ p. 301
SOURCE for Zanjan
SOURCE for Zarigan
« Nous arrivâmes ſur les fix hen res du matin vingt-cinquième à van village nommé Merbad, où fur les dix heures du ſoir aprés neuf heures de beaux chemins nous allâmes à Zarigan. [We arrived on the twenty-fifth of the morning at the village named Merbad, where at ten o'clock in the evening after nine hours of beautiful roads we went to Zarigan.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 p. 55
SOURCE for Zinjaun
« Zinjaun is the capital of the district of Khumseh, and is governed by Abdoolah Meerza one of the King's sons, who resides here. The town is large and populous ; it is enclosed in a mud wall, in good repair. The bazaar is superior to those at Hamadan and Kermanshah , and almost equal to that at Bagdad. » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 p. 150

R189-026 Sulthanie
R189-026 Sulthanie : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Sa`idiyeh , Soltaneyyeh , Soltaniyeh , Sultaniye , Sultaniyeh , سلطانيه ,
VARIANT names: Soltaneyyeh , Sultanie , Sultanieh , Sultaniyye , Sulthanie ,
SOURCE for Soltaneyyeh
« From Sultaniyyah to Ray and Varamin » #1764 ed. Le Strange, G., The geographical part of the Nuzhat-al-qulub composed by Hamd-Alla¯h Mustawfi¯ of Qazwi¯n in 740 (1340), E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1919 ~ p. 168
SOURCE for Sultanie
« Le Caravanſerail où nous logeâmes le vingt-ſeptiéme s'appelle Queurqueboula et n'eſtqu'à demye lieue de Sultanie. Cette ville paroît fort belle de loing, ce qui me donna envie de l'aller voir. Quand je fus dedans je ne trouvay rien de plus laid. Quelques Moſquées et quelques maifons particulieres en font toute la beauté: le reſte paroît des nits à rats. Les dehors et les jardins ſeulement en font beaux. Par les ruïnes qu'on y voit, il eſt aifé de juger que cette ville étoit autrefois plus grande qu'elle `n'eſt aujourd'huy. [The caravanserai where we stayed on the twenty-seventh is called Queurqueboula and is only half a league from Sultanie. This city appears very beautiful from afar, which made me want to go and see it. When I was inside, I found nothing uglier. A few mosques and some private houses constitute its entire beauty; the rest looks like rat holes. Only the exteriors and gardens make it beautiful. From the ruins one sees there, it is easy to judge that this city was once larger than it is today.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 p. 57
« On the 2 of Decemb. we set forward and came in good time to Sultanie, » #3675 John Struys, trans. John Morrison, The Perillous and Most Unhappy Voyages of John Struys; through Italy, Greece, … Media, Persia, …, and other places in Europe, Africa and Asia, London, 1683 ~ p. 301
SOURCE for Sultanieh
« June 5.-We left our quarters before dusk, marched sixteen miles, and halted for a few hours at the village of Saingula ; we then proceeded to Sultanieh, eighteen miles distant. » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 p. 147
« June 6.-In the middle of the plain is Sultanieh , a city founded six hundred years ago by Sultan Khodabundah, but now completely in ruins. Amidst the heaps of fallen houses, the only building worthy of notice is the tomb of the founder. It » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 p. 148
« Sultanieh » #3070 James Justinian Morier, A Journey Through Persia, Armenia, and Asia Minor, to Constantinople, in the Years 1808 and 1809, Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, London, 1812 ~ p. 412
SOURCE for Sultaniyye
« Zanján on 15th November for Sultániyyé. The road from Zanján to Sultániyyé runs through a perfectly flat stony plain bounded by low hills to the north and the south, and is devoid of interest. » #3380 Browne, Edward Granville, A year amongst the Persians; impressions as to the life, character, and thought of the people of Persia, received during twelve month's residence in that country in the years 1887-8, Adam and Charles Black, 1893 ~ p. 75
SOURCE for Sulthanie
« Iune 21. having stay'd till the great Heat were over, we left Senkan after Sun-set, taking our way, by Moon-light, through a Plain of six Leagues, at the end whereof we came, with the Sun-rising, to Sulthanie. It had been so calm and cold in the Night, that we had hardly
description
PAGE 186
the use of our Limbs, so that we had much ado to alight. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ pp. 185-6

R189-027 Choramdah
R189-027 Choramdah : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Khorramdareh , Khorramdarreh , Khurramdarreh , Khurramdarrekh , خرمدره ,
VARIANT names: Choramdah , Choramdeky , Emtier , Gromdora , Khorramdarreh , Khurram-dere ,
SOURCE for Choramdah
« We departed two hours before Sun-rising, and travell'd that day six Leagues, through a very fertil Country, all arable and pasture Lands, leaving, on the left hand, the little Mountains called Tzikitz•ki, where the King of Persia's best Race-Horses and Mares for breed are kept. About noon we took up our Lodging at the Village of Choramdah, which lies on the side of a little River, having so many Trees and Gardens about it, that it is not without reason that name is given it, which signifies, a place of Pleasure. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 197
SOURCE for Choramdeky
« Leaving Syllebek we came the next day at night to Choramdeky which for it's many Gardens seems to be a Paradise. It is also watered with a good River which glides thrô the Town, and by a Serpentine course thrô the Fields round about the City renders the Earth more fertile and of a very good soil, » #3675 John Struys, trans. John Morrison, The Perillous and Most Unhappy Voyages of John Struys; through Italy, Greece, … Media, Persia, …, and other places in Europe, Africa and Asia, London, 1683 ~ p. 303
SOURCE for Emtier
« Notre Caravane eut encore le lendemain quatre heures de la même plaine à auſſi fertile et auffi pleine de villages, et logea dans une maiſon proche une petite ville nommée Emtier fort jolie par la grande quantité de jardins et la petite riviere qui y paffe. [Our caravan spent another four hours the next day on the same plain, which was also fertile and full of villages, and stayed in a house near a small town called Emtier, which was very pretty because of the large number of gardens and the small river that flows through it.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 p. 60
SOURCE for Gromdora
« Nous pourfuivimes notre voyage deux heures avant jour, et après une traite de cinq heures, nous ar rivames à Gromdora, bourg d'une grande étendue, rempli d'arbres et de jardins, [We continued our journey two hours before daybreak, and after a five-hour trek, we arrived at Gromdora, a large town filled with trees and gardens.] » #3227 LeBrun, Corneille, Voyages de Corneille Le Brun par la Moscovie, en Perse, et aux Indes Orientales., Wetstein, Amsterdam, 1718 ~ p. 177
SOURCE for Khorramdarreh
SOURCE for Khurram-dere
« After another uneventful stage, we reached our next halting-place of Khurram-deré-a pretty village situated on a river, surrounded by poplars and willows -about 4.30 ?.?. Here, as usual, we were very hospitably received by the villagers » #3380 Browne, Edward Granville, A year amongst the Persians; impressions as to the life, character, and thought of the people of Persia, received during twelve month's residence in that country in the years 1887-8, Adam and Charles Black, 1893 ~ p. 76

R189-028 Casuin
R189-028 Casuin : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Kazvin , Qazvin , قزوين ,
VARIANT names: Casbin , Casbine , Casbyn , Casbyne , Cashan , Casuin , Casvin , Caswin , Kasveen , Kazvin , Qazvin , Qazwyn ,
SOURCE for Casbin
« The most part of our European Chorographers who have dis|cours'd of the Cities of Persia, affirm Casbin to be the ancient Ar|sacia, and that before it was call'd Europa till the Parthians gave it that name from Arsaces, the first of their Emperors; that is it the same with that City, which the Greeks call'd Ragea, and the ho|ly Scripture Rages of Media. » #236 Chardin, J., The travels of Sir John Chardin into Persia and the East Indies : the first volume, containing the author's voyage from Paris to Ispahan : to which is added, the coronation of this present king of Persia, Solyman the Third, Printed for Moses Pitt in Duke-Street Westminster, London, 1686 ~ p. 380
« June 2. On the morning of the 2d, we came to Casbin, the seat of a Prince Governor . » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 p. 144
« enbiando el rey orden para que á las siete ó las ocho de la ma-ñana el Enbaxador entrase en Casbin. [The king sent orders for the Ambassador to enter Casbin at seven or eight in the morning.] » #3245 García de Silva y Figueroa, Manuel Serrano y Sanz, Comentarios De D. Garcia De Silva Y Figueroa De La Embajada Que De Parte Del Rey De España Don Felipe III Hizo Al Rey Xa Abas De Persia, La Spciedad de Bibliofilos Espanoles, Madrid, 1905 ~ vol. 5 p. 79
SOURCE for Casbine
« The 10th of August in the yeare of our Lord 1628. This night about 11 acloke att night we sett forward to come homwardes bound, leauing the King in this citie of Casbine in the cuntrey of Arach, otherwise called Media. » #3214 Stodart, Robert; introduction and notes by Sir. E. Denison Ross, The Journal of Robert Stodart: Being an account of his experiences as a member of Sir Dodmore Cotton's Mission in Persia in 1628-29. Published from the unique manuscript preserved in the Bodleian Library, Luzac and Co, 1935 ~ p. 64
SOURCE for Casbyn
« rom that hatefull Towne we hasted, and next night got into Casbyn. » #1608 Herbert, Thomas, Sir, Some Yeares Travels into divers parts of Asia and Afrique. Describing especially the two famous Empires, the Persian, and great Mogull: weaved with the history of these later times ... With a revivall of the first discoverer of America. Revised and enlarged by the Author., Printed by R. Bip. for Jacob Blome and Richard Bishop, London, 1638, ~ p. 196
SOURCE for Casbyne
« This daye being Saturdaye we came to Casbyne [Qasvin], wher the Kyng is, a very large cytie, hauing traveled 6 leauges. This citye lieth in the cuntrey of Arach ['Iraq]. » #3214 Stodart, Robert; introduction and notes by Sir. E. Denison Ross, The Journal of Robert Stodart: Being an account of his experiences as a member of Sir Dodmore Cotton's Mission in Persia in 1628-29. Published from the unique manuscript preserved in the Bodleian Library, Luzac and Co, 1935 ~ p. 56
SOURCE for Cashan
« The 27. we departed at mid-night, and, having travell'd five Leagues, we were got, by Sun|rising,
description
PAGE 188
near the City of Casuin, or Cashan; » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 188
SOURCE for Casuin
SOURCE for Casvin
« nous arriuafmes deux heures auant Soleil couchant du lendemain premier iour de Decembre à CASVIN, OU KASBIN, et eſt pour le preſent la ville capitale des terres du Sophi. El-le eſt dans l'ancienne Medie, à dix iournées ou enuiron de TAVRIS, dans vne grande plaine, entre collines toutesfois ou montaignes. [We arrived two hours before sunset the next day, the first day of December, at Casvin, or Kasbin, and is at present the capital city of the lands of Sophi. It is in ancient Media, ten days or so from Tavrís, in a large plain, between hills or mountains.] » #3614 unknown ed. M. Morisot, Relations veritables et curieuses de l'isle de Madagascar, et du Bresil. : Auec l'histoire de la derniere guerre faite au Bresil, entre les Portugais et les Hollandois. ; Trois relations d'Egypte, et vne du royaume de Perse, Chez Augustin Courbé, Paris, 1651 ~ p. 126
SOURCE for Caswin
« The 11. we came to the Citie of Caswin, where we were forc'd to continue nine dayes, » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 287
« EIght days long stayd we in Caswin » #3675 John Struys, trans. John Morrison, The Perillous and Most Unhappy Voyages of John Struys; through Italy, Greece, … Media, Persia, …, and other places in Europe, Africa and Asia, London, 1683 ~ p. 307
SOURCE for Kasveen
« Kasveen » in {map#1387 in #3566 J. D. Rees, Notes of a journey from Kasreen to Hamadan across the Karaghan country, ~ fig. Map of a journey from Kasveen to Hamadan}
SOURCE for Kazvin
« Next day we reached Kazvín after a short stage, during which we descended into the plain of which I have already spoken. » #3380 Browne, Edward Granville, A year amongst the Persians; impressions as to the life, character, and thought of the people of Persia, received during twelve month's residence in that country in the years 1887-8, Adam and Charles Black, 1893 ~ p. 78
« Kazvin is a large and flourishing town of 40,000 inhabitants. Its bazārs are good and it has a post and telegraph office » #3485 Routes in Persia Volume II. (North-Western Persia), Printed at the government monotype press, Simla, 1923 ~ p. 166
SOURCE for Qazvin
during the time (1548–97) that the Safavid capital was Qazvin. #EB2002
« thence-with the city of Qazvin lying 4 leagues distant on the left hand » #1764 ed. Le Strange, G., The geographical part of the Nuzhat-al-qulub composed by Hamd-Alla¯h Mustawfi¯ of Qazwi¯n in 740 (1340), E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1919 ~ p. 168
SOURCE for Qazwyn
« Qazwyn » in {map#1253 Carte de la Perse, de la Turquie d'Asie et d'une partie de la Tartarie Indépendante / Dressée par P. Lapie, ... pour les Voyages de Chardin ; Gravée par Blondeau, ..., , 1810, }

R189-029 Membre
R189-029 Membre : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: FRM UFI: 10041538 coordinate: lat 36.07307264 long 50.05987764
NIMA/GNS names: Mambareh , Manbareh , ممبره , منبره ,
VARIANT names: Manbareh , Membere , Membre , Monbara ,
SOURCE for Manbareh
SOURCE for Membere
« on the 17 of December coming at night to the Village Membere,* 1.1 where all the Houses are built round, so that at a distance they appeared like so many Pigeon-Cotes. » #3675 John Struys, trans. John Morrison, The Perillous and Most Unhappy Voyages of John Struys; through Italy, Greece, … Media, Persia, …, and other places in Europe, Africa and Asia, London, 1683 ~ p. 307
SOURCE for Membre
« The next day, the 14. having travell'd through a Plain of three Leagues, we came to the Village of Membre, whereof all the Houses were co|ver'd like Vaults, so that looking on it at a distance, the whole Village seem'd to consist of so many Ovens. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 192
« We lodg'd that night at the Village of Membre. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 287
SOURCE for Monbara
« A 12, por ser la jornada de ocho leguas se salio de este lugar á la ora que el dia de antes, y quando salia el sol llegó el Enbaxador á Monbara, otra aldea, adonde tanbien tuuo rrazonable posada, [At 12 o'clock, since the journey was eight leagues long, they left this place at the same time as the day before, and when the sun rose the Ambassador arrived at Monbara, another village, where he also had a reasonable lodging,] » #3245 García de Silva y Figueroa, Manuel Serrano y Sanz, Comentarios De D. Garcia De Silva Y Figueroa De La Embajada Que De Parte Del Rey De España Don Felipe III Hizo Al Rey Xa Abas De Persia, La Spciedad de Bibliofilos Espanoles, Madrid, 1905 ~ vol. 5 p. 78

R189-030 Araseng
R189-030 Araseng : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Arasan , Arasanj , Arasanj-e `Olya , Arasanj-e Bala , Arasanj-e Qadim , Aresanij , آراسنج , آراسنج بالا , آراسنج قديم ,
VARIANT names: Arasangh , Arasanj , Araseng , Arazangue , Areseng , Asaph ,
SOURCE for Arasangh
« Nous trouvames beaucoup de gre-nades au village d'Arafangh, fruit très-rafraichiflant et à très-bon marché. [We found many pomegranates in the village of Arafangh, a very refreshing and very cheap fruit.] » #3227 LeBrun, Corneille, Voyages de Corneille Le Brun par la Moscovie, en Perse, et aux Indes Orientales., Wetstein, Amsterdam, 1718 ~ p. 178
SOURCE for Arasanj
SOURCE for Araseng
« We travell'd that night seven Leagues, and were got the next day, being the 15. very betimes in the morning, to a fair Village, named Araseng. We found there, in a Garden which was seated on the right side of a Torrent, good store of Pomegranates and Almonds, which were a great refreshment to us. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 192
SOURCE for Arazangue
« A 11, con más de una ora de sol, se salió de este carauasar, y aunque se caminó toda la noche á buen paso y hasta una ora despues de auer salido, no se pudo llegar antes á un aldea adonde se auia de parar, que se llamaua Arazangue, siendo nueue leguas de jornada. [At 11, with more than an hour of sunlight, we left this caravan, and although we walked all night at a good pace and until an hour after leaving, we could not reach a village where we had to stop, which was called Arazangue, being nine leagues of journey.] » #3245 García de Silva y Figueroa, Manuel Serrano y Sanz, Comentarios De D. Garcia De Silva Y Figueroa De La Embajada Que De Parte Del Rey De España Don Felipe III Hizo Al Rey Xa Abas De Persia, La Spciedad de Bibliofilos Espanoles, Madrid, 1905 ~ vol. 5 p. 78
« [margin: 11] On the 16th 11th, he departed from the caravanserai with over an hour of sunlight remaining, and though the caravan traveled at a quick pace the night through, it only managed to reach the village where we were to rest from our travels an hour after sun-up. The village, which was nine leagues away, was called Arāsanj.303 Here the Ambassador took suitable lodging with a [fol. 294v-b] large family consisting of a poor man and his three married sons. They fully extended to him the same generosity he received elsewhere. » #2651 trans. and ed; Jeffrey S. Turley and George Bryan Souza, The Commentaries of D. García de Silva y Figueroa on his Embassy to Shah ʿAbbās I of Persia on Behalf of Philip III, King of Spain, Brill, Leiden, 2017, ~ p. 450
SOURCE for Areseng
« On the 18 we came to the Village Areseng, which is situated in a very pleasant Countrey and withall fertile, affoarding good store of Fruit, as Pomegranats, Oranges, Lemmons and other Summer Fruits then out of season. Here we thought good to take up our Nights Lodging. » #3675 John Struys, trans. John Morrison, The Perillous and Most Unhappy Voyages of John Struys; through Italy, Greece, … Media, Persia, …, and other places in Europe, Africa and Asia, London, 1683 ~ p. 307
SOURCE for Asaph
« Our next Manzeil was at Asaph, » #1608 Herbert, Thomas, Sir, Some Yeares Travels into divers parts of Asia and Afrique. Describing especially the two famous Empires, the Persian, and great Mogull: weaved with the history of these later times ... With a revivall of the first discoverer of America. Revised and enlarged by the Author., Printed by R. Bip. for Jacob Blome and Richard Bishop, London, 1638, ~ p. 210

R189-031 Choskeru Caravansera
R189-031 Choskeru Caravansera : place IRN (caravanserai)
NIMA/GNS feature: RHSE UFI: -3765766 coordinate: lat 35.412 long 50.2065
NIMA/GNS names: Karvansara-ye Shah `Abbasi , Karvansara-ye Shah `Abbasi , كاروانسرای شاه عباسی ,
VARIANT names: Begum , Begun , Choskera Caravansera , Choskeru , Choskeru Caravansera , Goschärri-Karwanserei , Karavanserail Khoshkak , Karvansara-ye Shah `Abbasi (Khoshkrud) , Khoshkrud Caravanserai , Khoskeru , Kochkeria caravanserai , Kockera ,
SOURCE for Begum
« The 12th daye at night we ca(me to) Begum (1), a fayer caravansero; (the) water here is brackish. This ca(ravansero) was built by the Shaw [Shah] or King then, weh was, as I vnderstood, this Shaw A(bbases) father. Here we rested in the heat of the daye, haueing traveled 10 lges,
fn. 1 See Herbert's Travels, p. 214, note. Apparently this was known as the Begum's Caravanserai, having been built by Zaynab Begum, daughter of Shah Tahmäsp and chief wife of Shah Abbas. »
#3214 Stodart, Robert; introduction and notes by Sir. E. Denison Ross, The Journal of Robert Stodart: Being an account of his experiences as a member of Sir Dodmore Cotton's Mission in Persia in 1628-29. Published from the unique manuscript preserved in the Bodleian Library, Luzac and Co, 1935 ~ p. 64
« PAGE 2141 ‘Begum’ in the first edition. It is evidently the caravanserai described by Della Valle (vol. ii, p. 579), who says that it was known as the Begum's caravanserai, because it was built by Zainab Begum (a name which Chardin, vol. ii, p. 406, turns into 'Heinab Begum '), daughter of Shah Tahmäsp and chief wife of Shah 'Abbas. » #3211 ed Foster, William, Thomas Herbert, Travels in Persia (1627-1629), George Routledge and Sons, Ltd, London, 1928 ~ p. 326 notes
SOURCE for Begun
« at Begun our next, observable in a royall Carvans-raw or Hospitall of charity, erected at the cost and care of Tahamas late King of Persia: and did the water (too brackish and unhealthy there) but correspond with other delights, it might better merit commendation. » #1608 Herbert, Thomas, Sir, Some Yeares Travels into divers parts of Asia and Afrique. Describing especially the two famous Empires, the Persian, and great Mogull: weaved with the history of these later times ... With a revivall of the first discoverer of America. Revised and enlarged by the Author., Printed by R. Bip. for Jacob Blome and Richard Bishop, London, 1638, ~ p. 210
SOURCE for Choskera Caravansera
« The 8. we left Saba betimes in the morning, and travell'd that day nine leagues, to a Caravansera named Choskera. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 286
SOURCE for Choskeru
« ‘Choskeru,’ 1618 According to Laurelius, Oxenstierna travelled from Isfahan to Hormuz and back again, following the same route ... located exactly where the early travellers placed it, between Qazvin and Saveh, c. 125 kms. from the former and 54 kms. from the latter. » #3672 D.T. Potts, Bengt Bengtsson Oxenstierna (1591–1643): A critical reassessment of his two journeys to the Near East, Fornvännen, Stockholm, 2021 116: ~ p. 121-2
« Härmed bortfaller varje skymt av tvivel på att herr Bengt verkligen tagit vägen över Saba på sin resa till Kasvin. (1) Ty från Choskeru begav sig den holsteinska ambassadören följande dag till denna stad, som befanns vara omgiven med en ringmur och består av mycket förfallna hus. fn 1 Det finns också ett belägg på att Olcarius själv varit i Khoskeru. Engelsmannen John Bell, som, deltog i den ambassad tsar Peter I år 1715 skickade till schahen av Persien, säger:fn 1 Det finns också ett belägg på att Olcarius själv varit i Khoskeru. Engelsmannen John Bell, som, deltog i den ambassad tsar Peter I år 1715 skickade till schahen av Persien, säger:The 21st (Febr. 1717), after a journey of three hours, we came to an old caravansery, called Idioop, where we rested; then advanced four agatz to another, called Kockera, situated in an extensive plain. The snow was now altogether gone, and the water at this place very bad. In an upper room of this caravansery, I saw the names of many Furopeans cut on the wall, in different languages: among which was that of Olearius, secretary to the Holstein ambassadors, who published a very exact account of that fruitless embassy. [This removes any shadow of doubt that Mr. Bengt really crossed Saba on his journey to Kasvin. (1) For from Choskeru the Holstein ambassador set out the following day for this city, which was found to be surrounded by a ring wall and consists of very dilapidated houses. fn 1 There is also evidence that Olcarius himself had been in Khoskeru. The Englishman John Bell, who participated in the embassy sent by Tsar Peter I in 1715 to the Shah of Persia, says:fn 1 There is also evidence that Olcarius himself had been in Khoskeru. The Englishman John Bell, who participated in the embassy sent by Tsar Peter I in 1715 to the Shah of Persia, says:The 21st (February 1717), after a journey of three hours, we came to an old caravansery, called Idioop, where we rested; then advanced four agatz to another, called Kockera, situated in an extensive plain. The snow was now altogether gone, and the water at this place very bad. In an upper room of this caravansery, I saw the names of many Furopeans cut on the wall, in different languages: among which was that of Olearius, secretary to the Holstein ambassadors, who published a very exact account of that fruitless embassy.] » #3673 Hedin, Sven, Resare-bengt: En Levnadsteckning, Albert Bonniers Förlag, Stockholm, 1921 ~ p. 452
SOURCE for Choskeru Caravansera
« and Lodg'd the 16. in the morning, at a Caravanscra, named Choskeru. It was all built of Free-stone, and had several Vaults and Chambers, dispos'd all about a spacious Court, in the midst whereof there was a Well, compass'd by an Iron-rail. Upon the Walls of several Rooms, were to be seen the names and devises of several persons of most Nations, who, it seems, had been desirous to leave there behind them some marks of their passage that way. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 192
« Zu Abend machten wir vno wieder auff/giengen über flach Gebirge 6. Meilen/vnd kerten den 16. dieses gegen Morgenin eine Carwanfera, Choskeru genant/ein. Diese Carwanfera ist groß vnd von Quadersteinen sehr wol vnd or-dentlich gebawet/hat viel gewdlbete Gemacher und Ställe; In der mitten einen groffen Hoff ond beschlagenen Brunnen. Man sahe in den Gemachern, an den Wanden hin und wieder vielerley Schrifften/von mancherley durchgereiseten Nationen in den Kalck geschnitten/vinter andern waren auff dem forder Gebawde folgende Namen ond Schrifften zulesen: Benedictus Oxenstirn. Item Johan Warder 1600. apr. 10. Worbey: Olim meminifle juvabit. Item: fi nihil abftuleris, ibis honore foras. Hinten an einer andern Wand: Janus Docofius 1602. Aug. 12. Darbey dieser Vers:Noli homines blandos nimium fermone probare, Fistula dulce canit volucrem,dum decipit auceps.Item A.D.1602.19. Aug: Worbey:Fata fi miferosjuvant, habes falutem, Fata fi vitam negant, habes ſepulcrum..Item Fæmina dum plorat, Ruſticus ebrius orat, Mercator jurat, nemo credere curat. [In the evening we set off again and walked six miles over low mountains, and on the 16th of this month, towards morning, we entered a caravanserai called Choskeru. This caravanserai is large and very well and neatly built of ashlar stone; it has many vaulted rooms and stables; in the middle a large courtyard and a covered well. In the rooms, on the walls here and there, one saw various inscriptions carved in lime by various nations that had passed through; among others, on the front building, the following names and inscriptions could be read: Benedictus Oxenstirn. Item Johan Warder 1600. apr. 10. Worbey: It will help to remember the past.Item: if nothing is taken away, you will go out with honor.At the back on another wall: Janus Docofius 1602. Aug. 12. Darbey this verse:Do not try too many bland men. The sweet flute sings the bird, while it deceives the bird.Item A.D.1602.19. Aug: Worbey:If the fairies are happy, you have a fortune. If the fairies deny you life, you have a grave. itemWhile a woman cries, a drunken rustic prays, a merchant swears, no one cares to believe.] » #3674 Olearius, Adam, Offt begehrte Beschreibung der newen orientalischen Reise.., Schleswig/ Ben Jacob zur Glocken, 1647 ~ p. 366
« On the 19 we betook our selvs to our Journey, and that day tra|vailed about 24 [English] Miles, over a high, but level way, coming towards night to the great Carawansera called Choskeru. This is a very commodious and large Inn, built altogether of square stones, within is a spacious Court where was a Fountain of very good Water: the Rooms and Appartments were no less commodious. On the Walls I found several Dutch, Polish and Russian Names, and also wrote my own. » #3675 John Struys, trans. John Morrison, The Perillous and Most Unhappy Voyages of John Struys; through Italy, Greece, … Media, Persia, …, and other places in Europe, Africa and Asia, London, 1683 ~ p. 407
SOURCE for Goschärri-Karwanserei
« Durchreisende hinterließen gern ihre Namen an den Wänden. So fand Kaemp-fer in der großen, zwischen Kaswin und Sahweh gelegenen Goschärri-Kara-wanserei die Namen: »1669 Adam Frantzen Chirurgus«, also ein Kollege, und dann las er gewiß mit starker Bewegung » Adam Olearius Saxo 1638, 3. Jan. "und dahinter die trübseligen Verse >>Persia mentitur fortunam fraude referta Interea si respicis nihil nisi pestis erit (Persien gaukelt mit Lug und Trug dir dein Glück vor. Schaust du indessen zurück, wird nichts als Unheil dir bleiben). [ 2,383 Travelers often left their names on the walls. Thus, Kaempfer found the names "1669 Adam Frantzen Chirurgus," a colleague, in the large Gosherri caravanserai located between Kasvin and Sahveh. He then surely read with great emotion, "Adam Olearius Saxo 1638, January 3," followed by the gloomy verses: "Persia menitur fortunam fraude referta Interea si respicis nihil nisi pestis erit" (Persia deceives you with false hope; if you look back, however, nothing but misfortune will remain).] » #3677 Meier-Lemgo, Karl, Engelbert Kaempfer (1651 - 1716) erforscht das seltsame Asien., Cram, de Gruyter and Co., Hamburg, 1960 ~ p. 38
SOURCE for Karavanserail Khoshkak
« Karavanserail Khoshkak (Taf. 1,4-2,2) am Weg von Qazvin nach Saveh (Abb.3 und 15)Lage: Das Karavanserail steht in + 1540 m ü. N.N., etwa 20 km südlich von Hedjib, an der Karawanenroute von Qazvin nach Esfahan auf einer Hochebene.Typ: Hofkaravanserail mit vier Iwanen, nicht vor die Fassade vorgezogenem Portalbau und acht Stall-Abschnit-ten.Abmessungen: 95 x 88 m Außenmaße, 62,50×56m Hof-abmessungen. Der Portalbau ist zweigeschossig (Abb. 15) und zur Mittelachse hin abgestuft (Abb. 16). [Khoshkak Caravanserail (Plates 1.4–2.2) on the road from Qazvin to Saveh (Figs. 3 and 15)
Location: The caravanserail is situated at an elevation of 1,540 m above sea level, approximately 20 km south of Hejib, on the caravan route from Qazvin to Isfahan, on a plateau.
Type: Courtyard caravanserail with four iwans, a gatehouse not projecting from the facade, and eight stable sections.
Dimensions: 95 x 88 m external dimensions, 62.50 x 56 m courtyard dimensions. The gatehouse has two stories (Fig. 15) and is stepped towards the central axis (Fig. 16).] » #3473 Kleiss, Wolfram, Karawanenbauten in Iran. Materialien zur iranischen Archäologie, Materialien zur iranischen Archa¨ologie, D. Reimer, Berlin, 1997 Band 3:Teil 2: ~ p. 20
SOURCE for Karvansara-ye Shah `Abbasi (Khoshkrud)
SOURCE for Khoshkrud Caravanserai
CHECK
SOURCE for Khoskeru
SOURCE for Kochkeria caravanserai
« A trois heures de là on en trouve un autre fort ſpacieux appellé Kochkeria, [Three hours away there is another large, spacious fort called Kochkeria,] » #3632 Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste, Les six voyages de Jean Baptiste Tavernier, Ecuyer Baron d'Aubonne, qu'il a fait en Turquie, en Perse, et aux Indes,, Chez Gervais Clouzier et Claude Barbin, 1676 ~ p. 66
SOURCE for Kockera

R189-032 Saba : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Saveh , ساوه ,
VARIANT names: Saba , Savah , Saveh , Sawa , Saway ,
SOURCE for Saba
« The 17, we came betimes in the morning, in sight of Saba, but in regard the Sun was not yet up, we made a halt at some distance from the City, to give them time to come out and receive us. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 193
« We lodg'd that night, at Saba, where we stay'd all the next day, » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 286
« Saba, which is a City lying in 34 degr. and 56 min. in a plain Field having on the West the Mountains of Elivend, which for their exceeding heighth may be seen many Miles distant. » #3675 John Struys, trans. John Morrison, The Perillous and Most Unhappy Voyages of John Struys; through Italy, Greece, … Media, Persia, …, and other places in Europe, Africa and Asia, London, 1683 ~ p. 307
SOURCE for Savah
« Desde Salmunabad á Savah recorrí cuarenta y cinco quilómetros á través de la comarca llamada Savend, uno de tantos nombres locales que no figu-ran en los mapas. [From Salmunabad to Savah I traveled forty-five kilometers through the region called Savend, one of many local names that don't appear on maps.] » #3180 Adolfo Rivadeneyra, Viaje Al Interior De Persia, ~ vol. 2 p. 35
SOURCE for Saveh
« thence 5 to the city of Savah. » #1764 ed. Le Strange, G., The geographical part of the Nuzhat-al-qulub composed by Hamd-Alla¯h Mustawfi¯ of Qazwi¯n in 740 (1340), E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1919 ~ p. 175
« A 9 salio el Enbaxador del carauasar de Giafarabat, aconpañandole el persiano de Saba, y no siendo grandes aquellas çinco leguas llegaron una legua de la çiudad, dos oras antes que amaneçiese, á una mezquita medio caida, [At 9 o'clock the Ambassador left the caravan of Giafarabat, accompanied by the Persian of Saba, and those five leagues not being great, they arrived one league from the city, two hours before dawn, at a half-fallen mosque,] » #3245 García de Silva y Figueroa, Manuel Serrano y Sanz, Comentarios De D. Garcia De Silva Y Figueroa De La Embajada Que De Parte Del Rey De España Don Felipe III Hizo Al Rey Xa Abas De Persia, La Spciedad de Bibliofilos Espanoles, Madrid, 1905 ~ vol. 5 p. 76
SOURCE for Sawa
« The 13th daye att night we came to Sawa [Sava], a pretie fine towne on a playne somthing nere the side of a hill. Here is good water. This place aboundes in grapes, pomgranetes. Here we picht in a pomgranet garden, and here we stayde the 14th daye, haueing traveled 9 lges. » #3214 Stodart, Robert; introduction and notes by Sir. E. Denison Ross, The Journal of Robert Stodart: Being an account of his experiences as a member of Sir Dodmore Cotton's Mission in Persia in 1628-29. Published from the unique manuscript preserved in the Bodleian Library, Luzac and Co, 1935 ~ p. 65
SOURCE for Saway
« To Saway we got next night, a Towne both great and fruitfull; but that it is the ruine of old Tygranocerta (as Bonacciolus guesses at) I shall never cre|dit: that it was Messabatha, or Artacana I more easily beleeve it. The Pole is here raised 35 degrees, 7 minutes; a City I may call it: It pleasantly upon a rising hill gives ground to twelve hundred houses, a sweet rivolet from Baronta refreshing it; » #1608 Herbert, Thomas, Sir, Some Yeares Travels into divers parts of Asia and Afrique. Describing especially the two famous Empires, the Persian, and great Mogull: weaved with the history of these later times ... With a revivall of the first discoverer of America. Revised and enlarged by the Author., Printed by R. Bip. for Jacob Blome and Richard Bishop, London, 1638, ~ p. 210

R189-033 Schach Ferabath Caravansera
R189-033 Schach Ferabath Caravansera : place IRN (caravanserai) NIMA/GNS feature: RHSE UFI: -3082302 coordinate: lat 34.722568 long 50.68417 Supplement: 34.7216, 50.6853,Karavansara Sangi,RHSE coordinates corrected VARIANT names: Gia farabat , Giafarabat carauasar , Karavansara Sangi , karavanserajet Schah Ferabath , Qom, Robat Qal'eh Sangi bei Qom , Salt Mountain Caravanserai , Schach Ferabath Caravansera , Schach Ferabath Carawansera , Schaferabath Caravansera , SOURCE for Gia farabat « Den 18 nådde man i tillintetgörande hetta karavanserajet Schah Ferabath, Figueroas Gia farabat, tydligen Djaferabad. [On the 18th, in scorching heat, they reached the caravanserai of Shah Ferabath, Figueroa's Gia farabat, apparently Djaferabad.] » #3673 Hedin, Sven, Resare-bengt: En Levnadsteckning, Albert Bonniers Förlag, Stockholm, 1921 ~ p. 452 SOURCE for Giafarabat carauasar « Con la conversaçion referida y diziendose muchos cuentos á este proposito, de aparençias y visiones noturnas, se llegó á un caravasar que tiene el nonbre del monte ya dicho, poco antes de amaneçer, adonde todo el dia siguiente se pasó con terrible calor y poca comodidad de todos. ... A 9 salio el Enbaxador del carauasar de Giafarabat, aconpañandole el persiano de Saba, [With the aforementioned conversation and many tales being told on this subject, of apparitions and nocturnal visions, they arrived at a caravanserai that bears the name of the aforementioned mountain, shortly before dawn, where they spent the entire following day in terrible heat and with little comfort for all. ... At 9 o'clock the Ambassador left the caravanserai of Giafarabat, accompanied by the Persian of Saba,] » #3245 García de Silva y Figueroa, Manuel Serrano y Sanz, Comentarios De D. Garcia De Silva Y Figueroa De La Embajada Que De Parte Del Rey De España Don Felipe III Hizo Al Rey Xa Abas De Persia, La Spciedad de Bibliofilos Espanoles, Madrid, 1905 ~ vol. 5 pp. 75-6 SOURCE for Karavansara Sangi SOURCE for karavanserajet Schah Ferabath « Den 18 nådde man i tillintetgörande hetta karavanserajet Schah Ferabath, Figueroas Gia farabat, tydligen Djaferabad. [On the 18th, in scorching heat, they reached the caravanserai of Shah Ferabath, Figueroa's Gia farabat, apparently Djaferabad.] » #3673 Hedin, Sven, Resare-bengt: En Levnadsteckning, Albert Bonniers Förlag, Stockholm, 1921 ~ p. 452 SOURCE for Qom, Robat Qal'eh Sangi bei Qom « Robat Qal'eh Sangi bei Qom (Taf. 17,3 und 17,4 und 18,1) (Abb. 3 und 93), auch Robat Djamshid-e Djam genannt, nordwestlich von Qom48Lage: Die Ruine steht 22 km nordwestlich von Qom, am alten Weg von Saveh nach Qom über Madjidabad und am neuzeitlichen Weg von Saveh nach Qom über Aveh (Abb.3 in + 1000 m ü. N.N.Typ: Frühislamisches Robat mit Umgängen um den Hof, keine ausgeprägten Stallungen, einfache, tonnenge wölbte Kammern, große Ecktürme, kleine, massive Zwi schentürme. Der Torbau ist architektonisch nicht betont.48 Robat Qal'eh Sangi bei Qom wurde am 23. 4. 1978 vermessen und 30. 1. 1980 sowie am 9. 5. 1983 besucht. [Robat Qal'eh Sangi near Qom (Plates 17.3, 17.4, and 18.1) (Figs. 3 and 93), also called Robat Djamshid-e Djam, northwest of Qom.48Location: The ruins are located 22 km northwest of Qom, on the old road from Saveh to Qom via Majidabad and on the modern road from Saveh to Qom via Aveh (Fig. 3, at an elevation of 1000 m above sea level).Type: Early Islamic robat with ambulatory surrounding the courtyard, no distinct stables, simple, barrel-vaulted chambers, large corner towers, and small, solid intermediate towers. The gate structure is not architecturally emphasized.48 Robat Qal'eh Sangi near Qom was surveyed on April 23, 1978, and again on January 30, 1980, and May 9, 1983. visited.] » #3473 Kleiss, Wolfram, Karawanenbauten in Iran. Materialien zur iranischen Archäologie, Materialien zur iranischen Archa¨ologie, D. Reimer, Berlin, 1997 Band 3:Teil 2: ~ p. 60 SOURCE for Salt Mountain Caravanserai « karvansaraye kuh namak کاروانسرای کوه نمک » «Salt Mountain Caravanserai» [accessed 01 Feb 2026] SOURCE for Schach Ferabath Caravansera « We stay'd there only that one day, and depar|ted thence in the evening, travelling the night following six Leagues or better, so that, the 18. by Sun-rising, we were got to a Caravansera, called Schach Ferabath. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 193 SOURCE for Schach Ferabath Carawansera « On the 24 we departed from Saba, and at night set down at the Carawansera Schach Ferabath. » #3675 John Struys, trans. John Morrison, The Perillous and Most Unhappy Voyages of John Struys; through Italy, Greece, … Media, Persia, …, and other places in Europe, Africa and Asia, London, 1683 ~ p. 308 SOURCE for Schaferabath Caravansera « an. 5. we travell'd five leagues, to a Caravansera, named Schaferabath. But ere we were all got out of the Citie of Kom, we found the Sun eclips'd soon after his rising. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 285

R189-034 Kom : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Ghom , Qom , Qum , قم ,
VARIANT names: Com , Comes , Coom , Cum , Khom , Kom , Koum , Kum , Qom , Qum , Qumm ,
SOURCE for Com
« Ce fait le Roy voulut aller à SPAHAN ville capitale de Par-thie, elloignée de CASBIN douze iournées les comptant à pas de Carauane, où nous le fuiuifmes. L'on trouue par le chemin beau-coup de bonnes places, comme entr'autres vne, qui eft appellée Com, vne autre dite CASSAN, qui eft plus grande, et plus riche que Com, comme aufli beaucoup de bourgs et villages. Tout cechemin eſt plain et vny, toutesfois d'vn coſté et d'autre on voittou-fiours des montagnes, [This done, the King wished to go to Spahan, the capital city of Parthia, twelve days distant from Casbin, counting them at the pace of Carauane, where we fled. One finds many good places along the way, such as one called Com, another called Cassan, which is larger and richer than Com, as well as many towns and villages. The whole road is flat and winding, however, on one side and the other one always sees mountains.] » #3614 unknown ed. M. Morisot, Relations veritables et curieuses de l'isle de Madagascar, et du Bresil. : Auec l'histoire de la derniere guerre faite au Bresil, entre les Portugais et les Hollandois. ; Trois relations d'Egypte, et vne du royaume de Perse, Chez Augustin Courbé, Paris, 1651 ~ p. 133
« Cette ville a 14. quartiers, et 2100. maifons, dans chacune defquelles il y a un puits, fans compter 300. abenbaars ou citernes. Elle a quatre portes, quatre Bazars, et un Meydeen, plufieurs bains, et un grand nombre de moſquées et del chapelles. [This city has 14 districts and 2100 houses, each with a well, not counting 300 cisterns or granaries. It has four gates, four bazaars, a mosque, several baths, and a large number of mosques and chapels.] » #3227 LeBrun, Corneille, Voyages de Corneille Le Brun par la Moscovie, en Perse, et aux Indes Orientales., Wetstein, Amsterdam, 1718 ~ p. 180
« D Es environs de la mon-cagne dont on fait tant de contes, on commença à voir la Ville de Com. Ayant que d'y ar-river, il faut paffer devant cinq endroits de beaucoup d'étenduë, pleins de ruines, dont les débris font encore fort elevez. [From the surroundings of the mountain about which so many tales are told, one began to see the City of Com. Having to arrive there, one must pass in front of five places of great extent, full of ruins, whose debris still stands very high.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 p. 67
SOURCE for Comes
« The 16th daye at night we came to the fayre citie Comes [Qum], weh lieth on a plaine. ... Here we picht in a pomgranet garden, haueing traveled 6 lges, In this towne ther is a fine marked [market] place. Here we stayed the 17th daye. » #3214 Stodart, Robert; introduction and notes by Sir. E. Denison Ross, The Journal of Robert Stodart: Being an account of his experiences as a member of Sir Dodmore Cotton's Mission in Persia in 1628-29. Published from the unique manuscript preserved in the Bodleian Library, Luzac and Co, 1935 ~ p. 65
SOURCE for Coom
« by this wee are entred Coom? where we refresht our
scorched and wearied bodies three dayes: In which time wee could not chuse but gather something.
COOM, (in the latitude of 34 degrees 40 minutes) is a City of good note, in Parthia; placed in the mid-way 'twixt those two royall Cities, Cazbyn and Spawhawn. It is scituate in an ample and faire sandy plain, and yeelds every way an exact horizon. Coom, gives place to no other Towne in Persia for antiquity; the ruines appearing at this day, gaine some be|leife in the inhabitants, whose common saying is, it was once compara|ble to Babylon. » #1608 Herbert, Thomas, Sir, Some Yeares Travels into divers parts of Asia and Afrique. Describing especially the two famous Empires, the Persian, and great Mogull: weaved with the history of these later times ... With a revivall of the first discoverer of America. Revised and enlarged by the Author., Printed by R. Bip. for Jacob Blome and Richard Bishop, London, 1638, ~ p. 212
SOURCE for Cum
A 8, á la ora ordinaria, se començó á caminar de es-paçio por no auer hasta Cum mas de quatro leguas, [At 8 o'clock, at the ordinary time, they began to walk from space to Cum but not more than four leagues,]
SOURCE for Khom
« On the 25 we came to the City Khom, and took up our Lodging in a Carawansera near to the great Maydan. » #3675 John Struys, trans. John Morrison, The Perillous and Most Unhappy Voyages of John Struys; through Italy, Greece, … Media, Persia, …, and other places in Europe, Africa and Asia, London, 1683 ~ p. 308
SOURCE for Kom
« De là à Kom il y a encore ſept ou huit heures de marche dans des terres feches et des fables falez: mais à une demi-lieuë de Kom la terre eft bonne et de grand rapport. [From there to Kom there is still seven or eight hours' walk through barren lands and barren fields: but half a league from Kom the land is good and of great yield.] » #3632 Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste, Les six voyages de Jean Baptiste Tavernier, Ecuyer Baron d'Aubonne, qu'il a fait en Turquie, en Perse, et aux Indes,, Chez Gervais Clouzier et Claude Barbin, 1676 ~ p. 67
« The 19. we travell'd five Leagues,* 11.193 and got in the morning before the City of Kom. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 193
« The third, we came to the Citie of Kom, where we were assign'd lodgings, in very fair houses neer the Basar, » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 285
SOURCE for Koum
« A Koum, tout nous parut fort bien. Les bazars sont vastes et il y a de belles maisons avec de grands jar-dins. La ville a un certain air provincial qui ne déplaît pas. Koum est une ville sainte. Sa mosquée, fort grande, est ornée d'un dome tout doré et de construction mo-derne très-élégante. [In Koum, everything seemed very good to us. The bazaars are vast, and there are beautiful houses with large gardens. The town has a certain provincial air that is quite appealing. Koum is a holy town. Its very large mosque is adorned with a gilded dome and is of very elegant, modern construction.] » #3657 Gobineau Comte de, Trois ans en Asie (de 1855 à 1858), Libraire de L. Hachette et Cie, Paris, 1859 ~ vol. 1 p. 256
SOURCE for Kum
« For the golden dot is the dome of the great and most sacred mosque of Kum. Kum is one of those cities to which, renowned for their sanctity, pilgrims flock on their earthly journey towards Paradise. » #3069 Crawshay-Williams, Eliot, Across Persia, Edward Arnold, London, 1907 ~ p. 296
« Kum is little less than a city of mosques, minarets, madrasahs, and corpses, for, next to Meshad, it is the most famous burial-place in Persia. Its special sanctity is due to the fact that it is the proud possessor of the shrine of Fatima, sister of Imam Riza, the eighth Imam. She was interred here in A.D. 816, and honors are accorded her that Mohammedanism rarely vouchsafes to a woman. » #3178 Jackson, A. V. Williams, Persia past and present; a book of travel and research, with more than two hundred illustrations and a map, The Macmillan Company, London, 1906 ~ p. 414
« Kûm, Ash Wednesday, 1890 » #3644 Bishop, Isabella L., Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan, John Murray, London, 1891 ~ vol. 1 p. 160
« Kûm, March 23. » #3644 Bishop, Isabella L., Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan, John Murray, London, 1891 ~ vol. 1 p. 211
« The first of these telegraph stations is at Kum, and thither I at once made my way through the spice-laden twilight of the bazaars. » #3380 Browne, Edward Granville, A year amongst the Persians; impressions as to the life, character, and thought of the people of Persia, received during twelve month's residence in that country in the years 1887-8, Adam and Charles Black, 1893 ~ p. 168
« Pool-e-dulak to Kúm, 31 1. R., 14 ?.Cross the Gonsir river by brick bridge, thence some 7 miles across barren desert plain, on which but little vegetation is visible. 7 miles, cultivation on left of road, extending to small village, distant about a mile from road. To the right, also, a small hamlet off the road; enter and pass through low bare hillocks and broken ground, with gradual ascent to left bank of Kúm river. Cultivation extends some distance to the right; post-house and serai on bank of river, opposite a brick bridge. Supplies of corn and provisions here abundant. » #3696 Claude Clerk, Notes in Persia, Khorassan, and Afghanistan, The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, 1861 vol. 31:pp. 37-65 ~ p. 55
SOURCE for Qom
SOURCE for Qum
« thence 6 to Qum, » #1764 ed. Le Strange, G., The geographical part of the Nuzhat-al-qulub composed by Hamd-Alla¯h Mustawfi¯ of Qazwi¯n in 740 (1340), E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1919 ~ p. 175
SOURCE for Qumm

R189-035 Kasinabath
R189-035 Kasinabath : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: FRM UFI: 10322783 coordinate: lat 34.495619 long 51.115807
NIMA/GNS names: Kusmabad , Qasemabad , قاسم آباد ,
VARIANT names: Kasinabath , Kasmabath , Kosmabath , Kusmabad , Qacemabad ,
POSSIBLE LOCATION at Caçen Abad FOR Kusmabad [[by distance, 6 then four leagues] PBR],
SOURCE for Kasinabath
« Iuly 21. we left Kom, an hour after Sun-set, and travell'd that night five Leagues. The next, the 22. We stay'd in a great Village, called Kasinabath, where all the Houses of one whole street were built so as that they made altogether but one continued Vaul., or kind of Cloister. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 194
SOURCE for Kasmabath
« he 2. we got five leagues further, and took up our Quarters at night, at Kasmabath. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 285
SOURCE for Kosmabath
« On the 1 of Ianuary we left Khom, and came that night to Cara|wansera
Kosmabath where we set down. » #3675 John Struys, trans. John Morrison, The Perillous and Most Unhappy Voyages of John Struys; through Italy, Greece, … Media, Persia, …, and other places in Europe, Africa and Asia, London, 1683 ~ p. 309
SOURCE for Kusmabad
SOURCE for Qacemabad
« Qacemabad » in {map#1253 Carte de la Perse, de la Turquie d'Asie et d'une partie de la Tartarie Indépendante / Dressée par P. Lapie, ... pour les Voyages de Chardin ; Gravée par Blondeau, ..., , 1810, }

R189-036 Sensen
R189-036 Sensen : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Sansen , Sen Sen , Sinsin , سن سن ,
VARIANT names: Çençen , Deffinfim , Sen Sen , Sensen , Sinfin , Sinsin , Sin-Sin , Zenzen ,
SOURCE for Çençen
« A la tarde, despues de ponerse el sol salio el Enbaxa-dor de Caxen, y aunque se camino casi toda la noche por tierra llana no se llegó hasta que queria amanecer á una pequeña aldea llamada Çençen, ... Con el calor del sol se encendio el dia de manera que se padeçio gran trabaxo, no auiendo en que se recoger y defender del gran calor sino unas paredes medio arruinadas de vn carauasar viejo, reco-giendose el Enbaxador á la mezquita del aldea, que no era mayor que una estrecha çelda de frayles, con las paredes muy delgadas y grandes ventanas á todas partes. [In the afternoon, after sunset, the Ambassador of Caxen set out, and although he walked almost all night over flat land, he did not arrive until dawn at a small village called Çençen... With the heat of the sun, the day became so intense that great hardship was suffered, there being nowhere to take shelter and defend oneself from the great heat except some half-ruined walls of an old caravanserai, the Ambassador taking refuge in the village mosque, which was no bigger than a narrow friar's cell, with very thin walls and large windows on all sides.] » #3245 García de Silva y Figueroa, Manuel Serrano y Sanz, Comentarios De D. Garcia De Silva Y Figueroa De La Embajada Que De Parte Del Rey De España Don Felipe III Hizo Al Rey Xa Abas De Persia, La Spciedad de Bibliofilos Espanoles, Madrid, 1905 ~ vol. 2 p. 66
SOURCE for Deffinfim
« Le douzieme nous partimes à une heure aprés minuit.. Nous marchâmes douze heures toû-ours dans la plaine, et nous paſſames devant pluſieurs beaux Jardins enclos de fort hautes murailles qui font des lieux de plai-ſance des Roys de Perſe, où ils viennent quand ils veulent aller à la chaffe. Le Village où nous logeâmes ſe nomme Deffinfim. [On the twelfth, we departed at one o'clock after midnight. We walked for twelve hours, always across the plain, and we passed several beautiful gardens enclosed by very high walls, which are pleasure grounds for the Kings of Persia, where they come when they wish to go to the baths. The village where we stayed is called Deffinfim.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 p. 71
SOURCE for Sen Sen
SOURCE for Sensen
« The 19th daye we came at night to Sensen [Sin-sin), a verie poore towne in a verie barren place nere a hill. Here we piched in a veri poore caravanserow out of the towne about half a mile (here the water is sweet), hauing traveled 6 lges. » #3214 Stodart, Robert; introduction and notes by Sir. E. Denison Ross, The Journal of Robert Stodart: Being an account of his experiences as a member of Sir Dodmore Cotton's Mission in Persia in 1628-29. Published from the unique manuscript preserved in the Bodleian Library, Luzac and Co, 1935 ~ p. 65
« The 23. we got seven Leagues, to the Village of Sensen, where we found abundance of Pro|visions and fruits, » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 194
« In the after-noon, we got on hors-back, and reach'd that day five leagues, to the Village of Sensen. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 285
« The next day we got the Village Sensen, lying about 5 Dutch Miles distant from Kaschan where on the 3 day of Ianuary we arrived to|wards the Evening, taking up our Quarters at a very noble and com|modious Carawansera, seeming rather a Palace than an Inn. » #3675 John Struys, trans. John Morrison, The Perillous and Most Unhappy Voyages of John Struys; through Italy, Greece, … Media, Persia, …, and other places in Europe, Africa and Asia, London, 1683 ~ p. 310
SOURCE for Sinfin
« Le neuvième nous nous repofâmes à celui de Sinfin à 7. lieuës de l'en-droit, où nous avions paffé la nuit. Ce village eft affez grand, et on y trouve plufieurs bâtimens et des Caravanserais ruinés. [On the ninth day we rested at Sinfin, 7 leagues from the place where we had camped the night. This village is quite large, and there are several buildings and ruined caravansers.] » #3227 LeBrun, Corneille, Voyages de Corneille Le Brun par la Moscovie, en Perse, et aux Indes Orientales., Wetstein, Amsterdam, 1718 ~ p. 181
SOURCE for Sinsin
« At Sinsin the next evening it was gloriously cold. » #3644 Bishop, Isabella L., Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan, John Murray, London, 1891 ~ vol. 1 p. 225
SOURCE for Sin-Sin
« but, as the sun was sinking, pushed on past Nasrahad, and eventually drove up to our night's rest-house at Sin-Sin through a world bathed in floods of magnificent moonlight. » #3069 Crawshay-Williams, Eliot, Across Persia, Edward Arnold, London, 1907 ~ p. 296
« Pasengan to Sin-Sin, 51 ?. ?. 21 ? » #3696 Claude Clerk, Notes in Persia, Khorassan, and Afghanistan, The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, 1861 vol. 31:pp. 37-65 ~ p. 55
SOURCE for Zenzen
« From Coom we rode to Zenzen; » #1608 Herbert, Thomas, Sir, Some Yeares Travels into divers parts of Asia and Afrique. Describing especially the two famous Empires, the Persian, and great Mogull: weaved with the history of these later times ... With a revivall of the first discoverer of America. Revised and enlarged by the Author., Printed by R. Bip. for Jacob Blome and Richard Bishop, London, 1638, ~ p. 213

R189-037 Katschan
R189-037 Katschan : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: PPLA2 UFI: 10325556 coordinate: lat 33.997284 long 51.441575
NIMA/GNS names: Kachan , Kashan , كاشان ,
VARIANT names: Cachan , Caixan , Caixao , Cascian , Cashan , Cassan , Cassian , Caxen , Kachan , Kaschan , Kashan , Katschan , Qasan ,
SOURCE for Cachan
« A la pointe du jour nous apperçumes Cachan, où nous arrivames a 7. heures du matin. Une partie de la caravane alla loger dans la ville, et le refte dans le Caravanferan du fauxbourg. [At daybreak we sighted Cachan, where we arrived at 7 o'clock in the morning. Part of the caravan went to stay in the town, and the rest in the Caravanferan of the suburb.] » #3227 LeBrun, Corneille, Voyages de Corneille Le Brun par la Moscovie, en Perse, et aux Indes Orientales., Wetstein, Amsterdam, 1718 ~ p. 182
« Le treiziéme érant partis à deux heures aprés minuit, nôtre courſe fut de neuf heures. Au commencement le chemin fut fort mauvais, et nous trouvámes pluſieurs Villages des habitez, avant que d'arriver à Cachan, dont le Caravanferail eft tres-beau. [The thirteenth departure was at two o'clock after midnight, our journey lasted nine hours. At the beginning the road was very bad, and we encountered several inhabited villages before arriving at Cachan, whose caravanserai is very beautiful.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 p. 71
« Il y a dans Cachan ... les Carvanferas grands et commodes; mais il y en a un entr'autres qui eftoit fort magnifique proche des jardins du Roy à l'entrée de la ville, dans lequel je logeay à mon dernier voyage d'Afie. Tant le Carvanfera que les Jardins font des ouvrages de Chabas I. du nom, et il y fit une fort grande depenfe. Ce Carvanfera à environ 100. pas en quarre, il eſt bati de brique, et à deux étages, et contient prés de fix vingt chambres voutées et d'une raiſonnable grandeur. [In Cachan there are... large and comfortable Carvanferas; but there is one among others that was quite magnificent near the King's Gardens at the entrance to the town, in which I stayed on my last trip to Africa. Both the Carvanfera and the Gardens are the work of Chabas I, and he spent a very large amount on them. This Carvanfera, about 100 paces square, is built of brick, has two stories, and contains nearly twenty vaulted rooms of reasonable size.] » #3632 Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste, Les six voyages de Jean Baptiste Tavernier, Ecuyer Baron d'Aubonne, qu'il a fait en Turquie, en Perse, et aux Indes,, Chez Gervais Clouzier et Claude Barbin, 1676 ~ p. 72
SOURCE for Caixan
« in analogous manner, but more evidently, the name of the city of Kashan, rendered once with 'Caixan' and once with 'Caixào', a few lines after (f. 3r). » #3224 Margherita Farina, Giovanni Battista Raimondi's Travel in the Middle East: A Case of Sixteenth-Century Portuguese-Italian Interference, Oriente Moderno, NUOVA SERIE, ~ pp. 55-6
SOURCE for Caixao
« CAIXÃO, cidade de-Kashan, em 33' 59' lat. N. e 51° 30' long. E., capital da província persa do mesmo nome. [Fernão Lopes de Castanheda - História do des- cobrimento e conquista da India pelos Portugueses]. [CAIXÃO, city of Kashan, in 33' 59' N. lat. and 51° 30' E. long., capital of the Persian province of the same name. [Fernão Lopes de Castanheda - History of the discovery and conquest of India by the Portuguese].] » #2603 Visconde De Lagoa, Glossario Toponimico Da Antiga Historiografia Portuguesa Ultramarina, Oficina Grafica, Casa Portuguesa Rua Das Gaveas, 1953, ~ vol. A-C p. 145
« From this city of whatever name, the Portugals, pursuing their course to the Shah of Persia, arrived at the city of Cayxam (Kashan) on the Friday of July 20th 1515 » #3565 Smith, Ronald Bishop, The First Age of the Portuguese Embassies, Navigations and Peregrinations in Persia (1507-1524), Decatur Press, Bethesda, Maryland, 1970 ~ p. 44
« From here they will depart for Ormuz by another winding road that passes through many towns and places, very useful land with large livestock; they will arrive at the city of Caixão, where they will stay for fifteen days » #2516 Afonso de Albuquerque, ed.Raymundo Antonio de Bulhão Pato, Henrique Lopes de Mendonça, Cartas de Affonso de Albuquerque, seguidas de documentos que as elucidam, Academia Real Das Sciencias de Lisboa, 1884, 1898 ~ vol. 2 p.249
SOURCE for Cascian
« VI. Io dico adunque, che avendo già veduto e osservato in Cascian ciò che di sopra ho scritto, ed essendoci riposati abba-stanza, la domenica a sera del ventotto di gennaio ci partimmo, [VI. I say, then, that having already seen and observed in Cascian what I have written above, and having rested sufficiently, we departed on Sunday evening, the twenty-eighth of January,] » #1530 Pietro Della Valle, Viaggi di Pietro della Valle: il pellegrino, G. Gancia, Brighton, 1843, ~ vol. 1 p. 572
SOURCE for Cashan
« and thence to Cashan, a gallant Citie; from Coom six and thirty miles: the way was easie and plaine, but somewhat sandie. » #1608 Herbert, Thomas, Sir, Some Yeares Travels into divers parts of Asia and Afrique. Describing especially the two famous Empires, the Persian, and great Mogull: weaved with the history of these later times ... With a revivall of the first discoverer of America. Revised and enlarged by the Author., Printed by R. Bip. for Jacob Blome and Richard Bishop, London, 1638, ~ p. 213
« Cashan is not lesse than York or Norwich, above foure thousand families are accounted in her: the houses are fairely built, the streets be large and comly; the Mosqus and Hummums are curiously painted and ceruleated, with a feigned Turquoise: the Buzzar is spatious and uniforme; furnished with Silks, Damasks, rich Carpets, Sattens, and cloth of gold; no part of the Persian Monarchy shewes better, or more variety, nor a people more exactly industrious. » #1608 Herbert, Thomas, Sir, Some Yeares Travels into divers parts of Asia and Afrique. Describing especially the two famous Empires, the Persian, and great Mogull: weaved with the history of these later times ... With a revivall of the first discoverer of America. Revised and enlarged by the Author., Printed by R. Bip. for Jacob Blome and Richard Bishop, London, 1638, ~ p. 214
SOURCE for Cassan
« Odoric expressly says that Kashan, or Cassan,' as he calls it, was 'the city of the Three Kings' and that these worshippers set out from there to Jerusalem, which they reached by divine aid in thirteen days. (4) The passage in the account of Odoric de Por-denone reads as follows: -'DE LA CITÉ DE CASSAN. - De ceste cité m'en alay vers la grant Inde par mer. Si vins par maintes journées a une cité des trois roys qui firent offrande à Jhesu Crist nouvel né. Et appelle on ceste cité de Cassan, cité royal de grant honneur mais Tartre l'ont moult destruite. De cette cité de Cassan jusques en Jherusalem a plus de journées dont on puet clerement appercevoir que ly troy Roy de ceste cité de Cassan furent en XIII journées amené en Jherusa par vertu divine et non humaine. En ceste cité a moult grand hab dance de tous biens, de pain, et de vin et de toutes autres choses.'fn. 4 See Odoric de Pordenone, ed. Cordier, p. 41, Paris, 1891. »
#3178 Jackson, A. V. Williams, Persia past and present; a book of travel and research, with more than two hundred illustrations and a map, The Macmillan Company, London, 1906 ~ p. 412
« Ce fait le Roy voulut aller à SPAHAN ville capitale de Par-thie, elloignée de CASBIN douze iournées les comptant à pas de Carauane, où nous le fuiuifmes. L'on trouue par le chemin beau-coup de bonnes places, comme entr'autres vne, qui eft appellée Com, vne autre dite CASSAN, qui eft plus grande, et plus riche que Com, comme aufli beaucoup de bourgs et villages. Tout cechemin eſt plain et vny, toutesfois d'vn coſté et d'autre on voittou-fiours des montagnes, [This done, the King wished to go to Spahan, the capital city of Parthia, twelve days distant from Casbin, counting them at the pace of Carauane, where we fled. One finds many good places along the way, such as one called Com, another called Cassan, which is larger and richer than Com, as well as many towns and villages. The whole road is flat and winding, however, on one side and the other one always sees mountains.] » #3614 unknown ed. M. Morisot, Relations veritables et curieuses de l'isle de Madagascar, et du Bresil. : Auec l'histoire de la derniere guerre faite au Bresil, entre les Portugais et les Hollandois. ; Trois relations d'Egypte, et vne du royaume de Perse, Chez Augustin Courbé, Paris, 1651 ~ p. 133
SOURCE for Cassian
« The 20th daye at night we came to the fayre citie of Cassian (Kashan), lying in the cuntrey of Parthia. On the waye between this citie and the foresayde citie of Comes the cuntrey of the Par-thiance and the Medians are parted. Here we piched in a caravansero that Shaw Abbas built, the fayerest that ever I saw it is big innaw to lodge any king of Chrissendom was all his trayne-hauing traveled 7 lges. » #3214 Stodart, Robert; introduction and notes by Sir. E. Denison Ross, The Journal of Robert Stodart: Being an account of his experiences as a member of Sir Dodmore Cotton's Mission in Persia in 1628-29. Published from the unique manuscript preserved in the Bodleian Library, Luzac and Co, 1935 ~ p. 66
SOURCE for Caxen
« Llegose á Caxen, adonde auia gran número de otras mugeres cubiertas con sus mantos blancos, sobre las paredes, varandas y otras partes altas, y ansi se en-tro por la çiudad, aunque fuera de lo que della está rrodeado de muralla, que es alta y muy bien labrada, hasta el Maydan, que es una larga calle, aunque no tanto como la de Xiras, pero mas ancha, con muchos arboles por las vandas á raiz de las paredes, adonde ay algunas casas y dentro grande arboleda de huertas. [He arrived at Caxen, where there were a great number of other women covered with their white cloaks, on the walls, balustrades and other high parts, and thus he entered the city, although outside of what is surrounded by a wall, which is high and very well made, up to the Maydan, which is a long street, although not as long as that of Xiras, but wider, with many trees along the sides at the base of the walls, where there are some houses and inside a large grove of orchards.] » #3245 García de Silva y Figueroa, Manuel Serrano y Sanz, Comentarios De D. Garcia De Silva Y Figueroa De La Embajada Que De Parte Del Rey De España Don Felipe III Hizo Al Rey Xa Abas De Persia, La Spciedad de Bibliofilos Espanoles, Madrid, 1905 ~ vol. 2 p. 57
SOURCE for Kachan
« Kachan » in {map#1253 Carte de la Perse, de la Turquie d'Asie et d'une partie de la Tartarie Indépendante / Dressée par P. Lapie, ... pour les Voyages de Chardin ; Gravée par Blondeau, ..., , 1810, }
SOURCE for Kaschan
« Malgré la vue de tout le peuple de Kaschan, venu au-devant de nous, y compris la communauté juive, l'im-patience nous prenait un peu d'une route aussi longue, quand, à la fin, nous arrivames, et la première vue de notre logis dissipa comme une fumée notre mécontentement. [Despite the sight of all the people of Kashan, who came to meet us, including the Jewish community, we were a little impatient with such a long journey, when, at last, we arrived, and the first sight of our lodging dissipated our discontent like smoke.] » #3657 Gobineau Comte de, Trois ans en Asie (de 1855 à 1858), Libraire de L. Hachette et Cie, Paris, 1859 ~ vol. 1 p. 237
« The 27. we came to the Citie of Kaschan, » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 285
« Kaschan where on the 3 day of Ianuary we arrived to|wards the Evening, taking up our Quarters at a very noble and commodious Carawansera, seeming rather a Palace than an Inn. » #3675 John Struys, trans. John Morrison, The Perillous and Most Unhappy Voyages of John Struys; through Italy, Greece, … Media, Persia, …, and other places in Europe, Africa and Asia, London, 1683 ~ p. 310
SOURCE for Kashan
« I journeyed to Kashan (25), where I stayed for a month, fn. 25 Kashan, Nain, Sirjan and Tarum, Iranian towns. » #623 Nikitin, Athanasy, Khozhenie za tri moria Afanasiia Nikitina, 1466-1472 gg. (Afansy Nikitin's Voyage beyond the Three Seas, 1466-1472), Moskva, 1960, ~ p. 109
« Passing the post-house of Mohamedye and Gaz, Kashan came in sight over an undulation in the sand, and we were soon threading the narrow lanes of this, one of the largest business places of Persia. » #3069 Crawshay-Williams, Eliot, Across Persia, Edward Arnold, London, 1907 ~ p. 295
« thence 12 to Kāshān. Total, from Sävah to Kāshān it is 22 leagues. » #1764 ed. Le Strange, G., The geographical part of the Nuzhat-al-qulub composed by Hamd-Alla¯h Mustawfi¯ of Qazwi¯n in 740 (1340), E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1919 ~ p. 175
« we caught sight of the blue domes of the mosques at Kashan that rose with a glimpse of color over the brown plain. Kashan, pronounced in Persian as Kashan, is flanked by mountains and hills on the south, west, and northwest, but on the other sides it lies open to the plain. » #3178 Jackson, A. V. Williams, Persia past and present; a book of travel and research, with more than two hundred illustrations and a map, The Macmillan Company, London, 1906 ~ p. 410
« Kashan is one of the hottest places on the great Persian plateau, but has the rare luxury of a good water supply brought from a reservoir some distance off in the Kuhrūd mountains. It has a much-diminished population, said now to number 30,000 souls. Much of it is in ruins, and much more is ruinous. It has a thriving colony of Jews. It is noted for its silks and velvets; but the modern productions are regarded by judges as degenerate. It is still famous for its work in copper and for its great copper bazar. » #3644 Bishop, Isabella L., Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan, John Murray, London, 1891 ~ vol. 1 p. 230
« Next day brought us to another considerable town- Káshán-after an uneventful march of about seven hours, broken by a halt for lunch at a village called Nasrábád, at which I was supplied with one of the excellent melons grown in the neighbourhood. » #3380 Browne, Edward Granville, A year amongst the Persians; impressions as to the life, character, and thought of the people of Persia, received during twelve month's residence in that country in the years 1887-8, Adam and Charles Black, 1893 ~ p. 173
« and crawling along in true caravan fashion, entered Káshán soon after sunset, and » #3380 Browne, Edward Granville, A year amongst the Persians; impressions as to the life, character, and thought of the people of Persia, received during twelve month's residence in that country in the years 1887-8, Adam and Charles Black, 1893 ~ p. 548
« Sin-Sin to Kashan, 4) ?. ?., 20 ?. ... Enter Kashan by road rudely paved with stones; a considerable town, celebrated for its silk manufactures. » #3696 Claude Clerk, Notes in Persia, Khorassan, and Afghanistan, The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, 1861 vol. 31:pp. 37-65 ~ p. 56
SOURCE for Katschan
« The Persians put this City of Katschan at 84 degrees longitude, and at thirty four distant from the Line. After an exact Observation of three days, I found that it is distant from it thirty three degrees and 51 minutes, that is, nine minutes less. The City is of a great length, reaching from East to West, above half a German League. Its Walls and bastions are of a kind of Potters day, and it lies in a great Plain, the ground of which is good enough for Tillage, » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 194
SOURCE for Qasan

R189-038 Chotza Kassim Caravansera
R189-038 Chotza Kassim Caravansera : place IRN (caravanserai)
Supplement: The current Robat-i-Sang or Zizeh Caravanserai has been identified by Kleiss as of the Qajar period, well before the Olearius - Mandelslo journet in 1638-9.
VARIANT names: Chotza Cassim Carawansera , Chotza Kassim Caravansera , Chotzakassim Caravansera , Hodia Kasim ,
SOURCE for Chotza Cassim Carawansera
« After we had lay Eight days in Kaschan and bought Wares and Provision, we broke up, and on the 13 at night came to Carawansera Chotza Cassim, which stands in the middle of a Grove of Cypress and other Trees, which Winter and Summer grow always green In the said Carawansera we found very good Accommodation. » #3675 John Struys, trans. John Morrison, The Perillous and Most Unhappy Voyages of John Struys; through Italy, Greece, … Media, Persia, …, and other places in Europe, Africa and Asia, London, 1683 ~ p. 312
SOURCE for Chotza Kassim Caravansera
« 26. of Iuly? as soon as the Moon was up, which was then at the full. That Night we travell'd six Leagues and came the next morning to Caravansera, called Chotza Kassim: but in regard it was very narrow, and withall very nasty, we lodg'd our selves in a Garden not far from it, in the shade of abundance of Cypress Trees and Pomegranate-Trees, upon the side of a pleasant Rivulet, » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 196
SOURCE for Chotzakassim Caravansera
« The 26. we travell'd on, and took up our Quarters at night in a Caravansera, named Chotzakassim. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 285
SOURCE for Hodia Kasim
« I månens sken kom man fram till karavanserajet Chotza Kassim (Hodia Kasim) [In the moonlight they reached the caravanserai Chotza Kassim (Hodia Kasim)] » #3673 Hedin, Sven, Resare-bengt: En Levnadsteckning, Albert Bonniers Förlag, Stockholm, 1921 ~ p. 454

R189-039 Natens Caravanserai
R189-039 Natens Caravanserai : place IRN (caravanserai) NIMA/GNS feature: none independent coordinate: lat 33.517054 long 51.906179 † basis (p) VARIANT names: Karavanserail Natanz , Kohab Caravanserai , Natanz Caravanserai , Natens Caravanserai , Natens Carawansera , SOURCE for Karavanserail Natanz « Karavanserail Na?anz (Taf. 21,3) (Abb. 12; 173) (100)Lage: Am Ortsrand (Zentrum) von Natanz, in +1750 mü.N.N.Typ: Hofkaravanserail mit vier Iwanen, vier Stallabtei-lungen, runden, angesetzten Ecktürmen und vorgezogenemPortalbau.Abmessungen: 67,50 x 58,70 m Außenmaße (ohne Vor-sprünge), 37 x 28,90 m Hofabmessungen, Portalbauhöhe 10,70 m, Höhe des Aufbaus über dem Eingang 12,10 m (Abb. 174). Im Obergeschoß ist ein langrechteckiger Raum von 7,90 x 2,90 m Größe angeordnet (Abb. 175).Baumaterial: Gebrannte Ziegel (22/22/4,5 cm).Bauliche Besonderheiten und Zustand: Der Bau ist par-tiell verfallen, wird aber landwirtschaftlich genutzt.Inschriften (über dem Eingang): zerstört.Datierung: Safavidisch, Anfang 17. Jahrhundert.fn 100 Siroux, Caravanserails ... 69 ff. - Vermessung der Schnitte, Ansicht der Front und Korrektur der Eckvermessung am 29. 11. 1984. [Na?anz Caravanserai (Plate 21.3) (Figs. 12; 173) (100)Location: On the outskirts (center) of Natanz, at +1750 mabove sea level.Type: Courtyard caravanserai with four iwans, four stable compartments, round, attached corner towers, and a projectinggateway.Dimensions: 67.50 x 58.70 m external dimensions (excluding projections), 37 x 28.90 m courtyard dimensions, gateway height 10.70 m, height of the structure above the entrance 12.10 m (Fig. 174). The upper floor contains a long rectangular room measuring 7.90 x 2.90 m (Fig. 175).Building material: Fired bricks (22/22/4.5 cm).Structural features and condition: The building is partially derelict but is used for agricultural purposes.Inscriptions (above the entrance): destroyed.Dating: Safavid, early 17th century.fn 100 Siroux, Caravanserails ... 69 ff. - Survey of the sections, view of the front, and correction of the corner survey on November 29, 1984. ] » #3472 Kleiss, Wolfram, Karawanenbauten in Iran. Materialien zur iranischen Archäologie, Materialien zur iranischen Archa¨ologie, D. Reimer, Berlin, 1998 Band 5:Teil 3: ~ p. 93 SOURCE for Kohab Caravanserai « The Kohab Caravanserai or Kohab Rabat or Natanz Caravanserai or Kohab Castle is a Safavid-era caravanserai located on Shahid Beheshti Boulevard in Natanz, and was registered as a national monument of Iran on 10 January 1355 with registration number 1489. This four-porch caravanserai has a front porch and a porch with a stone inscription in the Thuluth script, part of which has been destroyed. The building is made of brick, rubble stone, and half-pounded plaster mortar. The Kohab Caravanserai was built during the reign of Shah Abbas I by Mirabul-Maali Barzroudi, one of the close emirs and the king's scribe. » «Kohab Caravanserai, Natanz» [accessed 07 Jan 2026] SOURCE for Natanz Caravanserai SOURCE for Natens Caravanserai « In the Evening, we continu'd our Journey, and travell'd that night six Leagues or better, through Deserts and Barren grounds, and came, the 28. about four in the morning, to a little City, called by the Inhabitants of the Country Natens, and by Contarini, in his Travels, Nethas. We took up our lodging in a Caravansera, within the City, which is handsome enough, furnish'd with several Springs of fresh water, and well stor'd with all sorts of Fruits. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 196 SOURCE for Natens Carawansera « On the 14th. we had very bad travailing way thrô dry and sand Ground, and found no Villages nor Towns to refresh our selvs an till we came at Natens which is a very pleasant little City. Here we set down and took up our Carawansera for that night. » #3675 John Struys, trans. John Morrison, The Perillous and Most Unhappy Voyages of John Struys; through Italy, Greece, … Media, Persia, …, and other places in Europe, Africa and Asia, London, 1683 ~ p. 312

R189-040 Dombi Caravansera
R189-040 Dombi Caravansera : place IRN (caravanserai)
VARIANT names: caravasar , Dombi Caravansera , Dombi Carawansera , Donbi Caravanserai , Karavanserail Dombi ,
SOURCE for caravasar
« A 30, caminando la caravana una ó dos leguas de-lante fue el Enbaxador seis leguas de alli á un caravasar medio desmantelado, [On the 30th, walking the caravan one or two leagues ahead, the Ambassador went six leagues from there to a half-dismantled caravanserai,] » #3245 García de Silva y Figueroa, Manuel Serrano y Sanz, Comentarios De D. Garcia De Silva Y Figueroa De La Embajada Que De Parte Del Rey De España Don Felipe III Hizo Al Rey Xa Abas De Persia, La Spciedad de Bibliofilos Espanoles, Madrid, 1905 ~ vol. 2 p. 52
SOURCE for Dombi Caravansera
« The 29. we got four Leagues further, passing over a great Mountain, and lodg'd in a Caravansera, called Dombi, » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 197
« The 23. after we had taken leave of our friends, not without the shedding of some tears, we got on hori-back, and reach'd that day to the Caravansera of Dombi, five leagues from our former lodging. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 285
SOURCE for Dombi Carawansera
« On the 17th. we left Natens and that Day had very rocky ground to drive over, and by the way stop'd at a famous Carawansera called Dombi, where we rested and refreshed our selvs » #3675 John Struys, trans. John Morrison, The Perillous and Most Unhappy Voyages of John Struys; through Italy, Greece, … Media, Persia, …, and other places in Europe, Africa and Asia, London, 1683 ~ p. 312
SOURCE for Donbi Caravanserai
SOURCE for Karavanserail Dombi
« Karavanserail Dombi (Taf. 23,2) (Abb. 12; 197) (109)Lage: 49 km nordöstlich von Esfahan, in +1760 ü.N.N., am Königsweg von Esfahan nach Farahabad am Kas pischen Meer, in Nachbarschaft zum safavidischen Schloß-bau. 22 km südlich vom Karavanserail und Schloß Caharabad (Chaharabad). Hier wird nur das Karavanserail besprochen.Typ: Hofkaravanserail mit vier Iwanen, sechs Stall-Ab-teilungen, halbrunden Außenturmvorlagen, vorgezogenem Portalbau.Abmessungen: 57,20 x 55,90 m Außenmaße (ohne Vor-sprünge), 28,75 x 27,15 m Hofabmessungen, Höhe (rekon-struiert) des Baukörpers 6 m (Abb. 198).Baumaterial: Gebrannte Ziegel auf Bruchsteinsockel.fn 109. Ebenda, 145 ff.; W. Kleiss, AMI 21, 1988, 219ff. - Die Anlage wurde am 9.3.1984 besucht. [Dombi Caravanserai (Plate 23.2) (Figs. 12; 197) (109)Location: 49 km northeast of Isfahan, at an elevation of 1760 m above sea level, on the royal road from Isfahan to Farahabad on the Caspian Sea, adjacent to the Safavid palace. 22 km south of the caravanserai and Chaharabad Palace. Only the caravanserai is discussed here.Type: Court caravanserai with four iwans, six stable compartments, semicircular exterior tower projections, and a projecting entrance.Dimensions: 57.20 x 55.90 m external dimensions (excluding projections), 28.75 x 27.15 m courtyard dimensions, height (reconstructed) of the building 6 m (Fig. 198). Building material: Fired bricks on a rubble stone foundation.fn 109. Ibid., 145 ff.; W. Kleiss, AMI 21, 1988, 219 ff. - The site was visited on March 9, 1984.] » #3472 Kleiss, Wolfram, Karawanenbauten in Iran. Materialien zur iranischen Archäologie, Materialien zur iranischen Archa¨ologie, D. Reimer, Berlin, 1998 Band 5:Teil 3: ~ p. 100

R189-041 Kuk : place IRN (caravanserai)
Supplement: Habibabad Caravanserai کاروانسرای حبیب آباد
VARIANT names: Caravanserai de Riek , Habibabad Caravanserai , Kuk , Ruck al Reschman , village de Riek ,
SOURCE for Caravanserai de Riek
« Nous nous mimes en chemin le deuxieme de Mars, à 9. heures du matin, et trouvames la plaine inondée. Nous ne laiffämes pas de la traverfer, à l'aide de pluſieurs petits ponts, et arrivâmes fur les 3. heures au Caravanserai de Riek après une traite de 5. lieuës. [We set out on the second of March, at 9 o'clock in the morning, and found the plain flooded. We did not hesitate to cross it, using several small bridges, and arrived at the Caravanserai of Riek at 3 o'clock after a journey of 5 leagues.] » #3227 LeBrun, Corneille, Voyages de Corneille Le Brun par la Moscovie, en Perse, et aux Indes Orientales., Wetstein, Amsterdam, 1718 ~ p. 398
SOURCE for Habibabad Caravanserai
SOURCE for Kuk
« The night between the last of Iuly and the first of August, we travell'd four leagues further, and came the next day to a Village called Kuk. We were lodg'd in the house of the Kaucha, or Judge of the place, where we continu'd all that day, and the night fol|lowing. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 197
SOURCE for Ruck al Reschman
« Ruck al Reschman » in {map#1451 Carte du voyage de Perse et du Dagesthan, les années 1636, 1637 et 1638 selon la relation d'Olearius ; Carte de la route d'Ispaham à Ormus selon la relation de Mandeslo, , 1677, ibliothèque nationale de France, département Cartes et plans, GE DD-2987 (6734) fig. }
SOURCE for village de Riek
« Pendant la nuit nous paflames à côté de deux autres Caravanserais, dont le premier eft parfaitement beau, après une traite de 7. lieuës nous parvinmes au village de Riek, où nous reftames jufques à trois heures du matin. [During the night we traveled alongside two other caravans, the first of which was perfectly fine. After a journey of 7 leagues, we reached the village of Riek, where we stayed until three o'clock in the morning.] » #3227 LeBrun, Corneille, Voyages de Corneille Le Brun par la Moscovie, en Perse, et aux Indes Orientales., Wetstein, Amsterdam, 1718 ~ p. 184

R189-042 Kings house
R189-042 Kings house : place IRN
Supplement: based on distance only
VARIANT names: Kings house ,
SOURCE for Kings house
« August 2. we departed thence two hours before day, the Moon shining bright, and got but two leagues further, to one of the Kings houses, where we took up our quarters in a very fair Garden, which was our last nights Lodging in our passage to the City of Ispahan. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 197

R189-043 Ispahan
R189-043 Ispahan : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: PPL UFI: 6013426 coordinate: lat 32.657218 long 51.677608
NIMA/GNS names: Aspadana , Esfahan , Esfehan , Isfahan , اصفهان ,
VARIANT names: al-Yahudiyya , A-su-pau-han , Esfahan , Gabæ , Hispaham , Hispahan , Hispahone , Isbahan , Isfahan , Ispahan , Ispahaun , Ispahawne , I-ssi-fa-hang , Julfa , Sipahan , Spaan , Spahan , Spahaune , Spahawn , Spahone , Ya-ssi-pau-hien ,
SOURCE for al-Yahudiyya
« al-Yahūdiyya V D3 La ville actuelle d'Isfahan. Iran. Ce toponyme désigne en principe la moitié Ouest d'Isbahän, mais il est souvent employé pour dési-gner la capitale (qasaba) tandis qu'Isbahān désigne la circonscription (kūra). I 198, 199; Η 362; Hur 58; Y 274; R 90(g); Muq 7, 23, 26, 51, 388, 389, 397, 398, 399(d), 400, 401, 402, 457-58, 459, 491 ?. Yaq IV, 1045; LS 203-204; Schw. 586 + index. » #2912 Georgette Cornu, Atlas du monde arabo-islamique a l'epoque classique IXe-Xe siecles, E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1985, ~ p. 45
SOURCE for A-su-pau-han
« same as Ya-ssi-pau-hien in Amoy dialect » #326 Chau Ju-kua (trans. Hirth, F and Rockhill, W W), His work on the Chinese and Arab Trade in the twelth and thriteenth centuries entitled Chu-fan-chi, Office of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 1911 pp. 116, 121 note12
SOURCE for Esfahan
SOURCE for Gabæ
#836 p. 13
SOURCE for Hispaham
« Prés huit heures de courſe nous aurivâmes ſur les dix heu res du matin à Hiſpaham. [After nearly eight hours of racing, we arrived at Hispaham around ten o'clock in the morning.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 p. 77
SOURCE for Hispahan
« And so we arrived at Hispahan. Hispahan is one of the greatest Cities in Persia, where the King sometimes keepeth his residencie. The people are industrious and curious in all Sciences, but especially in weaving Girdles and Shashes, in making of Velvets, Sattens, Dammasks, very good Ormuzines, and Persian Carpets of a wonderfull fine-nesse. Here you may buy all manner of Drugs, and Spices, and Turkeses, with store of Pearles, Diamonds, and Rubies, as also all sorts of Silkes, as well wrought, as raw. » #2540 Purchas, Samuel, Hakluytus posthumus, or Purchas his pilgrimes : contayning a history of the world in sea voyages and lande travells by Englishmen and others in 20 vols., Glasgow : J. Maclehose, 1905, ~ vol. 3 pp. 84-5
SOURCE for Hispahone
« This daye we came from Hispahone [Ispahan], being the last of Aprill, to Botoon [?J 1 som two leauges from the citye.
fn. 1 Not traced. Della Valle gives Bertabad in this neighbourhood. »
#3214 Stodart, Robert; introduction and notes by Sir. E. Denison Ross, The Journal of Robert Stodart: Being an account of his experiences as a member of Sir Dodmore Cotton's Mission in Persia in 1628-29. Published from the unique manuscript preserved in the Bodleian Library, Luzac and Co, 1935 ~ p. 45
SOURCE for Isbahan
SOURCE for Isfahan
« Iṣfahān 4. » #3044 Kātib Çelebi ed: Gottfried Hagen and Robert Danko, An Ottoman Cosmography, Translation of Cihānnümā, Brill, Leiden, 2021 ~ pt. 2 p. 375
« and from the village of Sin it is 4 leagues to Isfahan city » #1764 ed. Le Strange, G., The geographical part of the Nuzhat-al-qulub composed by Hamd-Alla¯h Mustawfi¯ of Qazwi¯n in 740 (1340), E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1919 ~ p. 175
« finally 4 leagues to Isfahan. » #1764 ed. Le Strange, G., The geographical part of the Nuzhat-al-qulub composed by Hamd-Alla¯h Mustawfi¯ of Qazwi¯n in 740 (1340), E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1919 ~ p. 167
« I felt almost inclined to question my eyes when I actually caught sight of the ruined fire-temple. The deserted shrine stands on the top of a hill which rises about seven hundred feet sharply above the plain at a distance of three or four miles from Isfahan. The ascent is by a winding path which starts from the southeastern slope of the elevation and proceeds by a series of natural steps formed by ledges of the unhewn rock. » #3178 Jackson, A. V. Williams, Persia past and present; a book of travel and research, with more than two hundred illustrations and a map, The Macmillan Company, London, 1906 ~ p. 253
« Inside the shabby gateway the road to Julfa lies among rows of mean mud houses, heaps of ruins, and shabby provision bazars; and that mile or more of Isfahan was the one disagreeable part of the journey. » #3644 Bishop, Isabella L., Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan, John Murray, London, 1891 ~ vol. 1 p. 244
« The aggregate distance from Yezd to Isfahan I computed to be a hundred and seventy-seven miles. The course principally west, and the road good. » #3663 Travels in Beloochistan and Sinde; accompanied by a geographical and historical account of those countries, Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, London, 1816 ~ p. 423
« je ne parlerai dans cette route que de mon dernier voyage, lorsque je partis d'Ispahan pour les Indes le vingt-quatrième de février 1665. [I will only speak in this passage of my last voyage, when I left Isfahan for India on the twenty-fourth of February 1665.] » #3144 Jean-Baptiste Tavernier, Pascal Pia, Voyages en Perse et description de ce royaume par Jean-Babtiste Tavernier Marchand Francais, E´d. du Carrefour, Paris, 1930 ~ p. 294
SOURCE for Ispahan
« avoir fait trois lieuës dans des campagnes graffes et fertiles on arrive à Ifpahan. [Having traveled three leagues through rough and fertile countryside, one arrives at Ifpahan.] » #3632 Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste, Les six voyages de Jean Baptiste Tavernier, Ecuyer Baron d'Aubonne, qu'il a fait en Turquie, en Perse, et aux Indes,, Chez Gervais Clouzier et Claude Barbin, 1676 ~ p. 73
« Et de la a Ispahan اصفهان sans aucune ville dans l'intervalle, go milles. [And from there to Isfahan (اصفهان), with no town in between, 6 miles.] » #3001 Al-Idrisi, P. Amedee Jaubert, Geographie d'Edrisi, Bertrand, Paris, 1836 ~ vol. 2 p. 166
« At last we emerged from the bazaars into the fine spacious square called Meydán- i- Shah. On our right hand as we entered it was the 'Alí Kápí (Supreme Gate), which is the palace of the Zillu ' s -Sultán, the Prince Governor of Isfahan, of whom I have already spoken » #3380 Browne, Edward Granville, A year amongst the Persians; impressions as to the life, character, and thought of the people of Persia, received during twelve month's residence in that country in the years 1887-8, Adam and Charles Black, 1893 ~ p. 196
« We were conducted through several streets, through the Maidan, and before the Kings Pa|lace, to that part of the Suburbs which is called Tzulifa, where we were lodg'd in the Quar|ter of the chiefest of the Armenian Merchants, who are Christians, and have their habitations there. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 197
« the 16. of Ianuary I left Ispa|han, with a retinue of three persons, » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ Mandelslo pt. 2 p. 1
« HAving stay'd the most part of 2 Days at Ruk, we set forward again, and on the 19 we came to the long-wishd-for Ispahan. » #3675 John Struys, trans. John Morrison, The Perillous and Most Unhappy Voyages of John Struys; through Italy, Greece, … Media, Persia, …, and other places in Europe, Africa and Asia, London, 1683 ~ p. 313
« Reise von Isfahan nach Persepolis und Schinas anno 1683 in November [Journey from Isfahan to Persepolis and Schinas in November 1683] » #3220 Engelbert Kaempfer, ed. Karl Meier-Lemgo, Die Reisetagebu¨cher Engelbert Kaempfers, F. Steiner, Weisbaden, 1968 ~ p. 85
« je me résolus de me rendre à Ispahan, le plus tôt que je pourrois, et j'y arrivai le 2 juillet, fatigué et abattu autant qu'on le peut être. [I resolved to go to Isfahan as soon as I could, and I arrived there on July 2nd, as tired and dejected as one can be.] » #3213 Sir John Chardin, ed. Louis Langlès, Voyages du Chevalier Chardin en Perse et autres lieux de l’Orient, Nouvelle édition, Le Normant, Imprimeur-Libraire, Paris, 1811 ~ vol. 9 p. 91
« From Guz to Ispahan through cultivated plains. Road crossed by numerous streams of water » #3696 Claude Clerk, Notes in Persia, Khorassan, and Afghanistan, The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, 1861 vol. 31:pp. 37-65 ~ p. 57
SOURCE for Ispahaun
« After we had received their Complements, they undertook to be both our Guide and Guard to Ispahaun, Three Miles farther, defending us against the unwary Insults of Thieves, with which this place is infested » #1591 Fryer, John M. D., A New Account of East-India and Persia in eight letters being nine years travel (Edited, with notes and an introduction, by William Crooke), Hakluyt Society:Kraus Reprint, 1909:1967, 3 vols. ~ vol. 2 p. 239
SOURCE for Ispahawne
« The twenty fourth day, we entred into the City where wée staied eleuen or twelue daies.This City of Ispahawne, is a gallant City, and one of the principall Cities of Persia, and aboundeth in traffique of all sorts of Merchandize. There are ma|ny great Surroies, where are houses made of purpose for the laying in and kéeping of Merchants goods, and to harbour and lodge themselues and their Camels Horses or other Cattle, and prouision; the profits of which Surroies redound to the King only. » ##3481 Robert Couverte, A true and almost incredible report of an Englishman, that ..., Printed by William Hall, for Thomas Archer and Richard Redmer, London, 1612 ~ ~ p. 53
SOURCE for I-ssi-fa-hang
« name written in the Yaun period » #326 Chau Ju-kua (trans. Hirth, F and Rockhill, W W), His work on the Chinese and Arab Trade in the twelth and thriteenth centuries entitled Chu-fan-chi, Office of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 1911 pp. 116, 121 note12
SOURCE for Julfa
« From Daulatabad to Julfa 22¾ miles. » #3529 Henry Blosse Lynch, Across Luristan to Ispahan, Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography, London, 1890 vol. 12:no. 9:pp. 533-553 ~ p. 551
« #3563 Burn, R., The Bakhtiari Hills, an Itinerary of the road from Isfahan to Shustar, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta, 1897 vol. LXVI:pp 170-9 ~ » #3563 Burn, R., The Bakhtiari Hills, an Itinerary of the road from Isfahan to Shustar, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta, 1897 vol. LXVI:pp 170-9 ~ p. 170
SOURCE for Sipahan
« (2) The city of Isfahan (Sipahān) consisted of two parts, Shahristān (also called al-Madina and Djayy, evidently the seat of the governor) and Djahüdhān (Arabicised: al-Yahūdiyya, i.e. the old Jewish quarter). See Hudud al-'alam, 131; al-Istakhri 198-9; Yākūt, 343. » #2645 The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd Edition, Brill, Leiden, ~ vol. 9 p. 220
SOURCE for Spaan
« 3 The city of Spaan, Spahan, or Ispahan, by the Arabians called Isfahan, situated in the southern part of Persian Irak, is well known as the magnificent capital of the kings of the Sefi family, which, espe- cially during the reign of Shah Abbas II., exceeded in splendour, as well as extent, most Asiatic cities. It fell under the dominion of the Moghuls in 1221, and was taken, plundered, and nearly destroyed by Tamerlane in 1387. » #3318 ed. Thomas Wright trans. Marsden, The Travels of Marco Polo, the Venetian, The Translation of Marsden Revised, with a Selection of his Notes, H.G. Bohn, London, 1854 ~ p. 49 fn. 3
« We remained in this city of Spaan with His Majesty until the 25th of this month, during which time we were invited by His Majesty to frequent banquets. Spaan appears to be a very convenient city. It is situated in a plain abounding with all kinds of provisions. It is said that, as the city refused to surrender, much of it was destroyed after it had been taken. It is surrounded by a wall of earth like the others. From Tauris to Spaan is a twenty-four days' journey, through a country entirely belonging to Persia, consisting of a very arid plain with salt water in many places. » #383 Barbaro, J. and Contarini, A., Travels to Tana and Persia, Hakluyt Society:Burt Franklin, Cambridge:New York, 1873:1963-6, ~ p. 131
SOURCE for Spahan
« December 1.-I hired 125 Camells to carry mine and Mr. Robert Dowglasse's Bales, at Mahmoodies 80 for 100 Maunds Tauris, to Bagdat, and 13 mules to carry our luggage, at Mah-moodies 90 per 100 Maunds Tauris.¹December 13. This day I left Spahan, and began my journey towards Aleppo, by way of Bagdat. » #3146 Yule, Henry Colonel, The Diary Of William Hedges, The Hakluyt Society, London, 1889 ~ vol. 1 p. 213
« La ville de SPAHAN autresfois appellée, comme veulent aucuns Hecatompyle, eft fort grande; mais elle n'a point de for-tereffe, ny aucun beau palais, elle n'a pas fi grande difette d'eau comme CASBIN, mais elle a auffi beaucoup plusbeſoin de bois. [The city of Spahan, formerly called, as some would have it, Hecatompyle, is very large; but it has no fortress, nor any beautiful palace, it does not have as large a water supply as Casbin, but it also has much more need of wood.] » #3614 unknown ed. M. Morisot, Relations veritables et curieuses de l'isle de Madagascar, et du Bresil. : Auec l'histoire de la derniere guerre faite au Bresil, entre les Portugais et les Hollandois. ; Trois relations d'Egypte, et vne du royaume de Perse, Chez Augustin Courbé, Paris, 1651 ~ p. 134
« siendo cosa increible el grande numero de estas naciones que en la ciudad de Spahan está rrecogido, no cabiendo en los muchos y grandes carauasares que en la giudad ay, por no tener casas propias en que biuir. [It is incredible how many of these nations are gathered in the city of Spahan, not fitting in the many large caravanserais in the city, because they have no houses of their own to live in.] » #3245 García de Silva y Figueroa, Manuel Serrano y Sanz, Comentarios De D. Garcia De Silva Y Figueroa De La Embajada Que De Parte Del Rey De España Don Felipe III Hizo Al Rey Xa Abas De Persia, La Spciedad de Bibliofilos Espanoles, Madrid, 1905 ~ vol. 2 pp. 24-5
SOURCE for Spahaune
« 5 February 1707/8. Departed from Spahaune [Isfahan] the 5th February at 3 after-noon. » #3248 Bernard P. Scattergood, Ed. Temple, Carnac Rihard, The Scattergoods and the East India Company, A Collection of Mss., Indian Antiquary, Bernard Quaritch, London, 1930 vol. LIX:pt DCCXXXVI-A:pp. 33-74 ~ p. 38
SOURCE for Spahawn
« One of the oldest and best accounts of Ispahan, soon after the period of Shah Abbas's government, is given by Sir Thomas Herbert, an English traveller, who visited it in 1627, and parts of whose description are so curious as to be worth transcribing, especially as his book is not now so easy of access to the general reader. He says:-'The imperial city of Spahawn is in thirty-two degrees thirty-nine minutes north; is seated in the kingdom of Parthia, in a fair plain and pleasant horizon. It is by some called Spaan, and by others Spahan and Hispahan, as their several dialects concorded. » #1185 Buckingham, J. S., Travels in Assyria, Media, and Persia, including a journey from Bagdad by Mount Zagros, to Hamadan, the ancient Ecbatana, researches in Ispahan and the ruins of Persepolis, and journey from thence by Shiraz and Shapoor to the sea-shore, Henry Colburn: Gregg International Publishers Limited, London: London, 1829:1971, ~ note p. 231
« ISFAHAN-Telegraph Station. In the Persian province of Irak-Ajim; pronounced "Spahawn." » #3181 Bradshaw's Through Route Overland Guide to India, and Colonial Handbook, W. J. Adams and sons, 1884 ~ p. 253
« The tenth of Aprill wee fet out from Spahawnet a village fix miles South from Spahawn: when we had gone a farfang (three miles,) we were ſtayed by the way to taſte a banquet in a ſpacious garden of the Kings, whither the Engliſh Agent and ſuch other Chriftian Mechants as were in Spaharon came out to attend our Lord Ambaffador: a mile neerer the Citie, the Vifier, the Sultan of Spahawn, Meloyembeg and Hodge nazar the Armenian Prince with foure thousand horse and innumerable foot, » #1608 Herbert, Thomas, Sir, Some Yeares Travels into divers parts of Asia and Afrique. Describing especially the two famous Empires, the Persian, and great Mogull: weaved with the history of these later times ... With a revivall of the first discoverer of America. Revised and enlarged by the Author., Printed by R. Bip. for Jacob Blome and Richard Bishop, London, 1638, ~ p. 150
SOURCE for Spahone
« The 27th daye we came to on of the Kinges garde[n]swch is wthin an English mile of the citie of Spahone [Ispahan], wher we rested this daye and layd in a muskeet [mosque] this night, weh is ouer against the garden gate. » #3214 Stodart, Robert; introduction and notes by Sir. E. Denison Ross, The Journal of Robert Stodart: Being an account of his experiences as a member of Sir Dodmore Cotton's Mission in Persia in 1628-29. Published from the unique manuscript preserved in the Bodleian Library, Luzac and Co, 1935 ~ p. 67
SOURCE for Ya-ssi-pau-hien
#326 Chau Ju-kua (trans. Hirth, F and Rockhill, W W), His work on the Chinese and Arab Trade in the twelth and thriteenth centuries entitled Chu-fan-chi, Office of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 1911 pp. 116, 121 note12

R189-044 Reschman
R189-044 Reschman : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: none independent coordinate: lat 32.842805 long 51.791768 † basis (a,p)
Supplement: unknown based on distance
VARIANT names: Reschman ,
SOURCE for Reschman
« We left Ispahan, on the 21. of December, towards the evening. Most of the English Merchants accompany'd us above a League out of the Citie, to a certain place, where they gave us a Collation, at the foot of a pleasant green Hill; which done, they took leave of us, and return'd to the Citie. The same night, we travell'd three Leagues, to a Village named Reschman, where we continn'd all the next day, » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 285

R189-045 Dombi Caravansera
R189-045 Dombi Caravansera : place IRN (caravanserai)
VARIANT names: caravasar , Dombi Caravansera , Dombi Carawansera , Donbi Caravanserai , Karavanserail Dombi ,
SOURCE for caravasar
« A 30, caminando la caravana una ó dos leguas de-lante fue el Enbaxador seis leguas de alli á un caravasar medio desmantelado, [On the 30th, walking the caravan one or two leagues ahead, the Ambassador went six leagues from there to a half-dismantled caravanserai,] » #3245 García de Silva y Figueroa, Manuel Serrano y Sanz, Comentarios De D. Garcia De Silva Y Figueroa De La Embajada Que De Parte Del Rey De España Don Felipe III Hizo Al Rey Xa Abas De Persia, La Spciedad de Bibliofilos Espanoles, Madrid, 1905 ~ vol. 2 p. 52
SOURCE for Dombi Caravansera
« The 29. we got four Leagues further, passing over a great Mountain, and lodg'd in a Caravansera, called Dombi, » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 197
« The 23. after we had taken leave of our friends, not without the shedding of some tears, we got on hori-back, and reach'd that day to the Caravansera of Dombi, five leagues from our former lodging. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 285
SOURCE for Dombi Carawansera
« On the 17th. we left Natens and that Day had very rocky ground to drive over, and by the way stop'd at a famous Carawansera called Dombi, where we rested and refreshed our selvs » #3675 John Struys, trans. John Morrison, The Perillous and Most Unhappy Voyages of John Struys; through Italy, Greece, … Media, Persia, …, and other places in Europe, Africa and Asia, London, 1683 ~ p. 312
SOURCE for Donbi Caravanserai
SOURCE for Karavanserail Dombi
« Karavanserail Dombi (Taf. 23,2) (Abb. 12; 197) (109)Lage: 49 km nordöstlich von Esfahan, in +1760 ü.N.N., am Königsweg von Esfahan nach Farahabad am Kas pischen Meer, in Nachbarschaft zum safavidischen Schloß-bau. 22 km südlich vom Karavanserail und Schloß Caharabad (Chaharabad). Hier wird nur das Karavanserail besprochen.Typ: Hofkaravanserail mit vier Iwanen, sechs Stall-Ab-teilungen, halbrunden Außenturmvorlagen, vorgezogenem Portalbau.Abmessungen: 57,20 x 55,90 m Außenmaße (ohne Vor-sprünge), 28,75 x 27,15 m Hofabmessungen, Höhe (rekon-struiert) des Baukörpers 6 m (Abb. 198).Baumaterial: Gebrannte Ziegel auf Bruchsteinsockel.fn 109. Ebenda, 145 ff.; W. Kleiss, AMI 21, 1988, 219ff. - Die Anlage wurde am 9.3.1984 besucht. [Dombi Caravanserai (Plate 23.2) (Figs. 12; 197) (109)Location: 49 km northeast of Isfahan, at an elevation of 1760 m above sea level, on the royal road from Isfahan to Farahabad on the Caspian Sea, adjacent to the Safavid palace. 22 km south of the caravanserai and Chaharabad Palace. Only the caravanserai is discussed here.Type: Court caravanserai with four iwans, six stable compartments, semicircular exterior tower projections, and a projecting entrance.Dimensions: 57.20 x 55.90 m external dimensions (excluding projections), 28.75 x 27.15 m courtyard dimensions, height (reconstructed) of the building 6 m (Fig. 198). Building material: Fired bricks on a rubble stone foundation.fn 109. Ibid., 145 ff.; W. Kleiss, AMI 21, 1988, 219 ff. - The site was visited on March 9, 1984.] » #3472 Kleiss, Wolfram, Karawanenbauten in Iran. Materialien zur iranischen Archäologie, Materialien zur iranischen Archa¨ologie, D. Reimer, Berlin, 1998 Band 5:Teil 3: ~ p. 100

R189-046 Serdehe Caravansera
R189-046 Serdehe Caravansera : place IRN (caravanserai)
NIMA/GNS feature: RHSE UFI: -3083896 coordinate: lat 33.298992 long 51.885303
NIMA/GNS names: Robat-e Shah `Abbasi , رباط شاه عباسی ,
VARIANT names: Caravanserai de Sardahan , Karavanserail Sardahan , Robat-e Shah `Abbasi , Sardaen caravanserai , Sardahan carravans-raw , Sardahan Shah Abbasi Caravanserai , Sardahone caravanserai , Serdehe Caravansera ,
SOURCE for Caravanserai de Sardahan
« dont il y en avoit quelques-unes couvertes de neige, et après une traite de 7. lieues nous parvin-mes au Caravanʃerai de Sardahan, [of which some were covered with snow, and after a journey of 7 leagues we reached the Caravanʃerai of Sardahan,] » #3227 LeBrun, Corneille, Voyages de Corneille Le Brun par la Moscovie, en Perse, et aux Indes Orientales., Wetstein, Amsterdam, 1718 ~ p. 184
SOURCE for Karavanserail Sardahan
« Karavanserail Sardahan (Abb. 12; 188) (106)Lage: 11 km südlich Robat-e Sangi und 14 km nordöst-lich Karavanserail Caharabad/Chaharabad, in +1990 m ü.N.N., am safavidischen Königsweg von Esfahan nach Fa-rahabad am Kaspischen Meer.Typ: Hofkaravanserail mit vier Iwanen, sechs Stallabtei-lungen und vorgezogenem Portalbau, ohne Außentürme.Abmessungen: 53 x 53m Außenmaße (ohne Portalvor-sprung), 27,20 x 27,20 m Hofabmessungen. Höhe des Portal-baus 11 m (Abb. 189).Baumaterial: Gebrannte Ziegel auf steinverkleidetem Podest.Bauliche Besonderheiten und Zustand: Stark verfallen.Inschriften: vom Inschriftband über dem Eingang ver-schwunden.Datierung: Safavidisch, Anfang 17. Jahrhundert.fn 106 Siroux, Anciennes voies ..., 167 ff. - Querschnitt und Front sowie die Station wurden am 22. 2. 1984 vermessen. [Sardahan Caravanserai (Figs. 12; 188) (106)Location: 11 km south of Robat-e Sangi and 14 km northeast of the Chaharabad Caravanserai, at an elevation of 1990 m above sea level, on the Safavid royal road from Isfahan to Farabad on the Caspian Sea.Type: Courtyard caravanserai with four iwans, six stable compartments, and a projecting gatehouse, without external towers.Dimensions: 53 x 53 m external dimensions (excluding the gatehouse), 27.20 x 27.20 m courtyard dimensions. Height of the gatehouse: 11 m (Fig. 189).Building material: Fired bricks on a stone-clad platform.Structural features and condition: Severely dilapidated.Inscriptions: The inscription band above the entrance has disappeared.Dating: Safavid, early 17th century.fn 106 Siroux, Anciennes voies ..., 167 ff. - The cross-section, front, and station were surveyed on February 22, 1984.] » #3472 Kleiss, Wolfram, Karawanenbauten in Iran. Materialien zur iranischen Archäologie, Materialien zur iranischen Archa¨ologie, D. Reimer, Berlin, 1998 Band 5:Teil 3: ~ p. 97
SOURCE for Robat-e Shah `Abbasi
SOURCE for Sardaen caravanserai
« Nous marchâmes le lendemain dix-septieme pendant douze Heures dans des montagnes tou-tes pleines de buiflons, ce que nous n'avions point encore ren-contré en Perle, et nous arriva. mes à un Caravanſerail nommé Sardaen. [We walked the next day, the seventeenth, for twelve hours in mountains all full of bushes, which we had not yet encountered in Perle, and we came to a caravanserai called Sardaen.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 p. 75
SOURCE for Sardahan carravans-raw
« Thence-forward we made (by reason of the intollerable heat) pale Cynthia and Arcturus our night guides, all day refreshing in the Car|ravans-raws, good resting places if gnats forbid it not. From Reigue we travell'd to Sardahan sixteene English miles » #1608 Herbert, Thomas, Sir, Some Yeares Travels into divers parts of Asia and Afrique. Describing especially the two famous Empires, the Persian, and great Mogull: weaved with the history of these later times ... With a revivall of the first discoverer of America. Revised and enlarged by the Author., Printed by R. Bip. for Jacob Blome and Richard Bishop, London, 1638, ~ p. 163
SOURCE for Sardahan Shah Abbasi Caravanserai
SOURCE for Sardahone caravanserai
« The 25th we cam at night to Sardahone, a caravanscrow lying vpon the top of a hill. Here we picht, haueing traveled 7 lges. The water here is not verie good. » #3214 Stodart, Robert; introduction and notes by Sir. E. Denison Ross, The Journal of Robert Stodart: Being an account of his experiences as a member of Sir Dodmore Cotton's Mission in Persia in 1628-29. Published from the unique manuscript preserved in the Bodleian Library, Luzac and Co, 1935 ~ p. 67
SOURCE for Serdehe Caravansera
« The next day, we got five leagues further, and took up our lodging at night in a Caravansera, called Serdehe. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 285

R189-007 Schamachie
R189-007 Schamachie : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Samaxi , Schemacha , Shamakhy , Shemakha ,
VARIANT names: Nova Shumakhi , Samachi , Samaxi , Schamachie , Schemacha ,
SOURCE for Nova Shumakhi
« The road hence, led over mountains abounding in plentiful crops, but with nothing else in the appearance of the scenery to recommend it to notice : the range continued to Nova Shumakhi, where I arrived in the evening. » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 p. 199
SOURCE for Samachi
« Celui-ci étoit à trois lieues de Samachi, et comme ces montagnes ne produifent point de bois, on est obligé de s'y fervir de fiente de chameau, pour faire du feu, comme en Egypte. Nous continuâmes notre route à 2. heures après minuit et traverfa mes la riviere de Sabanija, où nous ne trouvámes que des cailloux au lieu d'eau. En approchant de Samachi nous pailames à côté de quel-ques jardins fruitiers. On nous fit carrêter à la doüane pour compter nos chameaux, ce qui fut bien tot fait, et puis nous entrámes dans la ville: C'etoit le deuxième jour du mois, et nous allames loger au Caravanserai des Armeniens, où un 2. Août, marchand de cette nation nous regala. [This place was three leagues from Samachi, and since these mountains produce no wood, one is obliged to use camel dung for firewood, as in Egypt. We continued our journey at 2:00 PM and crossed the Sabanija River, where we found only pebbles instead of water. Approaching Samachi, we stopped beside some fruit orchards. We were stopped at the customs house to have our camels counted, which was done very quickly, and then we entered the city. It was the second day of the month, and we went to stay at the Armenian Caravanserai, where, on August 2nd, a merchant of that nation entertained us.] » #3227 LeBrun, Corneille, Voyages de Corneille Le Brun par la Moscovie, en Perse, et aux Indes Orientales., Wetstein, Amsterdam, 1718 ~ pp. 150-1
SOURCE for Samaxi
SOURCE for Schamachie
« The next day, Dec. 30. we left Pyrmaraas, about eight in the Morning, taking our way straight to Schamachy, into which we made a very noble entrance. Within two leagues of the City, we met with one afoot, who came to tell us, from the Chan, that we were welcom, and that he would come out of the City in person to receive us. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 154
SOURCE for Schemacha

R189-006a Pyrmaraas
R189-006a Pyrmaraas : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Maraza , Maraza , Marazi , Marazy ,
VARIANT names: Maraza , Pyrmaraas ,
SOURCE for Maraza
SOURCE for Pyrmaraas
« The next day, Decemb. 27. we got five Leagues further, to a Village named Pyrmaraas, three Leagues from Scamachie. This place is very famous, by reason of one of their Saints named Scid-Ibrahim, whose Sepulchre is to be seen there. The Persians affirm it to be very an|tient, and so great a Veneration had for it, that Tamberlane, who had no religious respect for any thing, would not meddle with that Sepulchre, though he destroy'd all else that lay in his way. This structure hath its Walls, and its two Courts, as a Castle. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 153

R189-000 Derbent
R189-000 Derbent : place IRN
VARIANT names: Derbent , Durbund ,
SOURCE for Derbent
« Cette côte est fort dangereuſe jufques à Derbent, parce que les Samgales, qui habitent ces montagnes, pillent de tous côtés, en forte qu'on n'oferoit y aborder. [This coast is very dangerous up to Derbent, because the Samgales, who inhabit these mountains, pillage on all sides, in such a strong way that one could not approach them.] » #3227 LeBrun, Corneille, Voyages de Corneille Le Brun par la Moscovie, en Perse, et aux Indes Orientales., Wetstein, Amsterdam, 1718 ~ p. 146
« Nov. 19. Schachewerdi, Governour of Derbent sent to complement us, upon the occasion of our arrival there, two Persons, very well clad, one whereof was Brother to the Kaucha of Niasabath. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 150
SOURCE for Durbund
« Durbund, the modern capital of the province of Daghestan, stands on the site of the city of Albania, and corresponds in position with the Al-bania pyla of the ancients. The walls, which are of undoubted antiquity, are visible to the height of the mountain, and, by the appearance of the water, may be traced a considerable distance into the Caspian Sea: they divide the city into three compartments; the highest, comprising a square of half-a-mile, constitutes the citadel: the town is in the centre, and there are a few gardens in the lower division. Near the sea, I was shown the foundation of a house built by Peter the Great, who visited this city soon after it had been taken by the Russians. The highest portion of the walls is in the middle di-vision, and it is about thirty feet high, twenty thick at the foundation, decreasing to twelve in the upper part, over which is a parapet three feet thick . » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 p. 220-1

R189-001 Niasabath
R189-001 Niasabath : place IRN
VARIANT names: Niasabath , Nifawaey , Nizovaya ,
SOURCE for Niasabath
« During our stay at Niasabath, the Ambassador Brugman would needs cut some certain beams, which the Sophy had, wich vast charge, brought to the Sea-side, to be employ'd in the building of his ships, and cause Carriages to be made thereof for our Artillery, » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 151
SOURCE for Nifawaey
« Sur les 8. heures nous apperçumes la pointe de Nifawaey, et vinmes mouiller, à midi, fur cette côte, a 3½ brasses d'eau, et nous y trouvámes 6. autres bâtimens, partis d'Aftracan avant nous . [At 8 o'clock we sighted the point of Nifawaey, and came to anchor, at noon, on this coast, in 3½ fathoms of water, and we found there 6 other vessels, which had left Aftracan before us.] » #3227 LeBrun, Corneille, Voyages de Corneille Le Brun par la Moscovie, en Perse, et aux Indes Orientales., Wetstein, Amsterdam, 1718 ~ p. 147
SOURCE for Nizovaya

R189-002 Mordou
R189-002 Mordou : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: none independent coordinate: lat 41.2969 long 49.03828 † basis (a)
VARIANT names: Mordou , Mordow (?) ,
SOURCE for Mordou
« Hence it came, that upon the 22. of December we were forc'd to depart, some on Hors-back, some behind them, and the rest, to wit, the Lacqueys, the Guards, and the Soldiers, afoot. Our way lay South-ward along the Caspian Sea,and we cross'd that day four small Rivers. The first place we Lodg'd at was the Village of Mordou, within the Government of Scamachy, somewhat above four Leagues from Niasabath. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 152
SOURCE for Mordow (?)
« Après avoir fait quatre lieuës, nous allames nous repofer dans une plaine au-delà des dunes, à une demi licuë du village de Mordow, habité par des Arabes, qui ont de mechantes cabanes de terre, comme les Tartares, dont on a parlé. Mordow veut dire marais, auffi ce village eft-il fort marécageux, à caufe des eaux qui y tombent des montagnes. [After traveling four leagues, we went to rest in a plain beyond the dunes, half a league from the village of Mordow, inhabited by Arabs who have wretched earthen huts, like the Tartars we have spoken of. Mordow means marsh, and so this village is very marshy, because of the waters that fall there from the mountains.] » #3227 LeBrun, Corneille, Voyages de Corneille Le Brun par la Moscovie, en Perse, et aux Indes Orientales., Wetstein, Amsterdam, 1718 ~ p. 149

R189-003 Tachousi
R189-003 Tachousi : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Tagai , Tagay , Tagiya , Togay , Tugay ,
VARIANT names: Tachousi , Tagai ,
SOURCE for Tachousi
« The next day, our Mehemandar brought us twenty horses more, so that having lessen'd our Baggage by certain Chests and useless Vessels, which were ordered to be broken, we made a shift to set all our people on Horse-back. We travell'd that day three leagues, and came at night to the Village of Tachousi, which lies in a bottom, and hath very handsome Houses. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 152
SOURCE for Tagai

R189-004 Caravanseras (?)
R189-004 Caravanseras (?) : place IRN
Supplement: not known
VARIANT names: Caravanseras (?) ,
SOURCE for Caravanseras (?)
« The 24. we got three Leagues further, and came to the high Mountain of Barmach, at the foot whereof we took up our quarters, in a great Court, which was all open, and had only the four bare Walls. The Persians call those places Caravanseras, and they are as the Ventas in Spain, and serve for Inns upon the High-way, in the deserts of Persia. They are within a dayes Journey one of another, for the greater convenience of Travellers, who are oblig'd to bring along with them Provisions and Forrage for Horse and Man, for you find in them, at the best, but Chambers and Halls, and those not furnish'd with any thing, and have only a Roof to keep you dry. ... The Caravansera was a very antient structure, all built with large Free-stones, being forty two paces square. Over the Gate, there were two Chambers, where we found certain Inscrip|tions and Hebrew Letters, and some Characters, which none in the company could either read or comprehend. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 152

R189-005 Barmach
R189-005 Barmach : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: MT UFI: -2705314 coordinate: lat 40.9666667 long 49.2
NIMA/GNS names: Besbarmaq Dagi , Gora Besh-Barmak ,
VARIANT names: Barmach , Gora Besh-Barmak ,
SOURCE for Barmach
« The 26. we left Barmach, having very fair weather, the Sun casting at that time a greater heat than it does with us in May. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 153
SOURCE for Gora Besh-Barmak

R189-005a Bakuje
R189-005a Bakuje : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: PPLC UFI: -2705195 coordinate: lat 40.3952778 long 49.8822222
NIMA/GNS names: Baki , Baku , Baky ,
VARIANT names: Baku , Bakuje ,
SOURCE for Baku
« We descended rapidly hence into the low and arid plain, at the extremity of which is situated the sea-port town of Bakoo, where herds of double-humped camels were cropping the scanty pasture . » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 p. 201
SOURCE for Bakuje

R189-007a Scid-Ibrahim Sepulchre
R189-007a Scid-Ibrahim Sepulchre : place IRN (tomb)
Supplement: Diri Baba Türb?si
VARIANT names: Diri Baba Mausoleum , Scid-Ibrahim Sepulchre ,
SOURCE for Diri Baba Mausoleum
SOURCE for Scid-Ibrahim Sepulchre
« The next day, Decemb. 27. we got five Leagues further, to a Village named Pyrmaraas, three Leagues from Scamachie. This place is very famous, by reason of one of their Saints named Scid-Ibrahim, whose Sepulchre is to be seen there. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 153

R189-009 Tactʃi Caravansera
R189-009 Tactʃi Caravansera : place IRN (caravanserai)
NIMA/GNS feature: PPL independent coordinate: lat 40.468412 long 48.686179
Supplement: unknown location
VARIANT names: Tactʃi Caravansera ,
SOURCE for Tactʃi Caravansera
« t was resolv'd we should go on, which we did, and came, after two Leagues travel to a Caravansera, called Tactʃi, and having gone two Leagues further, we were got to the top of the Mountain of Scha|machie. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 167

R189-011 Kasilu
R189-011 Kasilu : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: none independent coordinate: lat 40.205983 long 48.556169 † basis (a, p)
Supplement: unknown
VARIANT names: Kasilu ,
SOURCE for Kasilu
« Mar. 30. we got four leagues, along the Plain, as far as the Village of Kasilu. We met, in our way, with a company of Sheep-herds and Cow-herds, who march'd with their Houses and all their Houshold-stuff, their Wives and Children, all as it were shuffled together in Wagons, or pack'd up upon Horses, Cows, Asses, and other Creatures, not ordinarily us'd in car|riage, after a very odd manner, and such as represented a very Fantastick kind of Transmigration. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 168

R189-008 Pyr Mardechan
R189-008 Pyr Mardechan : place IRN (shrine)
VARIANT names: Pir Mardakan , Pyr Mardechan ,
SOURCE for Pir Mardakan
SOURCE for Pyr Mardechan
« Having got half a League further, we came to the Sepulchre of another Saint, named Pyr Mardechan, in the Country of Fakerlu, where we were forc'd to take up our Quarters in the open Air, and without Tents, making a shift in that manner to pass over one of the sharpest Nights we had in all our Journey, by reason of the Storm, which came attended by Lightning, Thunder, Wind, Rain, Snow and Frost; » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 167

R189-010 Ottacks, or Huts lodging
R189-010 Ottacks, or Huts lodging : place IRN
VARIANT names: Ottacks, or Huts lodging ,
SOURCE for Ottacks, or Huts lodging
« saw the last of our company descending as it were out of the Clouds. We took up our Lodging that night in certain Ottacks, or Huts, which the Tartarian Shepherds had set up there near their Flocks. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 168

R189-012 Tzawat
R189-012 Tzawat : place IRN (fort) NIMA/GNS feature: none independent coordinate: lat 40.027102 long 48.456053 † basis (p) Supplement: approx location VARIANT names: Javad fortress , Sagawt , Tsawat , Tzauat , Tzawat , SOURCE for Javad fortress «Javad (fortress)» [accessed 31 Jan 2026] SOURCE for Sagawt « Sagawt » in {map#1453 Provinciarum Persicarum Kilaniæ nempe Chirvaniæ Dagestaniæ aliarumque vicinarum regionum partium Nova Geographica Tabula, , 1723?, Special Collections of the University of Amsterdam OTM: HB-KZL 33.11.20} SOURCE for Tsawat «Javad (fortress)» [accessed 31 Jan 2026] SOURCE for Tzauat « The 17. we cross'd over the famous River Araxes, near Tzauat, where they had made a Bridge of Boats, which they call Tzissi. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 296 SOURCE for Tzawat « Tzawat » in {map#1453 Provinciarum Persicarum Kilaniæ nempe Chirvaniæ Dagestaniæ aliarumque vicinarum regionum partium Nova Geographica Tabula, , 1723?, Special Collections of the University of Amsterdam OTM: HB-KZL 33.11.20} « The River Kur serves for a common Frontier to the two Provinces of Schiruan and Mokan, and there is a Bridge of Boats over it, near Tzawat. We pass'd over it the second of April, and found, on the other side of the River, another Mehemandar, whom the Chan or Governour of Ardebil had sent to meet us, and to conduct us in the pursuance of our Journey, as far as the chief City of his Government. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 168

R189-013 Balharu torrent
R189-013 Balharu torrent : place IRN
VARIANT names: Balharu torrent ,
SOURCE for Balharu torrent
« April 4. we were forc'd to leave the way of the Heath, though much the nearer, and to take another, which brought us, by a great compass of above six Leagues, to a Torrent called Bal|haru, out of this consideration, that if we had travell'd along the Heath, we should have want|ed water, » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 168

R189-047 Kaskabath
R189-047 Kaskabath : place IRN
Supplement: unknown based on distance
VARIANT names: Kaskabath (?) ,
SOURCE for Kaskabath (?)
« The 25. being Christmas-day, we saw, neer the Village of Kaskabath, within two leagues of Serdehe, how the King was encamped there under several Tents, which being of divers colours, made a very delightfull show. The Ambassadors sent thither the Sieur Francis Mur|rher, who understood the Turkish language. He made the King so handsom and respectfull a Complement, that his Majesty openly express'd how much he was satisfy'd therewith. In the mean time we pass'd on, and went and lodg' in the little Citie of Natens. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 285

R189-049 Chotzakassim Caravansera
R189-049 Chotzakassim Caravansera : place IRN (caravanserai)
Supplement: The current Robat-i-Sang or Zizeh Caravanserai has been identified by Kleiss as of the Qajar period, well before the Olearius - Mandelslo journet in 1638-9.
VARIANT names: Chotza Cassim Carawansera , Chotza Kassim Caravansera , Chotzakassim Caravansera , Hodia Kasim ,
SOURCE for Chotza Cassim Carawansera
« After we had lay Eight days in Kaschan and bought Wares and Provision, we broke up, and on the 13 at night came to Carawansera Chotza Cassim, which stands in the middle of a Grove of Cypress and other Trees, which Winter and Summer grow always green In the said Carawansera we found very good Accommodation. » #3675 John Struys, trans. John Morrison, The Perillous and Most Unhappy Voyages of John Struys; through Italy, Greece, … Media, Persia, …, and other places in Europe, Africa and Asia, London, 1683 ~ p. 312
SOURCE for Chotza Kassim Caravansera
« 26. of Iuly? as soon as the Moon was up, which was then at the full. That Night we travell'd six Leagues and came the next morning to Caravansera, called Chotza Kassim: but in regard it was very narrow, and withall very nasty, we lodg'd our selves in a Garden not far from it, in the shade of abundance of Cypress Trees and Pomegranate-Trees, upon the side of a pleasant Rivulet, » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 196
SOURCE for Chotzakassim Caravansera
« The 26. we travell'd on, and took up our Quarters at night in a Caravansera, named Chotzakassim. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 285
SOURCE for Hodia Kasim
« I månens sken kom man fram till karavanserajet Chotza Kassim (Hodia Kasim) [In the moonlight they reached the caravanserai Chotza Kassim (Hodia Kasim)] » #3673 Hedin, Sven, Resare-bengt: En Levnadsteckning, Albert Bonniers Förlag, Stockholm, 1921 ~ p. 454

R189-050 Kaschan
R189-050 Kaschan : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: PPLA2 UFI: 10325556 coordinate: lat 33.997284 long 51.441575
NIMA/GNS names: Kachan , Kashan , كاشان ,
VARIANT names: Cachan , Caixan , Caixao , Cascian , Cashan , Cassan , Cassian , Caxen , Kachan , Kaschan , Kashan , Katschan , Qasan ,
SOURCE for Cachan
« A la pointe du jour nous apperçumes Cachan, où nous arrivames a 7. heures du matin. Une partie de la caravane alla loger dans la ville, et le refte dans le Caravanferan du fauxbourg. [At daybreak we sighted Cachan, where we arrived at 7 o'clock in the morning. Part of the caravan went to stay in the town, and the rest in the Caravanferan of the suburb.] » #3227 LeBrun, Corneille, Voyages de Corneille Le Brun par la Moscovie, en Perse, et aux Indes Orientales., Wetstein, Amsterdam, 1718 ~ p. 182
« Le treiziéme érant partis à deux heures aprés minuit, nôtre courſe fut de neuf heures. Au commencement le chemin fut fort mauvais, et nous trouvámes pluſieurs Villages des habitez, avant que d'arriver à Cachan, dont le Caravanferail eft tres-beau. [The thirteenth departure was at two o'clock after midnight, our journey lasted nine hours. At the beginning the road was very bad, and we encountered several inhabited villages before arriving at Cachan, whose caravanserai is very beautiful.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 p. 71
« Il y a dans Cachan ... les Carvanferas grands et commodes; mais il y en a un entr'autres qui eftoit fort magnifique proche des jardins du Roy à l'entrée de la ville, dans lequel je logeay à mon dernier voyage d'Afie. Tant le Carvanfera que les Jardins font des ouvrages de Chabas I. du nom, et il y fit une fort grande depenfe. Ce Carvanfera à environ 100. pas en quarre, il eſt bati de brique, et à deux étages, et contient prés de fix vingt chambres voutées et d'une raiſonnable grandeur. [In Cachan there are... large and comfortable Carvanferas; but there is one among others that was quite magnificent near the King's Gardens at the entrance to the town, in which I stayed on my last trip to Africa. Both the Carvanfera and the Gardens are the work of Chabas I, and he spent a very large amount on them. This Carvanfera, about 100 paces square, is built of brick, has two stories, and contains nearly twenty vaulted rooms of reasonable size.] » #3632 Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste, Les six voyages de Jean Baptiste Tavernier, Ecuyer Baron d'Aubonne, qu'il a fait en Turquie, en Perse, et aux Indes,, Chez Gervais Clouzier et Claude Barbin, 1676 ~ p. 72
SOURCE for Caixan
« in analogous manner, but more evidently, the name of the city of Kashan, rendered once with 'Caixan' and once with 'Caixào', a few lines after (f. 3r). » #3224 Margherita Farina, Giovanni Battista Raimondi's Travel in the Middle East: A Case of Sixteenth-Century Portuguese-Italian Interference, Oriente Moderno, NUOVA SERIE, ~ pp. 55-6
SOURCE for Caixao
« CAIXÃO, cidade de-Kashan, em 33' 59' lat. N. e 51° 30' long. E., capital da província persa do mesmo nome. [Fernão Lopes de Castanheda - História do des- cobrimento e conquista da India pelos Portugueses]. [CAIXÃO, city of Kashan, in 33' 59' N. lat. and 51° 30' E. long., capital of the Persian province of the same name. [Fernão Lopes de Castanheda - History of the discovery and conquest of India by the Portuguese].] » #2603 Visconde De Lagoa, Glossario Toponimico Da Antiga Historiografia Portuguesa Ultramarina, Oficina Grafica, Casa Portuguesa Rua Das Gaveas, 1953, ~ vol. A-C p. 145
« From this city of whatever name, the Portugals, pursuing their course to the Shah of Persia, arrived at the city of Cayxam (Kashan) on the Friday of July 20th 1515 » #3565 Smith, Ronald Bishop, The First Age of the Portuguese Embassies, Navigations and Peregrinations in Persia (1507-1524), Decatur Press, Bethesda, Maryland, 1970 ~ p. 44
« From here they will depart for Ormuz by another winding road that passes through many towns and places, very useful land with large livestock; they will arrive at the city of Caixão, where they will stay for fifteen days » #2516 Afonso de Albuquerque, ed.Raymundo Antonio de Bulhão Pato, Henrique Lopes de Mendonça, Cartas de Affonso de Albuquerque, seguidas de documentos que as elucidam, Academia Real Das Sciencias de Lisboa, 1884, 1898 ~ vol. 2 p.249
SOURCE for Cascian
« VI. Io dico adunque, che avendo già veduto e osservato in Cascian ciò che di sopra ho scritto, ed essendoci riposati abba-stanza, la domenica a sera del ventotto di gennaio ci partimmo, [VI. I say, then, that having already seen and observed in Cascian what I have written above, and having rested sufficiently, we departed on Sunday evening, the twenty-eighth of January,] » #1530 Pietro Della Valle, Viaggi di Pietro della Valle: il pellegrino, G. Gancia, Brighton, 1843, ~ vol. 1 p. 572
SOURCE for Cashan
« and thence to Cashan, a gallant Citie; from Coom six and thirty miles: the way was easie and plaine, but somewhat sandie. » #1608 Herbert, Thomas, Sir, Some Yeares Travels into divers parts of Asia and Afrique. Describing especially the two famous Empires, the Persian, and great Mogull: weaved with the history of these later times ... With a revivall of the first discoverer of America. Revised and enlarged by the Author., Printed by R. Bip. for Jacob Blome and Richard Bishop, London, 1638, ~ p. 213
« Cashan is not lesse than York or Norwich, above foure thousand families are accounted in her: the houses are fairely built, the streets be large and comly; the Mosqus and Hummums are curiously painted and ceruleated, with a feigned Turquoise: the Buzzar is spatious and uniforme; furnished with Silks, Damasks, rich Carpets, Sattens, and cloth of gold; no part of the Persian Monarchy shewes better, or more variety, nor a people more exactly industrious. » #1608 Herbert, Thomas, Sir, Some Yeares Travels into divers parts of Asia and Afrique. Describing especially the two famous Empires, the Persian, and great Mogull: weaved with the history of these later times ... With a revivall of the first discoverer of America. Revised and enlarged by the Author., Printed by R. Bip. for Jacob Blome and Richard Bishop, London, 1638, ~ p. 214
SOURCE for Cassan
« Odoric expressly says that Kashan, or Cassan,' as he calls it, was 'the city of the Three Kings' and that these worshippers set out from there to Jerusalem, which they reached by divine aid in thirteen days. (4) The passage in the account of Odoric de Por-denone reads as follows: -'DE LA CITÉ DE CASSAN. - De ceste cité m'en alay vers la grant Inde par mer. Si vins par maintes journées a une cité des trois roys qui firent offrande à Jhesu Crist nouvel né. Et appelle on ceste cité de Cassan, cité royal de grant honneur mais Tartre l'ont moult destruite. De cette cité de Cassan jusques en Jherusalem a plus de journées dont on puet clerement appercevoir que ly troy Roy de ceste cité de Cassan furent en XIII journées amené en Jherusa par vertu divine et non humaine. En ceste cité a moult grand hab dance de tous biens, de pain, et de vin et de toutes autres choses.'fn. 4 See Odoric de Pordenone, ed. Cordier, p. 41, Paris, 1891. »
#3178 Jackson, A. V. Williams, Persia past and present; a book of travel and research, with more than two hundred illustrations and a map, The Macmillan Company, London, 1906 ~ p. 412
« Ce fait le Roy voulut aller à SPAHAN ville capitale de Par-thie, elloignée de CASBIN douze iournées les comptant à pas de Carauane, où nous le fuiuifmes. L'on trouue par le chemin beau-coup de bonnes places, comme entr'autres vne, qui eft appellée Com, vne autre dite CASSAN, qui eft plus grande, et plus riche que Com, comme aufli beaucoup de bourgs et villages. Tout cechemin eſt plain et vny, toutesfois d'vn coſté et d'autre on voittou-fiours des montagnes, [This done, the King wished to go to Spahan, the capital city of Parthia, twelve days distant from Casbin, counting them at the pace of Carauane, where we fled. One finds many good places along the way, such as one called Com, another called Cassan, which is larger and richer than Com, as well as many towns and villages. The whole road is flat and winding, however, on one side and the other one always sees mountains.] » #3614 unknown ed. M. Morisot, Relations veritables et curieuses de l'isle de Madagascar, et du Bresil. : Auec l'histoire de la derniere guerre faite au Bresil, entre les Portugais et les Hollandois. ; Trois relations d'Egypte, et vne du royaume de Perse, Chez Augustin Courbé, Paris, 1651 ~ p. 133
SOURCE for Cassian
« The 20th daye at night we came to the fayre citie of Cassian (Kashan), lying in the cuntrey of Parthia. On the waye between this citie and the foresayde citie of Comes the cuntrey of the Par-thiance and the Medians are parted. Here we piched in a caravansero that Shaw Abbas built, the fayerest that ever I saw it is big innaw to lodge any king of Chrissendom was all his trayne-hauing traveled 7 lges. » #3214 Stodart, Robert; introduction and notes by Sir. E. Denison Ross, The Journal of Robert Stodart: Being an account of his experiences as a member of Sir Dodmore Cotton's Mission in Persia in 1628-29. Published from the unique manuscript preserved in the Bodleian Library, Luzac and Co, 1935 ~ p. 66
SOURCE for Caxen
« Llegose á Caxen, adonde auia gran número de otras mugeres cubiertas con sus mantos blancos, sobre las paredes, varandas y otras partes altas, y ansi se en-tro por la çiudad, aunque fuera de lo que della está rrodeado de muralla, que es alta y muy bien labrada, hasta el Maydan, que es una larga calle, aunque no tanto como la de Xiras, pero mas ancha, con muchos arboles por las vandas á raiz de las paredes, adonde ay algunas casas y dentro grande arboleda de huertas. [He arrived at Caxen, where there were a great number of other women covered with their white cloaks, on the walls, balustrades and other high parts, and thus he entered the city, although outside of what is surrounded by a wall, which is high and very well made, up to the Maydan, which is a long street, although not as long as that of Xiras, but wider, with many trees along the sides at the base of the walls, where there are some houses and inside a large grove of orchards.] » #3245 García de Silva y Figueroa, Manuel Serrano y Sanz, Comentarios De D. Garcia De Silva Y Figueroa De La Embajada Que De Parte Del Rey De España Don Felipe III Hizo Al Rey Xa Abas De Persia, La Spciedad de Bibliofilos Espanoles, Madrid, 1905 ~ vol. 2 p. 57
SOURCE for Kachan
« Kachan » in {map#1253 Carte de la Perse, de la Turquie d'Asie et d'une partie de la Tartarie Indépendante / Dressée par P. Lapie, ... pour les Voyages de Chardin ; Gravée par Blondeau, ..., , 1810, }
SOURCE for Kaschan
« Malgré la vue de tout le peuple de Kaschan, venu au-devant de nous, y compris la communauté juive, l'im-patience nous prenait un peu d'une route aussi longue, quand, à la fin, nous arrivames, et la première vue de notre logis dissipa comme une fumée notre mécontentement. [Despite the sight of all the people of Kashan, who came to meet us, including the Jewish community, we were a little impatient with such a long journey, when, at last, we arrived, and the first sight of our lodging dissipated our discontent like smoke.] » #3657 Gobineau Comte de, Trois ans en Asie (de 1855 à 1858), Libraire de L. Hachette et Cie, Paris, 1859 ~ vol. 1 p. 237
« The 27. we came to the Citie of Kaschan, » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 285
« Kaschan where on the 3 day of Ianuary we arrived to|wards the Evening, taking up our Quarters at a very noble and commodious Carawansera, seeming rather a Palace than an Inn. » #3675 John Struys, trans. John Morrison, The Perillous and Most Unhappy Voyages of John Struys; through Italy, Greece, … Media, Persia, …, and other places in Europe, Africa and Asia, London, 1683 ~ p. 310
SOURCE for Kashan
« I journeyed to Kashan (25), where I stayed for a month, fn. 25 Kashan, Nain, Sirjan and Tarum, Iranian towns. » #623 Nikitin, Athanasy, Khozhenie za tri moria Afanasiia Nikitina, 1466-1472 gg. (Afansy Nikitin's Voyage beyond the Three Seas, 1466-1472), Moskva, 1960, ~ p. 109
« Passing the post-house of Mohamedye and Gaz, Kashan came in sight over an undulation in the sand, and we were soon threading the narrow lanes of this, one of the largest business places of Persia. » #3069 Crawshay-Williams, Eliot, Across Persia, Edward Arnold, London, 1907 ~ p. 295
« thence 12 to Kāshān. Total, from Sävah to Kāshān it is 22 leagues. » #1764 ed. Le Strange, G., The geographical part of the Nuzhat-al-qulub composed by Hamd-Alla¯h Mustawfi¯ of Qazwi¯n in 740 (1340), E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1919 ~ p. 175
« we caught sight of the blue domes of the mosques at Kashan that rose with a glimpse of color over the brown plain. Kashan, pronounced in Persian as Kashan, is flanked by mountains and hills on the south, west, and northwest, but on the other sides it lies open to the plain. » #3178 Jackson, A. V. Williams, Persia past and present; a book of travel and research, with more than two hundred illustrations and a map, The Macmillan Company, London, 1906 ~ p. 410
« Kashan is one of the hottest places on the great Persian plateau, but has the rare luxury of a good water supply brought from a reservoir some distance off in the Kuhrūd mountains. It has a much-diminished population, said now to number 30,000 souls. Much of it is in ruins, and much more is ruinous. It has a thriving colony of Jews. It is noted for its silks and velvets; but the modern productions are regarded by judges as degenerate. It is still famous for its work in copper and for its great copper bazar. » #3644 Bishop, Isabella L., Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan, John Murray, London, 1891 ~ vol. 1 p. 230
« Next day brought us to another considerable town- Káshán-after an uneventful march of about seven hours, broken by a halt for lunch at a village called Nasrábád, at which I was supplied with one of the excellent melons grown in the neighbourhood. » #3380 Browne, Edward Granville, A year amongst the Persians; impressions as to the life, character, and thought of the people of Persia, received during twelve month's residence in that country in the years 1887-8, Adam and Charles Black, 1893 ~ p. 173
« and crawling along in true caravan fashion, entered Káshán soon after sunset, and » #3380 Browne, Edward Granville, A year amongst the Persians; impressions as to the life, character, and thought of the people of Persia, received during twelve month's residence in that country in the years 1887-8, Adam and Charles Black, 1893 ~ p. 548
« Sin-Sin to Kashan, 4) ?. ?., 20 ?. ... Enter Kashan by road rudely paved with stones; a considerable town, celebrated for its silk manufactures. » #3696 Claude Clerk, Notes in Persia, Khorassan, and Afghanistan, The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, 1861 vol. 31:pp. 37-65 ~ p. 56
SOURCE for Katschan
« The Persians put this City of Katschan at 84 degrees longitude, and at thirty four distant from the Line. After an exact Observation of three days, I found that it is distant from it thirty three degrees and 51 minutes, that is, nine minutes less. The City is of a great length, reaching from East to West, above half a German League. Its Walls and bastions are of a kind of Potters day, and it lies in a great Plain, the ground of which is good enough for Tillage, » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 194
SOURCE for Qasan

R189-051 Sensen
R189-051 Sensen : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Sansen , Sen Sen , Sinsin , سن سن ,
VARIANT names: Çençen , Deffinfim , Sen Sen , Sensen , Sinfin , Sinsin , Sin-Sin , Zenzen ,
SOURCE for Çençen
« A la tarde, despues de ponerse el sol salio el Enbaxa-dor de Caxen, y aunque se camino casi toda la noche por tierra llana no se llegó hasta que queria amanecer á una pequeña aldea llamada Çençen, ... Con el calor del sol se encendio el dia de manera que se padeçio gran trabaxo, no auiendo en que se recoger y defender del gran calor sino unas paredes medio arruinadas de vn carauasar viejo, reco-giendose el Enbaxador á la mezquita del aldea, que no era mayor que una estrecha çelda de frayles, con las paredes muy delgadas y grandes ventanas á todas partes. [In the afternoon, after sunset, the Ambassador of Caxen set out, and although he walked almost all night over flat land, he did not arrive until dawn at a small village called Çençen... With the heat of the sun, the day became so intense that great hardship was suffered, there being nowhere to take shelter and defend oneself from the great heat except some half-ruined walls of an old caravanserai, the Ambassador taking refuge in the village mosque, which was no bigger than a narrow friar's cell, with very thin walls and large windows on all sides.] » #3245 García de Silva y Figueroa, Manuel Serrano y Sanz, Comentarios De D. Garcia De Silva Y Figueroa De La Embajada Que De Parte Del Rey De España Don Felipe III Hizo Al Rey Xa Abas De Persia, La Spciedad de Bibliofilos Espanoles, Madrid, 1905 ~ vol. 2 p. 66
SOURCE for Deffinfim
« Le douzieme nous partimes à une heure aprés minuit.. Nous marchâmes douze heures toû-ours dans la plaine, et nous paſſames devant pluſieurs beaux Jardins enclos de fort hautes murailles qui font des lieux de plai-ſance des Roys de Perſe, où ils viennent quand ils veulent aller à la chaffe. Le Village où nous logeâmes ſe nomme Deffinfim. [On the twelfth, we departed at one o'clock after midnight. We walked for twelve hours, always across the plain, and we passed several beautiful gardens enclosed by very high walls, which are pleasure grounds for the Kings of Persia, where they come when they wish to go to the baths. The village where we stayed is called Deffinfim.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 p. 71
SOURCE for Sen Sen
SOURCE for Sensen
« The 19th daye we came at night to Sensen [Sin-sin), a verie poore towne in a verie barren place nere a hill. Here we piched in a veri poore caravanserow out of the towne about half a mile (here the water is sweet), hauing traveled 6 lges. » #3214 Stodart, Robert; introduction and notes by Sir. E. Denison Ross, The Journal of Robert Stodart: Being an account of his experiences as a member of Sir Dodmore Cotton's Mission in Persia in 1628-29. Published from the unique manuscript preserved in the Bodleian Library, Luzac and Co, 1935 ~ p. 65
« The 23. we got seven Leagues, to the Village of Sensen, where we found abundance of Pro|visions and fruits, » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 194
« In the after-noon, we got on hors-back, and reach'd that day five leagues, to the Village of Sensen. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 285
« The next day we got the Village Sensen, lying about 5 Dutch Miles distant from Kaschan where on the 3 day of Ianuary we arrived to|wards the Evening, taking up our Quarters at a very noble and com|modious Carawansera, seeming rather a Palace than an Inn. » #3675 John Struys, trans. John Morrison, The Perillous and Most Unhappy Voyages of John Struys; through Italy, Greece, … Media, Persia, …, and other places in Europe, Africa and Asia, London, 1683 ~ p. 310
SOURCE for Sinfin
« Le neuvième nous nous repofâmes à celui de Sinfin à 7. lieuës de l'en-droit, où nous avions paffé la nuit. Ce village eft affez grand, et on y trouve plufieurs bâtimens et des Caravanserais ruinés. [On the ninth day we rested at Sinfin, 7 leagues from the place where we had camped the night. This village is quite large, and there are several buildings and ruined caravansers.] » #3227 LeBrun, Corneille, Voyages de Corneille Le Brun par la Moscovie, en Perse, et aux Indes Orientales., Wetstein, Amsterdam, 1718 ~ p. 181
SOURCE for Sinsin
« At Sinsin the next evening it was gloriously cold. » #3644 Bishop, Isabella L., Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan, John Murray, London, 1891 ~ vol. 1 p. 225
SOURCE for Sin-Sin
« but, as the sun was sinking, pushed on past Nasrahad, and eventually drove up to our night's rest-house at Sin-Sin through a world bathed in floods of magnificent moonlight. » #3069 Crawshay-Williams, Eliot, Across Persia, Edward Arnold, London, 1907 ~ p. 296
« Pasengan to Sin-Sin, 51 ?. ?. 21 ? » #3696 Claude Clerk, Notes in Persia, Khorassan, and Afghanistan, The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, 1861 vol. 31:pp. 37-65 ~ p. 55
SOURCE for Zenzen
« From Coom we rode to Zenzen; » #1608 Herbert, Thomas, Sir, Some Yeares Travels into divers parts of Asia and Afrique. Describing especially the two famous Empires, the Persian, and great Mogull: weaved with the history of these later times ... With a revivall of the first discoverer of America. Revised and enlarged by the Author., Printed by R. Bip. for Jacob Blome and Richard Bishop, London, 1638, ~ p. 213

R189-052 Kasmabath
R189-052 Kasmabath : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: FRM UFI: 10322783 coordinate: lat 34.495619 long 51.115807
NIMA/GNS names: Kusmabad , Qasemabad , قاسم آباد ,
VARIANT names: Kasinabath , Kasmabath , Kosmabath , Kusmabad , Qacemabad ,
POSSIBLE LOCATION at Caçen Abad FOR Kusmabad [[by distance, 6 then four leagues] PBR],
SOURCE for Kasinabath
« Iuly 21. we left Kom, an hour after Sun-set, and travell'd that night five Leagues. The next, the 22. We stay'd in a great Village, called Kasinabath, where all the Houses of one whole street were built so as that they made altogether but one continued Vaul., or kind of Cloister. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 194
SOURCE for Kasmabath
« he 2. we got five leagues further, and took up our Quarters at night, at Kasmabath. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 285
SOURCE for Kosmabath
« On the 1 of Ianuary we left Khom, and came that night to Cara|wansera
Kosmabath where we set down. » #3675 John Struys, trans. John Morrison, The Perillous and Most Unhappy Voyages of John Struys; through Italy, Greece, … Media, Persia, …, and other places in Europe, Africa and Asia, London, 1683 ~ p. 309
SOURCE for Kusmabad
SOURCE for Qacemabad
« Qacemabad » in {map#1253 Carte de la Perse, de la Turquie d'Asie et d'une partie de la Tartarie Indépendante / Dressée par P. Lapie, ... pour les Voyages de Chardin ; Gravée par Blondeau, ..., , 1810, }

R189-053 Kom : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Ghom , Qom , Qum , قم ,
VARIANT names: Com , Comes , Coom , Cum , Khom , Kom , Koum , Kum , Qom , Qum , Qumm ,
SOURCE for Com
« Cette ville a 14. quartiers, et 2100. maifons, dans chacune defquelles il y a un puits, fans compter 300. abenbaars ou citernes. Elle a quatre portes, quatre Bazars, et un Meydeen, plufieurs bains, et un grand nombre de moſquées et del chapelles. [This city has 14 districts and 2100 houses, each with a well, not counting 300 cisterns or granaries. It has four gates, four bazaars, a mosque, several baths, and a large number of mosques and chapels.] » #3227 LeBrun, Corneille, Voyages de Corneille Le Brun par la Moscovie, en Perse, et aux Indes Orientales., Wetstein, Amsterdam, 1718 ~ p. 180
« D Es environs de la mon-cagne dont on fait tant de contes, on commença à voir la Ville de Com. Ayant que d'y ar-river, il faut paffer devant cinq endroits de beaucoup d'étenduë, pleins de ruines, dont les débris font encore fort elevez. [From the surroundings of the mountain about which so many tales are told, one began to see the City of Com. Having to arrive there, one must pass in front of five places of great extent, full of ruins, whose debris still stands very high.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 p. 67
SOURCE for Comes
« The 16th daye at night we came to the fayre citie Comes [Qum], weh lieth on a plaine. ... Here we picht in a pomgranet garden, haueing traveled 6 lges, In this towne ther is a fine marked [market] place. Here we stayed the 17th daye. » #3214 Stodart, Robert; introduction and notes by Sir. E. Denison Ross, The Journal of Robert Stodart: Being an account of his experiences as a member of Sir Dodmore Cotton's Mission in Persia in 1628-29. Published from the unique manuscript preserved in the Bodleian Library, Luzac and Co, 1935 ~ p. 65
SOURCE for Coom
« by this wee are entred Coom? where we refresht our
scorched and wearied bodies three dayes: In which time wee could not chuse but gather something.
COOM, (in the latitude of 34 degrees 40 minutes) is a City of good note, in Parthia; placed in the mid-way 'twixt those two royall Cities, Cazbyn and Spawhawn. It is scituate in an ample and faire sandy plain, and yeelds every way an exact horizon. Coom, gives place to no other Towne in Persia for antiquity; the ruines appearing at this day, gaine some be|leife in the inhabitants, whose common saying is, it was once compara|ble to Babylon. » #1608 Herbert, Thomas, Sir, Some Yeares Travels into divers parts of Asia and Afrique. Describing especially the two famous Empires, the Persian, and great Mogull: weaved with the history of these later times ... With a revivall of the first discoverer of America. Revised and enlarged by the Author., Printed by R. Bip. for Jacob Blome and Richard Bishop, London, 1638, ~ p. 212
SOURCE for Cum
A 8, á la ora ordinaria, se començó á caminar de es-paçio por no auer hasta Cum mas de quatro leguas, [At 8 o'clock, at the ordinary time, they began to walk from space to Cum but not more than four leagues,]
SOURCE for Khom
« On the 25 we came to the City Khom, and took up our Lodging in a Carawansera near to the great Maydan. » #3675 John Struys, trans. John Morrison, The Perillous and Most Unhappy Voyages of John Struys; through Italy, Greece, … Media, Persia, …, and other places in Europe, Africa and Asia, London, 1683 ~ p. 308
SOURCE for Kom
« De là à Kom il y a encore ſept ou huit heures de marche dans des terres feches et des fables falez: mais à une demi-lieuë de Kom la terre eft bonne et de grand rapport. [From there to Kom there is still seven or eight hours' walk through barren lands and barren fields: but half a league from Kom the land is good and of great yield.] » #3632 Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste, Les six voyages de Jean Baptiste Tavernier, Ecuyer Baron d'Aubonne, qu'il a fait en Turquie, en Perse, et aux Indes,, Chez Gervais Clouzier et Claude Barbin, 1676 ~ p. 67
« The 19. we travell'd five Leagues,* 11.193 and got in the morning before the City of Kom. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 193
« The third, we came to the Citie of Kom, where we were assign'd lodgings, in very fair houses neer the Basar, » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 285
SOURCE for Koum
« A Koum, tout nous parut fort bien. Les bazars sont vastes et il y a de belles maisons avec de grands jar-dins. La ville a un certain air provincial qui ne déplaît pas. Koum est une ville sainte. Sa mosquée, fort grande, est ornée d'un dome tout doré et de construction mo-derne très-élégante. [In Koum, everything seemed very good to us. The bazaars are vast, and there are beautiful houses with large gardens. The town has a certain provincial air that is quite appealing. Koum is a holy town. Its very large mosque is adorned with a gilded dome and is of very elegant, modern construction.] » #3657 Gobineau Comte de, Trois ans en Asie (de 1855 à 1858), Libraire de L. Hachette et Cie, Paris, 1859 ~ vol. 1 p. 256
SOURCE for Kum
« For the golden dot is the dome of the great and most sacred mosque of Kum. Kum is one of those cities to which, renowned for their sanctity, pilgrims flock on their earthly journey towards Paradise. » #3069 Crawshay-Williams, Eliot, Across Persia, Edward Arnold, London, 1907 ~ p. 296
« Kum is little less than a city of mosques, minarets, madrasahs, and corpses, for, next to Meshad, it is the most famous burial-place in Persia. Its special sanctity is due to the fact that it is the proud possessor of the shrine of Fatima, sister of Imam Riza, the eighth Imam. She was interred here in A.D. 816, and honors are accorded her that Mohammedanism rarely vouchsafes to a woman. » #3178 Jackson, A. V. Williams, Persia past and present; a book of travel and research, with more than two hundred illustrations and a map, The Macmillan Company, London, 1906 ~ p. 414
« Kûm, Ash Wednesday, 1890 » #3644 Bishop, Isabella L., Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan, John Murray, London, 1891 ~ vol. 1 p. 160
« Kûm, March 23. » #3644 Bishop, Isabella L., Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan, John Murray, London, 1891 ~ vol. 1 p. 211
« The first of these telegraph stations is at Kum, and thither I at once made my way through the spice-laden twilight of the bazaars. » #3380 Browne, Edward Granville, A year amongst the Persians; impressions as to the life, character, and thought of the people of Persia, received during twelve month's residence in that country in the years 1887-8, Adam and Charles Black, 1893 ~ p. 168
« Pool-e-dulak to Kúm, 31 1. R., 14 ?.Cross the Gonsir river by brick bridge, thence some 7 miles across barren desert plain, on which but little vegetation is visible. 7 miles, cultivation on left of road, extending to small village, distant about a mile from road. To the right, also, a small hamlet off the road; enter and pass through low bare hillocks and broken ground, with gradual ascent to left bank of Kúm river. Cultivation extends some distance to the right; post-house and serai on bank of river, opposite a brick bridge. Supplies of corn and provisions here abundant. » #3696 Claude Clerk, Notes in Persia, Khorassan, and Afghanistan, The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, 1861 vol. 31:pp. 37-65 ~ p. 55
SOURCE for Qom
SOURCE for Qum
« thence 6 to Qum, » #1764 ed. Le Strange, G., The geographical part of the Nuzhat-al-qulub composed by Hamd-Alla¯h Mustawfi¯ of Qazwi¯n in 740 (1340), E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1919 ~ p. 175
SOURCE for Qumm

R189-054 Schaferabath Caravansera
R189-054 Schaferabath Caravansera : place IRN (caravanserai) NIMA/GNS feature: RHSE UFI: -3082302 coordinate: lat 34.722568 long 50.68417 Supplement: 34.7216, 50.6853,Karavansara Sangi,RHSE coordinates corrected VARIANT names: Gia farabat , Giafarabat carauasar , Karavansara Sangi , karavanserajet Schah Ferabath , Qom, Robat Qal'eh Sangi bei Qom , Salt Mountain Caravanserai , Schach Ferabath Caravansera , Schach Ferabath Carawansera , Schaferabath Caravansera , SOURCE for Gia farabat « Den 18 nådde man i tillintetgörande hetta karavanserajet Schah Ferabath, Figueroas Gia farabat, tydligen Djaferabad. [On the 18th, in scorching heat, they reached the caravanserai of Shah Ferabath, Figueroa's Gia farabat, apparently Djaferabad.] » #3673 Hedin, Sven, Resare-bengt: En Levnadsteckning, Albert Bonniers Förlag, Stockholm, 1921 ~ p. 452 SOURCE for Giafarabat carauasar « Con la conversaçion referida y diziendose muchos cuentos á este proposito, de aparençias y visiones noturnas, se llegó á un caravasar que tiene el nonbre del monte ya dicho, poco antes de amaneçer, adonde todo el dia siguiente se pasó con terrible calor y poca comodidad de todos. ... A 9 salio el Enbaxador del carauasar de Giafarabat, aconpañandole el persiano de Saba, [With the aforementioned conversation and many tales being told on this subject, of apparitions and nocturnal visions, they arrived at a caravanserai that bears the name of the aforementioned mountain, shortly before dawn, where they spent the entire following day in terrible heat and with little comfort for all. ... At 9 o'clock the Ambassador left the caravanserai of Giafarabat, accompanied by the Persian of Saba,] » #3245 García de Silva y Figueroa, Manuel Serrano y Sanz, Comentarios De D. Garcia De Silva Y Figueroa De La Embajada Que De Parte Del Rey De España Don Felipe III Hizo Al Rey Xa Abas De Persia, La Spciedad de Bibliofilos Espanoles, Madrid, 1905 ~ vol. 5 pp. 75-6 SOURCE for Karavansara Sangi SOURCE for karavanserajet Schah Ferabath « Den 18 nådde man i tillintetgörande hetta karavanserajet Schah Ferabath, Figueroas Gia farabat, tydligen Djaferabad. [On the 18th, in scorching heat, they reached the caravanserai of Shah Ferabath, Figueroa's Gia farabat, apparently Djaferabad.] » #3673 Hedin, Sven, Resare-bengt: En Levnadsteckning, Albert Bonniers Förlag, Stockholm, 1921 ~ p. 452 SOURCE for Qom, Robat Qal'eh Sangi bei Qom « Robat Qal'eh Sangi bei Qom (Taf. 17,3 und 17,4 und 18,1) (Abb. 3 und 93), auch Robat Djamshid-e Djam genannt, nordwestlich von Qom48Lage: Die Ruine steht 22 km nordwestlich von Qom, am alten Weg von Saveh nach Qom über Madjidabad und am neuzeitlichen Weg von Saveh nach Qom über Aveh (Abb.3 in + 1000 m ü. N.N.Typ: Frühislamisches Robat mit Umgängen um den Hof, keine ausgeprägten Stallungen, einfache, tonnenge wölbte Kammern, große Ecktürme, kleine, massive Zwi schentürme. Der Torbau ist architektonisch nicht betont.48 Robat Qal'eh Sangi bei Qom wurde am 23. 4. 1978 vermessen und 30. 1. 1980 sowie am 9. 5. 1983 besucht. [Robat Qal'eh Sangi near Qom (Plates 17.3, 17.4, and 18.1) (Figs. 3 and 93), also called Robat Djamshid-e Djam, northwest of Qom.48Location: The ruins are located 22 km northwest of Qom, on the old road from Saveh to Qom via Majidabad and on the modern road from Saveh to Qom via Aveh (Fig. 3, at an elevation of 1000 m above sea level).Type: Early Islamic robat with ambulatory surrounding the courtyard, no distinct stables, simple, barrel-vaulted chambers, large corner towers, and small, solid intermediate towers. The gate structure is not architecturally emphasized.48 Robat Qal'eh Sangi near Qom was surveyed on April 23, 1978, and again on January 30, 1980, and May 9, 1983. visited.] » #3473 Kleiss, Wolfram, Karawanenbauten in Iran. Materialien zur iranischen Archäologie, Materialien zur iranischen Archa¨ologie, D. Reimer, Berlin, 1997 Band 3:Teil 2: ~ p. 60 SOURCE for Salt Mountain Caravanserai « karvansaraye kuh namak کاروانسرای کوه نمک » «Salt Mountain Caravanserai» [accessed 01 Feb 2026] SOURCE for Schach Ferabath Caravansera « We stay'd there only that one day, and depar|ted thence in the evening, travelling the night following six Leagues or better, so that, the 18. by Sun-rising, we were got to a Caravansera, called Schach Ferabath. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 193 SOURCE for Schach Ferabath Carawansera « On the 24 we departed from Saba, and at night set down at the Carawansera Schach Ferabath. » #3675 John Struys, trans. John Morrison, The Perillous and Most Unhappy Voyages of John Struys; through Italy, Greece, … Media, Persia, …, and other places in Europe, Africa and Asia, London, 1683 ~ p. 308 SOURCE for Schaferabath Caravansera « an. 5. we travell'd five leagues, to a Caravansera, named Schaferabath. But ere we were all got out of the Citie of Kom, we found the Sun eclips'd soon after his rising. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 285

R189-054a Mountain of Kilissim
R189-054a Mountain of Kilissim : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: MT UFI: 11660515 coordinate: lat 34.750897 long 50.696356
NIMA/GNS names: Kuh-e Namak , کوه نمک ,
VARIANT names: Guedan-Guery-Guernas , Kuh-e Namak , Mountain of Kilissim ,
SOURCE for Guedan-Guery-Guernas
« Quand nous cûmes marché le huitieme environ quatre heures, toûjours dans la plaine, nous paſlâmes devant une petite mont tagne fort proche du grand che min; elle eſt ronde., et au milieu de la plaine. On fait mille cotes de cette montagne; mais une choſe que l'on en aſſure eſt que tous ceux qui y vont n'en revien-nent plus. Elle tire fon nom de là; car elle s'appelle en Perſan, Guedan-Guery-Guernas, et en Turc, Guidel-Quel-Maiſe,qui veut dire, montagne de ceux qui y vont n'en reviennent jamais. [When we had walked for about four hours on the eighth day, still in the plain, we passed a small mountain very close to the main road; it is round and in the middle of the plain. A thousand slopes are made of this mountain; but one thing is certain of it: all those who go there never return. It takes its name from this; for in Persian it is called Guedan-Guery-Guernas, and in Turkish, Guidel-Quel-Maise, which means, mountain of those who go there never return.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 pp. 65-6
SOURCE for Kuh-e Namak
SOURCE for Mountain of Kilissim
« Neer this Caravansera, and on our right hand, we discover'd the Mountain of Kilissim, which is not very high, but encompass'd of all sides with several barren and stony Hills, which pro|duce nothing but Salt, as do's also all the neighbouring Champaign, which is all white, by reason of the Salt and Saltpeter. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 285

R189-055 Saba : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Saveh , ساوه ,
VARIANT names: Saba , Savah , Saveh , Sawa , Saway ,
SOURCE for Saba
« The 17, we came betimes in the morning, in sight of Saba, but in regard the Sun was not yet up, we made a halt at some distance from the City, to give them time to come out and receive us. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 193
« We lodg'd that night, at Saba, where we stay'd all the next day, » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 286
« Saba, which is a City lying in 34 degr. and 56 min. in a plain Field having on the West the Mountains of Elivend, which for their exceeding heighth may be seen many Miles distant. » #3675 John Struys, trans. John Morrison, The Perillous and Most Unhappy Voyages of John Struys; through Italy, Greece, … Media, Persia, …, and other places in Europe, Africa and Asia, London, 1683 ~ p. 307
SOURCE for Savah
« Desde Salmunabad á Savah recorrí cuarenta y cinco quilómetros á través de la comarca llamada Savend, uno de tantos nombres locales que no figu-ran en los mapas. [From Salmunabad to Savah I traveled forty-five kilometers through the region called Savend, one of many local names that don't appear on maps.] » #3180 Adolfo Rivadeneyra, Viaje Al Interior De Persia, ~ vol. 2 p. 35
SOURCE for Saveh
« thence 5 to the city of Savah. » #1764 ed. Le Strange, G., The geographical part of the Nuzhat-al-qulub composed by Hamd-Alla¯h Mustawfi¯ of Qazwi¯n in 740 (1340), E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1919 ~ p. 175
« A 9 salio el Enbaxador del carauasar de Giafarabat, aconpañandole el persiano de Saba, y no siendo grandes aquellas çinco leguas llegaron una legua de la çiudad, dos oras antes que amaneçiese, á una mezquita medio caida, [At 9 o'clock the Ambassador left the caravan of Giafarabat, accompanied by the Persian of Saba, and those five leagues not being great, they arrived one league from the city, two hours before dawn, at a half-fallen mosque,] » #3245 García de Silva y Figueroa, Manuel Serrano y Sanz, Comentarios De D. Garcia De Silva Y Figueroa De La Embajada Que De Parte Del Rey De España Don Felipe III Hizo Al Rey Xa Abas De Persia, La Spciedad de Bibliofilos Espanoles, Madrid, 1905 ~ vol. 5 p. 76
SOURCE for Sawa
« The 13th daye att night we came to Sawa [Sava], a pretie fine towne on a playne somthing nere the side of a hill. Here is good water. This place aboundes in grapes, pomgranetes. Here we picht in a pomgranet garden, and here we stayde the 14th daye, haueing traveled 9 lges. » #3214 Stodart, Robert; introduction and notes by Sir. E. Denison Ross, The Journal of Robert Stodart: Being an account of his experiences as a member of Sir Dodmore Cotton's Mission in Persia in 1628-29. Published from the unique manuscript preserved in the Bodleian Library, Luzac and Co, 1935 ~ p. 65
SOURCE for Saway
« To Saway we got next night, a Towne both great and fruitfull; but that it is the ruine of old Tygranocerta (as Bonacciolus guesses at) I shall never cre|dit: that it was Messabatha, or Artacana I more easily beleeve it. The Pole is here raised 35 degrees, 7 minutes; a City I may call it: It pleasantly upon a rising hill gives ground to twelve hundred houses, a sweet rivolet from Baronta refreshing it; » #1608 Herbert, Thomas, Sir, Some Yeares Travels into divers parts of Asia and Afrique. Describing especially the two famous Empires, the Persian, and great Mogull: weaved with the history of these later times ... With a revivall of the first discoverer of America. Revised and enlarged by the Author., Printed by R. Bip. for Jacob Blome and Richard Bishop, London, 1638, ~ p. 210

R189-056 Choskera Caravansera
R189-056 Choskera Caravansera : place IRN (caravanserai)
NIMA/GNS feature: RHSE UFI: -3765766 coordinate: lat 35.412 long 50.2065
NIMA/GNS names: Karvansara-ye Shah `Abbasi , Karvansara-ye Shah `Abbasi , كاروانسرای شاه عباسی ,
VARIANT names: Begum , Begun , Choskera Caravansera , Choskeru , Choskeru Caravansera , Goschärri-Karwanserei , Karavanserail Khoshkak , Karvansara-ye Shah `Abbasi (Khoshkrud) , Khoshkrud Caravanserai , Khoskeru , Kochkeria caravanserai , Kockera ,
SOURCE for Begum
« The 12th daye at night we ca(me to) Begum (1), a fayer caravansero; (the) water here is brackish. This ca(ravansero) was built by the Shaw [Shah] or King then, weh was, as I vnderstood, this Shaw A(bbases) father. Here we rested in the heat of the daye, haueing traveled 10 lges,
fn. 1 See Herbert's Travels, p. 214, note. Apparently this was known as the Begum's Caravanserai, having been built by Zaynab Begum, daughter of Shah Tahmäsp and chief wife of Shah Abbas. »
#3214 Stodart, Robert; introduction and notes by Sir. E. Denison Ross, The Journal of Robert Stodart: Being an account of his experiences as a member of Sir Dodmore Cotton's Mission in Persia in 1628-29. Published from the unique manuscript preserved in the Bodleian Library, Luzac and Co, 1935 ~ p. 64
« PAGE 2141 ‘Begum’ in the first edition. It is evidently the caravanserai described by Della Valle (vol. ii, p. 579), who says that it was known as the Begum's caravanserai, because it was built by Zainab Begum (a name which Chardin, vol. ii, p. 406, turns into 'Heinab Begum '), daughter of Shah Tahmäsp and chief wife of Shah 'Abbas. » #3211 ed Foster, William, Thomas Herbert, Travels in Persia (1627-1629), George Routledge and Sons, Ltd, London, 1928 ~ p. 326 notes
SOURCE for Begun
« at Begun our next, observable in a royall Carvans-raw or Hospitall of charity, erected at the cost and care of Tahamas late King of Persia: and did the water (too brackish and unhealthy there) but correspond with other delights, it might better merit commendation. » #1608 Herbert, Thomas, Sir, Some Yeares Travels into divers parts of Asia and Afrique. Describing especially the two famous Empires, the Persian, and great Mogull: weaved with the history of these later times ... With a revivall of the first discoverer of America. Revised and enlarged by the Author., Printed by R. Bip. for Jacob Blome and Richard Bishop, London, 1638, ~ p. 210
SOURCE for Choskera Caravansera
« The 8. we left Saba betimes in the morning, and travell'd that day nine leagues, to a Caravansera named Choskera. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 286
SOURCE for Choskeru
« ‘Choskeru,’ 1618 According to Laurelius, Oxenstierna travelled from Isfahan to Hormuz and back again, following the same route ... located exactly where the early travellers placed it, between Qazvin and Saveh, c. 125 kms. from the former and 54 kms. from the latter. » #3672 D.T. Potts, Bengt Bengtsson Oxenstierna (1591–1643): A critical reassessment of his two journeys to the Near East, Fornvännen, Stockholm, 2021 116: ~ p. 121-2
« Härmed bortfaller varje skymt av tvivel på att herr Bengt verkligen tagit vägen över Saba på sin resa till Kasvin. (1) Ty från Choskeru begav sig den holsteinska ambassadören följande dag till denna stad, som befanns vara omgiven med en ringmur och består av mycket förfallna hus. fn 1 Det finns också ett belägg på att Olcarius själv varit i Khoskeru. Engelsmannen John Bell, som, deltog i den ambassad tsar Peter I år 1715 skickade till schahen av Persien, säger:fn 1 Det finns också ett belägg på att Olcarius själv varit i Khoskeru. Engelsmannen John Bell, som, deltog i den ambassad tsar Peter I år 1715 skickade till schahen av Persien, säger:The 21st (Febr. 1717), after a journey of three hours, we came to an old caravansery, called Idioop, where we rested; then advanced four agatz to another, called Kockera, situated in an extensive plain. The snow was now altogether gone, and the water at this place very bad. In an upper room of this caravansery, I saw the names of many Furopeans cut on the wall, in different languages: among which was that of Olearius, secretary to the Holstein ambassadors, who published a very exact account of that fruitless embassy. [This removes any shadow of doubt that Mr. Bengt really crossed Saba on his journey to Kasvin. (1) For from Choskeru the Holstein ambassador set out the following day for this city, which was found to be surrounded by a ring wall and consists of very dilapidated houses. fn 1 There is also evidence that Olcarius himself had been in Khoskeru. The Englishman John Bell, who participated in the embassy sent by Tsar Peter I in 1715 to the Shah of Persia, says:fn 1 There is also evidence that Olcarius himself had been in Khoskeru. The Englishman John Bell, who participated in the embassy sent by Tsar Peter I in 1715 to the Shah of Persia, says:The 21st (February 1717), after a journey of three hours, we came to an old caravansery, called Idioop, where we rested; then advanced four agatz to another, called Kockera, situated in an extensive plain. The snow was now altogether gone, and the water at this place very bad. In an upper room of this caravansery, I saw the names of many Furopeans cut on the wall, in different languages: among which was that of Olearius, secretary to the Holstein ambassadors, who published a very exact account of that fruitless embassy.] » #3673 Hedin, Sven, Resare-bengt: En Levnadsteckning, Albert Bonniers Förlag, Stockholm, 1921 ~ p. 452
SOURCE for Choskeru Caravansera
« and Lodg'd the 16. in the morning, at a Caravanscra, named Choskeru. It was all built of Free-stone, and had several Vaults and Chambers, dispos'd all about a spacious Court, in the midst whereof there was a Well, compass'd by an Iron-rail. Upon the Walls of several Rooms, were to be seen the names and devises of several persons of most Nations, who, it seems, had been desirous to leave there behind them some marks of their passage that way. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 192
« Zu Abend machten wir vno wieder auff/giengen über flach Gebirge 6. Meilen/vnd kerten den 16. dieses gegen Morgenin eine Carwanfera, Choskeru genant/ein. Diese Carwanfera ist groß vnd von Quadersteinen sehr wol vnd or-dentlich gebawet/hat viel gewdlbete Gemacher und Ställe; In der mitten einen groffen Hoff ond beschlagenen Brunnen. Man sahe in den Gemachern, an den Wanden hin und wieder vielerley Schrifften/von mancherley durchgereiseten Nationen in den Kalck geschnitten/vinter andern waren auff dem forder Gebawde folgende Namen ond Schrifften zulesen: Benedictus Oxenstirn. Item Johan Warder 1600. apr. 10. Worbey: Olim meminifle juvabit. Item: fi nihil abftuleris, ibis honore foras. Hinten an einer andern Wand: Janus Docofius 1602. Aug. 12. Darbey dieser Vers:Noli homines blandos nimium fermone probare, Fistula dulce canit volucrem,dum decipit auceps.Item A.D.1602.19. Aug: Worbey:Fata fi miferosjuvant, habes falutem, Fata fi vitam negant, habes ſepulcrum..Item Fæmina dum plorat, Ruſticus ebrius orat, Mercator jurat, nemo credere curat. [In the evening we set off again and walked six miles over low mountains, and on the 16th of this month, towards morning, we entered a caravanserai called Choskeru. This caravanserai is large and very well and neatly built of ashlar stone; it has many vaulted rooms and stables; in the middle a large courtyard and a covered well. In the rooms, on the walls here and there, one saw various inscriptions carved in lime by various nations that had passed through; among others, on the front building, the following names and inscriptions could be read: Benedictus Oxenstirn. Item Johan Warder 1600. apr. 10. Worbey: It will help to remember the past.Item: if nothing is taken away, you will go out with honor.At the back on another wall: Janus Docofius 1602. Aug. 12. Darbey this verse:Do not try too many bland men. The sweet flute sings the bird, while it deceives the bird.Item A.D.1602.19. Aug: Worbey:If the fairies are happy, you have a fortune. If the fairies deny you life, you have a grave. itemWhile a woman cries, a drunken rustic prays, a merchant swears, no one cares to believe.] » #3674 Olearius, Adam, Offt begehrte Beschreibung der newen orientalischen Reise.., Schleswig/ Ben Jacob zur Glocken, 1647 ~ p. 366
« On the 19 we betook our selvs to our Journey, and that day tra|vailed about 24 [English] Miles, over a high, but level way, coming towards night to the great Carawansera called Choskeru. This is a very commodious and large Inn, built altogether of square stones, within is a spacious Court where was a Fountain of very good Water: the Rooms and Appartments were no less commodious. On the Walls I found several Dutch, Polish and Russian Names, and also wrote my own. » #3675 John Struys, trans. John Morrison, The Perillous and Most Unhappy Voyages of John Struys; through Italy, Greece, … Media, Persia, …, and other places in Europe, Africa and Asia, London, 1683 ~ p. 407
SOURCE for Goschärri-Karwanserei
« Durchreisende hinterließen gern ihre Namen an den Wänden. So fand Kaemp-fer in der großen, zwischen Kaswin und Sahweh gelegenen Goschärri-Kara-wanserei die Namen: »1669 Adam Frantzen Chirurgus«, also ein Kollege, und dann las er gewiß mit starker Bewegung » Adam Olearius Saxo 1638, 3. Jan. "und dahinter die trübseligen Verse >>Persia mentitur fortunam fraude referta Interea si respicis nihil nisi pestis erit (Persien gaukelt mit Lug und Trug dir dein Glück vor. Schaust du indessen zurück, wird nichts als Unheil dir bleiben). [ 2,383 Travelers often left their names on the walls. Thus, Kaempfer found the names "1669 Adam Frantzen Chirurgus," a colleague, in the large Gosherri caravanserai located between Kasvin and Sahveh. He then surely read with great emotion, "Adam Olearius Saxo 1638, January 3," followed by the gloomy verses: "Persia menitur fortunam fraude referta Interea si respicis nihil nisi pestis erit" (Persia deceives you with false hope; if you look back, however, nothing but misfortune will remain).] » #3677 Meier-Lemgo, Karl, Engelbert Kaempfer (1651 - 1716) erforscht das seltsame Asien., Cram, de Gruyter and Co., Hamburg, 1960 ~ p. 38
SOURCE for Karavanserail Khoshkak
« Karavanserail Khoshkak (Taf. 1,4-2,2) am Weg von Qazvin nach Saveh (Abb.3 und 15)Lage: Das Karavanserail steht in + 1540 m ü. N.N., etwa 20 km südlich von Hedjib, an der Karawanenroute von Qazvin nach Esfahan auf einer Hochebene.Typ: Hofkaravanserail mit vier Iwanen, nicht vor die Fassade vorgezogenem Portalbau und acht Stall-Abschnit-ten.Abmessungen: 95 x 88 m Außenmaße, 62,50×56m Hof-abmessungen. Der Portalbau ist zweigeschossig (Abb. 15) und zur Mittelachse hin abgestuft (Abb. 16). [Khoshkak Caravanserail (Plates 1.4–2.2) on the road from Qazvin to Saveh (Figs. 3 and 15)
Location: The caravanserail is situated at an elevation of 1,540 m above sea level, approximately 20 km south of Hejib, on the caravan route from Qazvin to Isfahan, on a plateau.
Type: Courtyard caravanserail with four iwans, a gatehouse not projecting from the facade, and eight stable sections.
Dimensions: 95 x 88 m external dimensions, 62.50 x 56 m courtyard dimensions. The gatehouse has two stories (Fig. 15) and is stepped towards the central axis (Fig. 16).] » #3473 Kleiss, Wolfram, Karawanenbauten in Iran. Materialien zur iranischen Archäologie, Materialien zur iranischen Archa¨ologie, D. Reimer, Berlin, 1997 Band 3:Teil 2: ~ p. 20
SOURCE for Karvansara-ye Shah `Abbasi (Khoshkrud)
SOURCE for Khoshkrud Caravanserai
CHECK
SOURCE for Khoskeru
SOURCE for Kochkeria caravanserai
« A trois heures de là on en trouve un autre fort ſpacieux appellé Kochkeria, [Three hours away there is another large, spacious fort called Kochkeria,] » #3632 Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste, Les six voyages de Jean Baptiste Tavernier, Ecuyer Baron d'Aubonne, qu'il a fait en Turquie, en Perse, et aux Indes,, Chez Gervais Clouzier et Claude Barbin, 1676 ~ p. 66
SOURCE for Kockera

R189-057 Hetzib Caravansera
R189-057 Hetzib Caravansera : place IRN (caravanserai)
NIMA/GNS feature: RHSE UFI: 10040338 coordinate: lat 35.5433 long 50.165
NIMA/GNS names: Karvansara-ye Shah `Abbasi , کاروانسرای شاه عباسی ,
VARIANT names: Hetzib Caravansera , Idqioup caravanserai , Karavanserail Hedjib , Karvansara-ye Shah `Abbasi Hijab , Zioug caravanserai ,
SOURCE for Hetzib Caravansera
« Ian. 9. having travell'd about three leagues, neer an old uncover'd Caravansera, named Hetzib, we met with a Lord whom the King of Poland sent Ambassador to the King of Persia. His name was Theophilus de Schonberg, a person, though well advanc'd in years, of a very good countenance. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 286
SOURCE for Idqioup caravanserai
« De Sexava aprés ſept heures de marche en pays defert on vient à un grand Carvanſera appelle Idqioup, qui a eſté autre-fois plus beau qu'il n'eſt à preſent, et qu'on voit feul dans une campagne. [From Sexava after seven hours of walking in defert country one comes to a great Carvansera called Idqioup, which was formerly more beautiful than it is now, and which can be seen alone in a countryside.] » #3632 Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste, Les six voyages de Jean Baptiste Tavernier, Ecuyer Baron d'Aubonne, qu'il a fait en Turquie, en Perse, et aux Indes,, Chez Gervais Clouzier et Claude Barbin, 1676 ~ p. 66
SOURCE for Karavanserail Hedjib
« Abmessungen: 77 x 77 m Außenmaße (ohne Portalvor-sprung), 45 × 42 m Abmessung des Hofes, 4,50 m Stallbreite, 9 m Kuppeldurchmesser (Abb.11), Fassadenhöhe 10 m (Abb. 12), Mauerstärke 1,20 m. [Dimensions: 77 x 77 m external dimensions (excluding portal projection), 45 × 42 m courtyard dimensions, 4.50 m stable width, 9 m dome diameter (Fig. 11), facade height 10 m (Fig. 12), wall thickness 1.20 m.] » #3473 Kleiss, Wolfram, Karawanenbauten in Iran. Materialien zur iranischen Archäologie, Materialien zur iranischen Archa¨ologie, D. Reimer, Berlin, 1997 Band 3:Teil 2: ~ p. 16
SOURCE for Karvansara-ye Shah `Abbasi Hijab
SOURCE for Zioug caravanserai
« nous marchames douze heures toûjours par de petites Montagnes couvertes de neges, et nous traverſames plufieurs fois un ruiffeau qui fer-pente beaucoup. On logea aprés dans un affez beau Caravanſerail qui tombe en ruine nommé Zioug. Il n'y a aucunes maiſons ay Villages aux environs, et il n'y habite perſonne, ce qui fait que l'on n'y trouve quoyque ce ſoit, pas même du bois. [We walked for twelve hours, always through small, snow-covered mountains, and we crossed several times a stream with a steep drop. Afterwards, we lodged in a rather beautiful caravanserai, now falling into ruin, called Zioug. There are no houses in the surrounding villages, and no one lives there, so one can find nothing at all, not even wood.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 p. 63

R189-060 Membre
R189-060 Membre : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Mambareh , Manbareh , ممبره , منبره ,
VARIANT names: Manbareh , Membere , Membre , Monbara ,
SOURCE for Manbareh
SOURCE for Membere
« on the 17 of December coming at night to the Village Membere,* 1.1 where all the Houses are built round, so that at a distance they appeared like so many Pigeon-Cotes. » #3675 John Struys, trans. John Morrison, The Perillous and Most Unhappy Voyages of John Struys; through Italy, Greece, … Media, Persia, …, and other places in Europe, Africa and Asia, London, 1683 ~ p. 307
SOURCE for Membre
« The next day, the 14. having travell'd through a Plain of three Leagues, we came to the Village of Membre, whereof all the Houses were co|ver'd like Vaults, so that looking on it at a distance, the whole Village seem'd to consist of so many Ovens. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 192
« We lodg'd that night at the Village of Membre. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 287
SOURCE for Monbara
« A 12, por ser la jornada de ocho leguas se salio de este lugar á la ora que el dia de antes, y quando salia el sol llegó el Enbaxador á Monbara, otra aldea, adonde tanbien tuuo rrazonable posada, [At 12 o'clock, since the journey was eight leagues long, they left this place at the same time as the day before, and when the sun rose the Ambassador arrived at Monbara, another village, where he also had a reasonable lodging,] » #3245 García de Silva y Figueroa, Manuel Serrano y Sanz, Comentarios De D. Garcia De Silva Y Figueroa De La Embajada Que De Parte Del Rey De España Don Felipe III Hizo Al Rey Xa Abas De Persia, La Spciedad de Bibliofilos Espanoles, Madrid, 1905 ~ vol. 5 p. 78

R189-061 Caswin
R189-061 Caswin : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Kazvin , Qazvin , قزوين ,
VARIANT names: Casbin , Casbine , Casbyn , Casbyne , Cashan , Casuin , Casvin , Caswin , Kasveen , Kazvin , Qazvin , Qazwyn ,
SOURCE for Casbin
« The most part of our European Chorographers who have dis|cours'd of the Cities of Persia, affirm Casbin to be the ancient Ar|sacia, and that before it was call'd Europa till the Parthians gave it that name from Arsaces, the first of their Emperors; that is it the same with that City, which the Greeks call'd Ragea, and the ho|ly Scripture Rages of Media. » #236 Chardin, J., The travels of Sir John Chardin into Persia and the East Indies : the first volume, containing the author's voyage from Paris to Ispahan : to which is added, the coronation of this present king of Persia, Solyman the Third, Printed for Moses Pitt in Duke-Street Westminster, London, 1686 ~ p. 380
« June 2. On the morning of the 2d, we came to Casbin, the seat of a Prince Governor . » #3621 George Keppel, Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England, Henry Colburn, London, 1827 ~ vol. 2 p. 144
« enbiando el rey orden para que á las siete ó las ocho de la ma-ñana el Enbaxador entrase en Casbin. [The king sent orders for the Ambassador to enter Casbin at seven or eight in the morning.] » #3245 García de Silva y Figueroa, Manuel Serrano y Sanz, Comentarios De D. Garcia De Silva Y Figueroa De La Embajada Que De Parte Del Rey De España Don Felipe III Hizo Al Rey Xa Abas De Persia, La Spciedad de Bibliofilos Espanoles, Madrid, 1905 ~ vol. 5 p. 79
SOURCE for Casbine
« The 10th of August in the yeare of our Lord 1628. This night about 11 acloke att night we sett forward to come homwardes bound, leauing the King in this citie of Casbine in the cuntrey of Arach, otherwise called Media. » #3214 Stodart, Robert; introduction and notes by Sir. E. Denison Ross, The Journal of Robert Stodart: Being an account of his experiences as a member of Sir Dodmore Cotton's Mission in Persia in 1628-29. Published from the unique manuscript preserved in the Bodleian Library, Luzac and Co, 1935 ~ p. 64
SOURCE for Casbyn
« rom that hatefull Towne we hasted, and next night got into Casbyn. » #1608 Herbert, Thomas, Sir, Some Yeares Travels into divers parts of Asia and Afrique. Describing especially the two famous Empires, the Persian, and great Mogull: weaved with the history of these later times ... With a revivall of the first discoverer of America. Revised and enlarged by the Author., Printed by R. Bip. for Jacob Blome and Richard Bishop, London, 1638, ~ p. 196
SOURCE for Casbyne
« This daye being Saturdaye we came to Casbyne [Qasvin], wher the Kyng is, a very large cytie, hauing traveled 6 leauges. This citye lieth in the cuntrey of Arach ['Iraq]. » #3214 Stodart, Robert; introduction and notes by Sir. E. Denison Ross, The Journal of Robert Stodart: Being an account of his experiences as a member of Sir Dodmore Cotton's Mission in Persia in 1628-29. Published from the unique manuscript preserved in the Bodleian Library, Luzac and Co, 1935 ~ p. 56
« The 27. we departed at mid-night, and, having travell'd five Leagues, we were got, by Sun|rising,
near the City of Casuin, or Cashan; » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 188
SOURCE for Casuin
SOURCE for Casvin
« nous arriuafmes deux heures auant Soleil couchant du lendemain premier iour de Decembre à CASVIN, OU KASBIN, et eſt pour le preſent la ville capitale des terres du Sophi. El-le eſt dans l'ancienne Medie, à dix iournées ou enuiron de TAVRIS, dans vne grande plaine, entre collines toutesfois ou montaignes. [We arrived two hours before sunset the next day, the first day of December, at Casvin, or Kasbin, and is at present the capital city of the lands of Sophi. It is in ancient Media, ten days or so from Tavrís, in a large plain, between hills or mountains.] » #3614 unknown ed. M. Morisot, Relations veritables et curieuses de l'isle de Madagascar, et du Bresil. : Auec l'histoire de la derniere guerre faite au Bresil, entre les Portugais et les Hollandois. ; Trois relations d'Egypte, et vne du royaume de Perse, Chez Augustin Courbé, Paris, 1651 ~ p. 126
SOURCE for Caswin
« The 11. we came to the Citie of Caswin, where we were forc'd to continue nine dayes, » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 287
« EIght days long stayd we in Caswin » #3675 John Struys, trans. John Morrison, The Perillous and Most Unhappy Voyages of John Struys; through Italy, Greece, … Media, Persia, …, and other places in Europe, Africa and Asia, London, 1683 ~ p. 307
SOURCE for Kasveen
« Kasveen » in {map#1387 in #3566 J. D. Rees, Notes of a journey from Kasreen to Hamadan across the Karaghan country, ~ fig. Map of a journey from Kasveen to Hamadan}
SOURCE for Kazvin
« Next day we reached Kazvín after a short stage, during which we descended into the plain of which I have already spoken. » #3380 Browne, Edward Granville, A year amongst the Persians; impressions as to the life, character, and thought of the people of Persia, received during twelve month's residence in that country in the years 1887-8, Adam and Charles Black, 1893 ~ p. 78
« Kazvin is a large and flourishing town of 40,000 inhabitants. Its bazārs are good and it has a post and telegraph office » #3485 Routes in Persia Volume II. (North-Western Persia), Printed at the government monotype press, Simla, 1923 ~ p. 166
SOURCE for Qazvin
during the time (1548–97) that the Safavid capital was Qazvin. #EB2002
« thence-with the city of Qazvin lying 4 leagues distant on the left hand » #1764 ed. Le Strange, G., The geographical part of the Nuzhat-al-qulub composed by Hamd-Alla¯h Mustawfi¯ of Qazwi¯n in 740 (1340), E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1919 ~ p. 168
SOURCE for Qazwyn
« Qazwyn » in {map#1253 Carte de la Perse, de la Turquie d'Asie et d'une partie de la Tartarie Indépendante / Dressée par P. Lapie, ... pour les Voyages de Chardin ; Gravée par Blondeau, ..., , 1810, }

R189-062 Achibaba
R189-062 Achibaba : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Aga-Baba , Agha Baba , Aqa Baba , آقا بابا ,
VARIANT names: Achibaba , Agha Baba ,
SOURCE for Achibaba
« Ian. 20. we left Caswin, and leaving on our left hand, towards the Northwest, the way of Solthania and Ardebil, which we had taken at our coming into Persia we took that of Kilan directing our course Northward. We travell'd that day four leagues, for the most part over Hills, manur'd and sowen, and lodg'd, at night, in the Village of Achibaba, at the foot of a Mountain, on our right hand. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 287
SOURCE for Agha Baba

R189-064 Kurtzibaschi
R189-064 Kurtzibaschi : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Beg Baghi , Beg Baghi , Beg-Vagi , Bek Baghi , Beyg Baghi , بگ باغی ,
VARIANT names: Beg Baghi , Kurtzibaschi ,
SOURCE for Beg Baghi
SOURCE for Kurtzibaschi
« The 22. we travell'd seven leagues, all over Mountains and Rocks, interwoven with a Brook, which thereabouts ran winding up and down, so as that we were forc'd to cross it above thirty times, ere we got to the Village of Kurtzibaschi, where we lodg'd that night. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 287

R189-068 Pyle-rubar
R189-068 Pyle-rubar : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Gazan , Khalilabad , Rudbar , Rudbar-e Kuhpayeh , خليل آباد , رودبار , رودبار کوهپایه , گزن ,
VARIANT names: Pyle-rubar , Rudbar ,
SOURCE for Pyle-rubar
« We lodg'd that night, at the foot of a Mountain, upon the River Isperuth, at the Village of Pyle-rubar. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 288
SOURCE for Rudbar
« The road then twists and winds down the valley of the Safid Rüd keeping on its left bank. The surface and grading are good; there are frequent culverts. Rudbar is a good-sized village, with a few shops, plenty of olive trees and a post house. » #3485 Routes in Persia Volume II. (North-Western Persia), Printed at the government monotype press, Simla, 1923 ~ p. 168

R189-069 Rescht
R189-069 Rescht : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Rasht , Rast , Resht , رشت ,
VARIANT names: Rasht , Rescht , Resht ,
SOURCE for Rasht
SOURCE for Rescht
« The 25. we got five leagues, and came at night to Rescht. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 290
SOURCE for Resht
« Embargada la mente en estas y parecidas reffe-xiones, salí de Resht el 7 de Abril á las tres de la tarde, con tiempo lluvioso, frio, y paralizado ade-más el cuerpo á causa de la intensidad del reuma.Sobre espacioso puente atravesé el Rudbar, cer-ca del cual vi de nuevo los restos de la comenzada vía férrea. [My mind filled with these and similar reflections, I left Resht on April 7th at three in the afternoon, in rainy, cold weather, and with my body paralyzed by the intensity of my rheumatism.I crossed the Rudbar over a spacious bridge, near which I again saw the remains of the railway line that had been started.] » #3180 Adolfo Rivadeneyra, Viaje Al Interior De Persia, ~ vol. 1 p. 136
« There is a toll house near the S. gate at which point the road swings right-handed and runs round the eastern side of Resht town, passing buildings for some two miles. Population of Resht is about 30,000. There is a post and telegraph office and a large bāzār. Camping space and water plentiful. » #3485 Routes in Persia Volume II. (North-Western Persia), Printed at the government monotype press, Simla, 1923 ~ p. 169

R189-071 Kurab : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Kuraba , Qaraba , Qoraba' , قرابا ,
VARIANT names: Kurab , Kuraba ,
SOURCE for Kurab
« This little Citie of Kurab lies within two leagues of the Caspian Sea, » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 292
SOURCE for Kuraba

R189-072 Choskedehene
R189-072 Choskedehene : place IRN
VARIANT names: Choskedehene ,
SOURCE for Choskedehene
« The Chan of Astara, with a troop of 200. horse, met us within half a league of the Village, where we were to take up our quarters, and accompany'd the Ambassadors to their lodg|ings, which he had taken up for them in houses scatter'd up and down among the trees. The name of the Village, as also of the River, which runs through it, is Choskedehene. The word Choskedehene signifies, dry-mouth, and they have given it that name, for this reason, that, the Sea is so shallow there, that the Fish cannot get into the River. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 292

R189-073 Lenkeran
R189-073 Lenkeran : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Lankaran , Lankaran , Lencoran , Lenkoran' ,
VARIANT names: Lencoran , Lenkeran ,
SOURCE for Lencoran
SOURCE for Lenkeran
« Febr. 7. we got seven leagues further, along the Sea-side, and came, by a very steight passage, into the Province of Lengerkunan. The only way to come into it is by a Bank, rais'd between the mountains and the fenns, besides which there is no other passage. At the end of the said bank, we came to the River Serdane, and afterwards to the Town of Lenkeran; upon the River Warsasaruth. This Town, as also all the adjacent Country, derives its name from the easy anchorage of shipping thereabouts, though, to speak rigorously, there is no haven in those parts, but only a kind of Bay, between two Capes, or Promontories, which reach a great way into the Sea, one on Lenkeran-side, which is cover'd with trees, on the other on Kisilagats-side, on which there is nothing but canes. But the Sea thereabout is so shallow, that little Vessels can hardly get in there; and when they are in, they ly exposs'd to the violence of the East-wind. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 293

R189-074 Kisilagats
R189-074 Kisilagats : place IRN
VARIANT names: Kisilagats , Kyzyl-Agach ,
SOURCE for Kisilagats
« The 11. we left Lenkeran, and travell'd five leagues on to Kisilagats, crossing that day four great Rivers, to wit, those of Kasiende, Noabine, Tzili, and Buladi, the three former over Bridges, and the last, which was very broad, in little Boats, swimming over the horses. ... The little City of Kisilagats, that is, red, or gilt wood, hath no walls, no more than any of the other Cities of those parts, and lies in a plain, half a league, or better, from the Sea, towards the North-west, upon a little River, called Willeschi. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 293
SOURCE for Kyzyl-Agach
« Kyzyl-Agach » in {map#1416 Eastern Europe 1:250,000 Series N501, U.S. Army Map Service, 1954, , , fig. NJ39-1 Sal'yany}

R189-048 Natens
R189-048 Natens : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Natanz , نطنز ,
VARIANT names: Natan , Natane , Natanz , Natens , Tane ,
SOURCE for Natan
« The 24th daye att night we came to Natan [Natanz]; here is good water; the towne lieth in a narrow craggie place between two hills, » #3214 Stodart, Robert; introduction and notes by Sir. E. Denison Ross, The Journal of Robert Stodart: Being an account of his experiences as a member of Sir Dodmore Cotton's Mission in Persia in 1628-29. Published from the unique manuscript preserved in the Bodleian Library, Luzac and Co, 1935 ~ p. 67
SOURCE for Natane
« Thence we rode to Natane or Tane, where Darius Anno M. 3635. breath his last by the treacherous hands of Bessus the per|fidious Bactrian. The Lodge here as asham'd of such a memorie, seemes to hide itselfe 'twixt two loftie hills, from the eye of heaven: but from whose tops wee might discerne large vallyes thick sowne with Villages, and wa|terd in many circum-gyrings. Thirty miles our last nights travell was; » #1608 Herbert, Thomas, Sir, Some Yeares Travels into divers parts of Asia and Afrique. Describing especially the two famous Empires, the Persian, and great Mogull: weaved with the history of these later times ... With a revivall of the first discoverer of America. Revised and enlarged by the Author., Printed by R. Bip. for Jacob Blome and Richard Bishop, London, 1638, ~ p. 215
SOURCE for Natanz
SOURCE for Natens
« The 25. being Christmas-day, we saw, neer the Village of Kaskabath, within two leagues of Serdehe, how the King was encamped there under several Tents, which being of divers colours, made a very delightfull show. The Ambassadors sent thither the Sieur Francis Mur|rher, who understood the Turkish language. He made the King so handsom and respectfull a Complement, that his Majesty openly express'd how much he was satisfy'd therewith. In the mean time we pass'd on, and went and lodg' in the little Citie of Natens. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 285
SOURCE for Tane

R189-068a castle ruins
R189-068a castle ruins : place IRN (castle)
Supplement: ghale sefidrod قلعه سفیدرود
VARIANT names: castle ruins , Sefidrood Castle ,
SOURCE for castle ruins
« Within a league of Pyle-rubar, we saw, in the midst of the River, upon a great Rock, the ruins of a Castle, and the remain|ders of a Bridge, both which they said had been pull'd down by Alexander the Great. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 290
SOURCE for Sefidrood Castle

R189-068b Imansade
R189-068b Imansade : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Emamzadeh Hashem , Imamzadeh Hashim , Imamzadekh-Gashim , امامزاده هاشم ,
VARIANT names: Imamzadeh Hashim , Imansade ,
SOURCE for Imamzadeh Hashim
SOURCE for Imansade
« Imansade » in {map#1451 Carte du voyage de Perse et du Dagesthan, les années 1636, 1637 et 1638 selon la relation d'Olearius ; Carte de la route d'Ispaham à Ormus selon la relation de Mandeslo, , 1677, ibliothèque nationale de France, département Cartes et plans, GE DD-2987 (6734)}
« We came at night to a Village, where we saw the Sepulchre of Iman Sade, in a little Chapel built at the foot of a hill, which lay on our right hand. All the houses of the Village were cover'd with lats and tiles, as they are in Europe, by reason of the rains, which, it seems, are more frequent in those parts than any where else. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 290

R189-067a River Isperuth
R189-067a River Isperuth : place IRN
VARIANT names: River Isperuth ,
SOURCE for River Isperuth
« We lodg'd that night, at the foot of a Mountain, upon the River Isperuth, at the Village of Pyle-rubar. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 288

R189-067b Bridge over River Senderuth
R189-067b Bridge over River Senderuth : place IRN (bridge)
VARIANT names: Bridge over River Senderuth ,
SOURCE for Bridge over River Senderuth
« But about noon, we could see nothing but Rocks, dreadfull for their height and steepiness, and, in the evening, we came to the River Senderuth, which we cross'd by a Bridge, that joyns the two Mountains through which it runs. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 287

R189-072a Astara
R189-072a Astara : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Astara , آستارا ,
VARIANT names: Astara ,
SOURCE for Astara
« We saw neer Astara at the foot of the mountain of Schindan, » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 293

R189-078 Tzauat
R189-078 Tzauat : place IRN (fort) NIMA/GNS feature: none independent coordinate: lat 40.027102 long 48.456053 † basis (p) Supplement: approx location VARIANT names: Javad fortress , Sagawt , Tsawat , Tzauat , Tzawat , SOURCE for Javad fortress «Javad (fortress)» [accessed 31 Jan 2026] SOURCE for Sagawt « Sagawt » in {map#1453 Provinciarum Persicarum Kilaniæ nempe Chirvaniæ Dagestaniæ aliarumque vicinarum regionum partium Nova Geographica Tabula, , 1723?, Special Collections of the University of Amsterdam OTM: HB-KZL 33.11.20} SOURCE for Tsawat «Javad (fortress)» [accessed 31 Jan 2026] SOURCE for Tzauat « The 17. we cross'd over the famous River Araxes, near Tzauat, where they had made a Bridge of Boats, which they call Tzissi. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 296 SOURCE for Tzawat « Tzawat » in {map#1453 Provinciarum Persicarum Kilaniæ nempe Chirvaniæ Dagestaniæ aliarumque vicinarum regionum partium Nova Geographica Tabula, , 1723?, Special Collections of the University of Amsterdam OTM: HB-KZL 33.11.20} « The River Kur serves for a common Frontier to the two Provinces of Schiruan and Mokan, and there is a Bridge of Boats over it, near Tzawat. We pass'd over it the second of April, and found, on the other side of the River, another Mehemandar, whom the Chan or Governour of Ardebil had sent to meet us, and to conduct us in the pursuance of our Journey, as far as the chief City of his Government. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 168

R189st21-23 unknown path incl Keintze