R99path Portuguese embassy of Lemos.kmz

R99path Portuguese embassy of Lemos

R99-001 Ormuz
R99-001 Ormuz : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: ISL UFI: -3066732 coordinate: lat 27.0649 long 56.4644
NIMA/GNS names: Hormoz , Hormuz Island , Jazireh Hormoz , Jazireh-ye Hormoz , Jezirat Hormuz , Ormuz Island , جزيره هرمز , جزيره هرمز , هرمز ,
VARIANT names: Aramuz , Djaroun , Djarun , Gerun , Gyrina , Hormuz (island) , Hu-lu-mo-ssu , I. Dormus , Jerun , Lu-i-hu-mo-ssu , Nekrokis , New Hurmuz Jarawn , Organa , Ormuz , Ormvs, Ormus , Turgana , Y daramuz ,
SOURCE for Aramuz
« Aramuz, Y daramuz, ormuz [Portuguese name] Hurmuz [Arab name] » #32 Tibbetts, G. R., Arabia in the Fifteenth-Century Navigational Texts, Arabian Studies, London and Basingstoke, 1974 ~ p. 100
SOURCE for Djaroun
« "Ormuz a deux ports, au levant et au ponant, très bons", signale Martín Fernández de Figueroa (25). Les petites embarcations font la navette entre le rivage et les gros navires (26), que la faible profondeur des eaux empêche d'aborder à quai. La qualité des mouillages, sans doute, avait décidé les émigrants du Vieil-Ormuz à choisir la pointe nord de Djaroun pour leur nouvel établissement. Tomé Pires l'affirme sans ambages : "cette ville s'est fondée à cause du port" (27). Et Pero de Albuquerque exposait à D. Manuel : "La région n'a pas d'autre échelle qui ait un si bon port pour les gros bâtiments (naos) et si près de la terre ferme." (28) Libre de constructions, le bout extrême de la pointe, appelé par les Comentários "pointe de Morona" (29), est bordé au sud par la résidence des rois d’Ormuz, palais fortifié offrant l’aspect massif qu’on voit de nos jours encore aux demeures des cheykhs arabes du Golfe Persique ou de l’Arabie méridionale.
fn. 25 Augur, p. 86: Barbosa, I, p. 92; Brás, 1/37, p. 138; Tenreiro, p. 4, d'où Cast., II/58, p. 337, d'où Góis, II/32, p. 107. En 1582 encore, of. Livro das cidades, p. 50; dans les années 1820, Whitelock, p. 171.
fn. 26 Cf. Titolo das remdas.
fn. 27 Pires, p. 337/20 ( por rezam do porto se fumdou esta cidade). Les textes les plus explicites qui mentionnent le transfert, - en 1300, à cause du péril représenté par les Mongols Qaraunas, -disent seulement que le régent Ayaz se réfugia d'abord à Qishm, puis à Djaroun, où il avait déjà trouvé asile quelques années auparavant (ef. Aubin, Princes, p. 94-95). On peut se demander si l'ensablement de la rivière de Minäb n'incitait pas, autant que les raids mongols, à abandonner le site du Vieil-Ormuz. Au début du XVIe siècle, en tout cas, le littoral iranien a trop peu de fond pour que les naos puissent y aborder (Correia, II, p. 815). Cf. Whitelock, p. 172; Figueroa, infra n. 180.
fn. 29 Brás, 1/37, p. 138. Selon un reportage sur Ormuz paru dans le journal iranien Ettelädt (édition pour l'étranger, nº 5310 du 22 mordåd 1346/13 août 1967, p. 3), le toponyme (notée Marnas/Mur(.)na) serait encore vivant. » #898 Aubin, Jean, Le royaume d'Ormuz au début du XVIe siècle, Mare Luso-Indicum, Geneva, 1973 ~ p.86
SOURCE for Djarun
« A few years after Marco Polo's second visit, repeated raids by marauding tribes became so serious that Kutb al-Din Tahamtan the King of Hormuz, in 700/1300, abandoned the site and moved all the inhabitants and their possessions to the small island of Djarun, 60 km to the west and 6 km south of the nearest point on the mainland. » #2645 The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd Edition, Brill, Leiden, ~ vol. 3 p. 585
« The name Djarun was transferred to the small town and port of Suru or Shahru on the mainland 17 km to the north-west, where goods in transit to or from Hormuz were transhipped; this name became corrupted to Gamru and was further corrupted by Europeans into Gambrun, Gombrun and Gombroon. » #2645 The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd Edition, Brill, Leiden, ~ vol. 3 p. 585
SOURCE for Gerun
« Hormuz was originally on the main-land where Gamrfm now stands. Its inhabitants were transferred to the island till then called Jerún or Gerún - the Gyrina of Strabo (xvi.); so that Gyrina. is probably the true reading in Arrian. (lnd., p.352.) » #253 Kempthorne, Lieut. G.B., Notes on a Survey along the Eastern Shores of the Persian Gulf in 1828, Royal Geographical Society, 1835 p.276
SOURCE for Gyrina
SOURCE for Hormuz (island)
owtrad web file OWTRAD Dataset tmcIRa0100 last updated 3may01 gives « Hormuz, 56.417, 27.083, IR, nkn, exact, 63, tmcIRa0100_043a »
#1839 Morgan, Jacques de, Mission scientifique en Perse Tome Second Études Géographiques, Ernest Leroux, Paris, 1895 vol. 2: ~ Fig. 136. Djézirèt Hormüz p. 289
« from Lar to Bandar (28). And that is where the harbour of Hormuz (29) is, fn. 28 By "Bandar" (lit., harbour) Nikitin means Old Hormuz (see next note).fn. 29 Hormuz is an island and old seaport in the Persian Gulf. Old Hormuz stood on the coast. » #623 Nikitin, Athanasy, Khozhenie za tri moria Afanasiia Nikitina, 1466-1472 gg. (Afansy Nikitin's Voyage beyond the Three Seas, 1466-1472), Moskva, 1960, ~ p. 109
SOURCE for Hu-lu-mo-ssu
#329 Ma Huan, Ying-Yai Sheng-Lan, The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores 1433, Cambridge University Press for the Hakluyt Society, Cambridge, 1970 p. 165
SOURCE for I. Dormus
« I. Dormus » in {map#980 Plan particulier du golfe de Perse, depuis les caps de Rosalgatte et de Jasque, jusqu'à Bassora / [d'Après de Mannevillette] ; Dheulland sculp, Anonyme, Guillaume Dheulland, Graveur, 1700-1799, Bibliothèque nationale de France, département Cartes et plans, GE DD-2987 (6746)} see AHduGP map 74
SOURCE for Jerun
SOURCE for Lu-i-hu-mo-ssu
« The second character is really a fish-hook indicating that the characters lu and hu have been wrongly transposed. » author's notes #329 Ma Huan, Ying-Yai Sheng-Lan, The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores 1433, Cambridge University Press for the Hakluyt Society, Cambridge, 1970 p. 17
SOURCE for Nekrokis
« Nekrokis perhaps Ormuz » #239 Purchas, Purchas, his pilgrims in five books, William Heinemann Ltd, London, 1625
SOURCE for New Hurmuz Jarawn
« Opposite it in the sea is New Hurmuz, and be- tween them is a sea passage of three farsakhs. We came to New Hurmuz, which is an island whose city is called Jarawn. (118) fn. 118 New Hurmuz was founded on the island of Jarūn by Ayaz (see above, p. 396, n. 100) shortly after 1300 (Schwarz, III, 242, 245). According to Mustawfi (177) the ferry-port for Jarün on the mainland was called Tüsar. The island is actually about six miles long. » #357 Ibn Baṭu¯ṭah, Muh?ammad ibn ʿAbd Alla¯h, The Travels of Ibn Battuta translated with revisions and notes, from the Arabic text edited by C. Defre´mery and B. R. Sanguinetti, by H. A. R. Gibb., Hakluyt Society:Munshiram Manohardal Publishers Pvt Ltd, Cambridge:New Delhi, 1958- :1993, ~ vol. 2 p. 400
SOURCE for Organa
« The barren island was called Organa, which is the far-famed Island of Ormuz, situated at the entrance of the gulf, about ten miles from the Persian coast and about fifteen miles in circumference. » #253 Kempthorne, Lieut. G.B., Notes on a Survey along the Eastern Shores of the Persian Gulf in 1828, Royal Geographical Society, 1835 p.274
SOURCE for Ormuz
« out and went to the port where they disembarked, and arrived at Ormuz to greet them. » #2516 Afonso de Albuquerque, ed.Raymundo Antonio de Bulhão Pato, Henrique Lopes de Mendonça, Cartas de Affonso de Albuquerque, seguidas de documentos que as elucidam, Academia Real Das Sciencias de Lisboa, 1884, 1898 ~ vol. 2 p. 250
SOURCE for Ormvs, Ormus
« Ormvs » in #1644 Livro de Lisuarte de Abreu, Comissão Nacional para as Comemorações dos Descobrimentos Portugueses, Lisboa, 1992 ~ illustration f.83v-84, bottom right of latter folio
« The two and twentieth day of June, 1581. I arrived at Ormuz, and presently was carried before the Captaine, whose name was Don Gonsalvo. » #3292 John Newberry, Two Voyages of John Newberry, in: Purchas, Samuel, Hakluytus posthumus, or Purchas his pilgrimes : contayning a history of the world in sea voyages and lande travells by Englishmen and others in 20 vols., Glasgow : J. Maclehose, , 1905, vol. 8 pp. 449-481 ~ p. 459
« #2516 Afonso de Albuquerque, ed.Raymundo Antonio de Bulhão Pato, Henrique Lopes de Mendonça, Cartas de Affonso de Albuquerque, seguidas de documentos que as elucidam, Academia Real Das Sciencias de Lisboa, 1884, 1898~ » #2516 Afonso de Albuquerque, ed.Raymundo Antonio de Bulhão Pato, Henrique Lopes de Mendonça, Cartas de Affonso de Albuquerque, seguidas de documentos que as elucidam, Academia Real Das Sciencias de Lisboa, 1884, 1898 ~ vol. 2 p. 233
SOURCE for Turgana
#234 Ammianus Marcellinus, Ammianus Marcellinus … translated by John C. Rolfe, William Heinemann Ltd, London, 1986 ~ vol 2, XXIII, 6, 47-51, p. 376-7 note 2 on p. 376 - "Modern Ormuz" - there is no indication in the notes written 1936, as to which Ormuz.
SOURCE for Y daramuz
« Ararnuz, Y dararnuz, ormuz Hurmuz » #370 Tibbetts, G. R., Arab Navigation in the Indian Ocean before the coming of the Portuguese, The Royal Asiatic Society, Luzac and Co., London, 1971 ~ p. 100

R99-002 Bandar port
R99-002 Bandar port : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: PPL UFI: -3055107 coordinate: lat 27.1865 long 56.2808
NIMA/GNS names: Bandar `Abbas , Bandar `Abbasi , Bandar-e `Abbas , Cambarao , Gombroon , Gumrun , Port Comorao , بندر عباس , بندر عباس , بندر عباسی , گمبرن ,
VARIANT names: Bandar , Bandar Abbas , Bandar port , Bandel , Bandel do Comorão , Bander - Abassi , Bander goomroone , Bander-Abaffie , Banderabassi , Bander-Abassi , Banderabassy , Bender Abaʃʃi , Bender gomrow , Bender-Abassy , Bender-Abbassi , Camarão , Combrú , Comerão , Gambrun , Gamron , Gamru , Gamrun , Gombroon , Gombrun , Goumeron , Hurmuz or Bandar ,
SOURCE for Bandar
« so that I re|solv'd to get to Bandar, whatever it cost me, out of the confidence I had that there, among so many Merchants of several Nations who trade thither, I should find some ease. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 6
SOURCE for Bandar Abbas
« There are grounds for believing that the town is situated on or near the site of the small fishing village of Shahrū (see Iṣṭakhri, 67) or Shahruvā (see the Ḥudūd al-ʿAlam, 124 and 375). When the neighbouring island of Djarūn (or Djarrūn) ceased to be so called and was given instead the name of Hormuz at the beginning of the 8th/14th century, the former name was transferred to Shahrū. » #2645 The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd Edition, Brill, Leiden, ~ vol. 1 p. 1013
« trockensten, allerheißesten, giftigsten, ungesundesten, verfluchtesten und der Hölle schatverwande Ormusschen Seehafen und Stadt Gamron oder Bandar 'Abbas. [driest, hottest, most poisonous, unhealthy, most cursed and hell-bound Ormuz seaport and city of Gamron or Bandar 'Abbas.] » #3220 Engelbert Kaempfer, ed. Karl Meier-Lemgo, Die Reisetagebu¨cher, F. Steiner, Weisbaden, 1968 ~ p. 125
« Leaving Chahaly, immediately dropped into the wide bed of a river with high sandstone cliffs on each side. This we followed for 20 minutes, and then ascending the cliffs to the right by a sharp, short pass, got into a lot of curious sandstone hills cut up in every direction into funny forms and peaks by the effects of running water, Followed along a road in the plateau of sandstone, which was nothing but a series of narrow troughs cut by the innumerable feet of donkeys and assisted by rain, for over an hour, and then descending quickly, came on to the sands which surround Bandar Abbas. » #3120 John Richard Preece, Notes of a journey made between Shiraz and Jashk, via Fassa, Darab, Bandar Abbas, and Minab, Superintendent Government Printing, India, Calcutta, 1884 ~ p. 22
« 1614. (The Captain-major) “under orders of Dom Luis da Gama returned to succour Comorão, but found the enemy’s fleet already there and the fort surrendered.…News which was heard by Dom Luis da Gama and most of the people of Ormuz in such way as might be expected, some of the old folks of Ormuz prognosticating at once that in losing Comorão Ormuz itself would be lost before long, seeing that the former was like a barbican or outwork on which the rage of the Persian enemy spent itself, giving time to Ormuz to prepare against their coming thither.” - Bocarro, Decada, 349. » #379 Yule, Henry and Burnell A. C., Hobson-Jobson, The Anglo-Indian Dictionary, Wordsworth Editions Ltd, Ware, Hertfordshire, 1996 ~ p. 384
« from Lar to Bandar (28). And that is where the harbour of Hormuz (29) is, fn. 28 By "Bandar" (lit., harbour) Nikitin means Old Hormuz (see next note).fn. 29 Hormuz is an island and old seaport in the Persian Gulf. Old Hormuz stood on the coast. » #623 Nikitin, Athanasy, Khozhenie za tri moria Afanasiia Nikitina, 1466-1472 gg. (Afansy Nikitin's Voyage beyond the Three Seas, 1466-1472), Moskva, 1960, ~ p. 109
SOURCE for Bandar port
« Ho dominguo pela menhaam chegaram ao porto de banda que está na terra firme tres legoas d ormuz, [On Sunday morning they arrived at the port of Banda, which is on dry land three leagues from Ormuz,] » #2516 Afonso de Albuquerque, ed.Raymundo Antonio de Bulhão Pato, Henrique Lopes de Mendonça, Cartas de Affonso de Albuquerque, seguidas de documentos que as elucidam, Academia Real Das Sciencias de Lisboa, 1884, 1898 ~ vol. 2 p. 235
SOURCE for Bandel
« fn. 11 In referring to the general area of the Persian littoral, Silva y Figueroa employs the Portuguese term Bandel, based on Persian bandar (meaning “harbor city”); this region corresponds to the present-day Iranian province of Hormozgān, which faces the Persian Gulf near the Straits of Hormuz (see p. 244) » #2651 trans. and ed; Jeffrey S. Turley and George Bryan Souza, The Commentaries of D. García de Silva y Figueroa on his Embassy to Shah ʿAbbās I of Persia on Behalf of Philip III, King of Spain, Brill, Leiden, 2017 ~ p. 246
« fn. 94 The Persian word bandar, meaning “harbor city,” refers to the Persian littoral around
Gamrū [Bandar-e ʿAbbās]; see YandB, 58, s.v. “bandel.” For the province in which the Bandel
is located, see p. 246 n. 11. » #2651 trans. and ed; Jeffrey S. Turley and George Bryan Souza, The Commentaries of D. García de Silva y Figueroa on his Embassy to Shah ʿAbbās I of Persia on Behalf of Philip III, King of Spain, Brill, Leiden, 2017 ~ p. 285
The next morning the sultan of the Bandel, under whose jurisdiction [fol. 476r] falls the section of mainland between Gamrū and the island of Qeshm, » #2651 trans. and ed; Jeffrey S. Turley and George Bryan Souza, The Commentaries of D. García de Silva y Figueroa on his Embassy to Shah ʿAbbās I of Persia on Behalf of Philip III, King of Spain, Brill, Leiden, 2017 ~ p. 732
« The Portuguese were detained "some days" at the port of Bandel, taking horses (canalgaduras) to ride upon, and camels for their possessions (fato), and sundry other things for their journey. Our author, in a brief note, describes Bandel (Bandar Abbas) as a place of thatched houses, inhabited by poor people, living in a land well provided with dates. » #3255 Ronald Bishop Smith., The First Age of the Portuguese Embassies, Navigations and Peregrinations in Persia (1507-1524), Decatur Press, Bethesda, Maryland, 1970 ~ p. 64
SOURCE for Bandel do Comorão
« The origins of Bandel do Comorão lay in the period after the Portuguese took Hormuz in 1515 during ‘the time of the Kings of Lar who allowed them to stay there so they could better supply Ormuz.’ (5) The island’s hereditary rulers had traditionally claimed allegiance from parts of Mughestan and Birunat from which were derived significant revenues.(6)
fn. 5 CASA OCD 234/d, Fr Redento de la Cruz, Relación. chap. XXX, f.1
fn. 6 Aubin, Jean. 1973 ‘Le Royaume d’Ormuz au début du XVIe siècle’, Mare Luso-Indicum, vol 2, 107-8. Mughestan comprised the coastal territory east of the Strait of Hormuz between Minab in the north and the southern coast at Jask. Minab, Manujan and Vaskird, north-east of the Strait, represented three districts of Birunat from which Hormuz earned revenues. » #1698 Faridany, E. K., Signal Defeat: the Portuguese Loss of Comorão in 1614 and its Political and Commercial Consequences at Portugal, The Persian Gulf and Safavid Persia Conference, 8-9 September 2007 The Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, Washington, 2007 ~ p.2
SOURCE for Bander - Abassi
« On a à la gauche les montagnes, et la mer à la droite, mais à tant de distance qu'on ne la voit que quand on est tout proche de Bander - Abassi; on dé- couvre sur la route plusieurs bois de dattiers, qui sont les maisons d'été des gens de ces pays- là. A cinq cents pas de la ville, il y a un bureau de raalidars, ou gardes des grands chemins, qui sert de bornes au gouvernement de Laar, lequel s'étend jusqu'en ce lieu. Je fus mettre pied à terre au bureau de la compagnie des Indes orientales de France , dont un fort honnête homme de Dijon, nommé M. Perrot , ëtolt le chef. [We have the mountains on the left, and the sea on the right, but at such a distance that we only see it when we are very close to Bander - Abassi; On the road we discover several date palm groves, which are the summer homes of the people of these countries. Five hundred steps from the town, there is an office of raalidars, or guards of the highways, which serves as boundaries for the government of Laar, which extends to this place. I disembarked at the office of the French East India Company, of which a very honest man from Dijon, named M. Perrot, was the head.] » #3213 Sir John Chardin, ed. Louis Langlès, Voyages du Chevalier Chardin en Perse et autres lieux de l’Orient, Nouvelle édition, Le Normant, Imprimeur-Libraire, Paris, 1811 ~ vol. 8 pp. 505-6
SOURCE for Bander goomroone
19 The 19th daye being Fridaye we came to Bander goomroone [Gombroon], being the port,wch place we did long to see; and att lengtht the almighti God out of His bountiful merciehath brought vs safe, haueing past thorow great many misseries and troubles. This night Mr.Robert Hedges, a gentn and being a spetiall freind of mine, agreed wth my self for to ride thorow to the towne being 7 lges., and lighted att the English howse, wher we were courteousely entertayned.Here we took our lodging this night.
SOURCE for Bander-Abaffie
« « Endlich den 15, Octobr.noch fruhe mors gens bey guter Zeit langten wir vor Ban- der-Abaffie an: wurden ganz gutig und ungehindert eingelassen/ und gleich im ersten Eingang von verschiedenen Euro påern freundlichst begrússet/uud in gelegene Caravanfera eingewiesen. [Finally, on October 15th, early in the morning, we arrived at Bander-Abaffie in good time. We were let in very easily and without hindrance and were greeted very kindly by several Europeans at the first entrance and shown to the nearby caravan site.] » #1609 Schillinger, Franz Caspar, Persianische und Ost-Indianische Reis, Nu¨rnberg, 1707~ » #1609 Schillinger, Franz Caspar, Persianische und Ost-Indianische Reis, Nu¨rnberg, 1707 ~ p. 272-3
SOURCE for Banderabassi
« Banderabassi » in {map#980 Plan particulier du golfe de Perse, depuis les caps de Rosalgatte et de Jasque, jusqu'à Bassora / [d'Après de Mannevillette] ; Dheulland sculp, Anonyme, Guillaume Dheulland, Graveur, 1700-1799, Bibliothèque nationale de France, département Cartes et plans, GE DD-2987 (6746)} see AHduGP map 74
SOURCE for Bander-Abassi
« De Bend-Ali au Bander-Abassi il n'y a plus que deux grandes lieues, et la plus grande partie du chemin est un pays de palmiers. [From Bend-Ali to Bander-Abassi there are only two long leagues, and the greater part of the way is a country of palm trees.] » #3144 Jean-Baptiste Tavernier, Pascal Pia, Voyages en Perse et description de ce royaume par Jean-Babtiste Tavernier Marchand Francais, E´d. du Carrefour, Paris, 1930 ~ p. 326
« Le 20, me trouvant pressé par les médecins d'emmener mes gens hors du Bander-Abassi, [On the 20th, finding myself under pressure from the doctors to take my people out of Bander-Abassi,] » #3213 Sir John Chardin, ed. Louis Langlès, Voyages du Chevalier Chardin en Perse et autres lieux de l’Orient, Nouvelle édition, Le Normant, Imprimeur-Libraire, Paris, 1811 ~ vol. 9 p. 78
SOURCE for Banderabassy
« I left Surat on February 21, 1671, on an English ship bound for the port of Banderabassy, from where I set out by land on March 25, to go as far as Babylon. » #3606 Voyage des Indes orientales, mêlé de plusieurs histoires curieuses, par M. Carré.., Vve de C. Barbin, Paris, 1699 ~ vol. 1 p. 143
SOURCE for Bender Abaʃʃi
« us from the Fort of Bender Abaʃʃi, it we had come there in the Night time, and therefore we parted not from Bendali till next day at half an hour after two in the Morning, and a little after five a Clock we came to the Houſe of a Rhadar near the Town of Bender, » #1574 Thévenot, Jean de, The travels of Monsieur de Thévenot into the Levant : in three parts, viz. into I. Turkey, II. Persia, III. The East-Indies / newly done out of French., Printed by H. Clark for H. Faithorne [etc.], 1687 ~ pt. 2 p. 135
SOURCE for Bender gomrow
« The second of August about mid- night, I arrived at Bender gomrow, where the Portugals keepe a Castle with seven or eight Souldiers, within it. And this Bender gomrow, which is on the mayne land, was sometimes the Kings of Lar, and after that Abreham Cans, and so it came to the King of Ormus. » #3292 John Newberry, Two Voyages of John Newberry, in: Purchas, Samuel, Hakluytus posthumus, or Purchas his pilgrimes : contayning a history of the world in sea voyages and lande travells by Englishmen and others in 20 vols., Glasgow : J. Maclehose, , 1905, vol. 8 pp. 449-481 ~ p. 460
SOURCE for Bender-Abassy
« 27 avril. Les chameaux sont en effet arrivés, et j'espère enfin quitter Bender-Abassy, où la chaleur est extrême, et l'air excessivement mauvais. [April 27. The camels have indeed arrived, and I hope to finally leave Bender-Abassy, where the heat is extreme, and the air extremely bad. ] » #3241 Aucher-Eloy, Relations de voyages en Orient de 1830 à 1838. Part 2, 1843 ~ p. 585
SOURCE for Bender-Abbassi
« Nous arrivâmes à midi à Bender-Abbassi . Le commandant eut la bonté de venir nous recevoir à la porte de sa maison . [We arrived at Bender-Abbassi at noon.] » #3179 Adrien Dupré, Voyage en Perse, fait dans les années 1807, 1808 et 1809, en traversant la Natolie et la Mésopotamie, 1819 ~ vol. 1 p. 390
SOURCE for Camarão
« GOMBROON, n.p. The old name in European documents of the place on the Persian Gulf now known as Bandar ’Abbas, or ’Abbasi. The latter name was given to it when Shah ’Abbas, after the capture and destruction of the island city of Hormuz, established a port there. The site which he selected was the little town of Gambrún. This had been occupied by the Portuguese, who took it from the ‘King of Lar’ in 1612, but two years later it was taken by the Shah. The name is said (in the Geog. Magazine, i. 17) to be Turkish, meaning ‘a Custom House.’ The word alluded to is probably gumruk, which has that meaning, and which is again, through Low Greek, from the Latin commercium. But this etymology of the name seems hardly probable. That indicated in the extract from A. Hamilton below is from Pers. kamrun, ‘a shrimp,’ or Port. camarão, meaning the same. » #379 Yule, Henry and Burnell A. C., Hobson-Jobson, The Anglo-Indian Dictionary, Wordsworth Editions Ltd, Ware, Hertfordshire, 1996 ~ p. 384
SOURCE for Combrú
« 1622.—“That evening, at two hours of the night, we started from below that fine tree, and after travelling about a league and a half…we arrived here in Combrú, a place of decent size and population on the sea-shore, which the Persians now-a-days, laying aside as it were the old name, call the ‘Port of Abbas,’ because it was wrested from the Portuguese, who formerly possessed it, in the time of the present King Abbas.”—P. della Valle, ii. 413; [in Hak. Soc. i. 3, he calls it Combu]. » #379 Yule, Henry and Burnell A. C., Hobson-Jobson, The Anglo-Indian Dictionary, Wordsworth Editions Ltd, Ware, Hertfordshire, 1996 ~ p. 384
SOURCE for Comerão
« No entanto o rei da Persia tinhase já apoderado em 1614 do forte de Comerão na terra firme, a tres leguas de Ormuz e das ilhas de Baharem e de Queixome, aquella muito rica por causa da pesca das perolas, e esta porque abastecia Ormuz de agua doce e de refrescos. [However, in 1614 the king of Persia had already taken over the fort of Comerão on the mainland, three leagues from Ormuz and the islands of Baharem and Queixome, the former very rich because of pearl fishing, and the latter because it supplied Ormuz with water. candy and refreshments] » #2280 Manoel Bernardes Branco, Portugal e os estrangeiros, Livraria De A. M. Pereira, Lisboa, 1879 ~ p. 315
SOURCE for Gambrun
« Of these possibly Najiram may stand for the island of Jarm on which the later town of Hurmuz stood. Karman is the Carmon of p. 76, n. 1, and p. 77, n. 1, i.e., Gambrun, which is not far from the site of Hurmuz in Mas'udi's time. » #40 Barbosa, Duarte, The Book of Duarte Barbosa, an Account of the Countries Bordering on the Indian Ocean and Their Inhabitants. Translated by M. L. Dames, Hakluyt Society:Asian Educational Services, London:New Delhi, 1918-21:2002 ~ p.79 notes
SOURCE for Gamron
« bezitten wij min of meer uitgebreide aanteekeningen van de hand der vele Europeanen, die hunne lotgevallen hebben te boek gesteld). Sedert echter Gamron (Bender-Abbas) in de tweede helft der 18de eeuw zijn plaats als [We have more or less extensive notes by many Europeans who have recorded their adventures. However, since Gamron (Bender-Abbas) took its place in the second half of the 18th century] » #3226 Cornelis Janszoon Speelman Ed. A. Hotz, Journaal der reis van den gezant der O.I. Compagnie Joan Cunaeus naar perzië in 1651-1652, J. Müller, 1908 ~ p. V
« The path from here to Gamron extends eastward, and partly along the shore. » #3227 LeBrun, Corneille, Voyages de Corneille Le Brun par la Moscovie, en Perse, et aux Indes Orientales., Wetstein, Amsterdam, 1718 ~ p. 319
« Den 29. dito zyn wy na Bendar Abaafi vertrokken, en tot Gamron (zynde de zelve ſtad, na Abaaz Bandar Abaafi genaamd) gekomen. [On the 29th we left Bendar Abaafi and came to Gamron (the same city called Bandar Abaafi after Abaaz).] » #2655 Francois Valentyn, Oud en nieuw Oost-Indien vervattende een naaukeurige en uitvoerige verhandelinge van Nederlands mogentheyd in die gewesten, benevens eene wydlustige beschryvinge der Moluccos ...,, Joannes van Braam, 1726, ~ vol. 5 p. 267
« 23 Nov 1645 » #3230 Dagh Register gehouden bij den oppercoopman Leonard Winninx ‘tsindert den 6 Julij anno 1645 dat uijt Gamron naer Spahan vertreckt, tot den 24e November, daeraen volgende, als wanneer in gemelte Gamron wederom gearriveert is." inventory number 1152 catalogue reference number 1.04.02, Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, ~ f. 385
« 6 July 1645 » #3230 Dagh Register gehouden bij den oppercoopman Leonard Winninx ‘tsindert den 6 Julij anno 1645 dat uijt Gamron naer Spahan vertreckt, tot den 24e November, daeraen volgende, als wanneer in gemelte Gamron wederom gearriveert is." inventory number 1152 catalogue reference number 1.04.02, Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, ~ f. 359
SOURCE for Gamru
« However, in 1622, when Hormuz changed hands, most buildings were destroyed and the Safavides decided to divert all traffic to Gamru, on the mainland opposite of Hormuz. The rise of Gamru, named Bandar 'Abbàs by their new masters, caused the final decline of Hormuz. » #2023 Ralph Kauz and Roderich Ptak, Hormuz in Yuan and Ming sources, Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient, ~ p. 29
« The tents were pitched next to the remains of the fortress of Gamrū, the same one that had been so infamously lost three years earlier,(3) the blame for which falls [margin: less heavily] on its defenders [margin: than upon those who failed to come to its aid]. [fol. 192v] The Ambassador was forced to tarry in this location for a few days in the blistering heat because horses had to be purchased for his servants and for the monks he had brought with him for the journey to Lār and Shirāz. fn 3 3 See p. 246, n. 11. » #2651 trans. and ed; Jeffrey S. Turley and George Bryan Souza, The Commentaries of D. García de Silva y Figueroa on his Embassy to Shah ʿAbbās I of Persia on Behalf of Philip III, King of Spain, Brill, Leiden, 2017, ~ p. 289
SOURCE for Gamrun
« The great depot for the produce of India, China, and Persia, was then removed to Gombroon* and Ormuz, and has ever since remained in the hands of the Persian monarch. » fn. « * Gamrún, or Gamrú.-E » #253 Kempthorne, Lieut. G.B., Notes on a Survey along the Eastern Shores of the Persian Gulf in 1828, Royal Geographical Society, 1835
SOURCE for Gombroon
« The name Djarun was transferred to the small town and port of Suru or Shahru on the mainland 17 km to the north-west, where goods in transit to or from Hormuz were transhipped; this name became corrupted to Gamru and was further corrupted by Europeans into Gambrun, Gombrun and Gombroon. » #2645 The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd Edition, Brill, Leiden, ~ vol. 3 p. 585
« they returning to Gombroon, and we going on Three Pharsangs that Night to Band Ally (1) fn. 1 Band ’All, “the embankment of ’All,” about 9 miles S.W. of Bandar ’Abbas. “The first night (from Gombroon) we rode to Bandally, sixteene English miles (and most part along the Gulph)” » #1591 Fryer, John M. D., A New Account of East-India and Persia in eight letters being nine years travel (Edited, with notes and an introduction, by William Crooke), Hakluyt Society:Kraus Reprint, 1909:1967, 3 vols. ~ vol. 2 p. 177
« Fourteene dayes are paſt ſince we entred Gombroon; the place has no fuch Magick to perfwade us to inhabit here. Our end is travell, why ftay we then? » #1608 Herbert, Thomas, Sir, Some Yeares Travels into divers parts of Asia and Afrique. Describing especially the two famous Empires, the Persian, and great Mogull: weaved with the history of these later times ... With a revivall of the first discoverer of America. Revised and enlarged by the Author., Printed by R. Bip. for Jacob Blome and Richard Bishop, London, 1638, ~ p. 124
«7th March. In the morning, about 9 in the morning, arrived at Gombroon with the Cheife, Mr. John Eaton Dodsworth, Mr. Dennis, Mr. Beavis and Batson who all came out a little way to meet me.
note: Diary of 6 March 1707/8.
Gombroon, the old name of Bandar 'Abbas. See Yule, Hobson-Jobson, s.v. Gombroon. For a description and illustration of the oity in 1705 see Le Bruyn, II, 73-75. » #3248 Bernard P. Scattergood, Ed. Temple, Carnac Rihard, The Scattergoods and the East India Company, A Collection of Mss., Indian Antiquary, Bernard Quaritch, London, 1930 vol. LIX:pt DCCXXXVI-A:pp. 33-74 ~ pp. 44 and 49-50
SOURCE for Gombrun
SOURCE for Goumeron
« Bandar Abbaffi is made of the destruction of Ormous, Portuguese call it Goumeron, There is Sultan with a small militia, who guards two small Castles: It is at twenty-eight degrees of latitude towards the Arctic Pole that, few people inhabit it in the East, because of the great. heat: The water there is bad and half salty, there is only one beach without a port, where ships arrive from all sides to negotiate. » #3465 Le Gouz de La Boullaye, Les voyages et obseruations du Sieur de La Boullaye-Le-Gouz, gentil-homme angeuin : ou` sont de´crites les religions, gouuernemens, et situations des estats et royaumes d'Italie, Grece, Natolie, Syrie, Perse, Palestine, Karamenie, Kalde´e, Assyrie, grand Mogol, Bijapour, Indes orientales des Portugais, Arabie, Egypte, Holande, grande Bretagne, Irlande, Dannemark, Pologne, isles et autres lieux d'Europe, Asie et Affrique, ou il a` seiourne´, le tout enrichy de belles figures ; et dedie´ a` l'Eminentissime Cardinal Capponi, Chez Geruais Clousier au Palais, sur les degrez de la Saincte Chapelle, Paris, 1653 ~ p. 115
SOURCE for Hurmuz or Bandar
« (35) Kishigan [? sic] to Hurmuzor Bandar (Gämbrun)-6 farsakhs. » #1570 A Chronicle of the Carmelites in Persia, and the Papal Mission of the XVIIth and XVIIIth Centuries, Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1939, 2 vol. ~ vol. 1 p. 219

R99-003 village of fifty
R99-003 village of fifty : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: PPL UFI: 10438824 coordinate: lat 27.9979 long 55.8863
NIMA/GNS names: Tall Sorkh-e Palangan , تل سرخ پلنگان ,
VARIANT names: Palingoûn , Pelengon , Tall Sorkh-e Palangan ,
SOURCE for Palingoûn
« Après trois milles environ , on passe à gué , près d'un pont nommé Poli-kami , une petite rivière qui vient des monts à gauche , et va se jeter dans celle qui coule près de Taroûn . Le chemin devient un peu boisé. A une heure après midi , nous atteignons le village de Palingoûn . Il n'est composé que de quelques cabanes en branches de palmiers . On nous logea dans une espèce de tour bâtie en terre . [After about three miles, we ford, near a bridge called Poli-kami, a small river which comes from the mountains on the left, and flows into the one which flows near Taroûn. The path becomes a little wooded. At one o'clock in the afternoon, we reached the village of Palingoûn. It is only made up of a few huts made of palm branches. We were housed in a kind of tower built of earth.] » #3179 Adrien Dupré, Voyage en Perse, fait dans les années 1807, 1808 et 1809, en traversant la Natolie et la Mésopotamie, 1819 ~ vol. 1 p. 378
SOURCE for Pelengon
« il martedì, due e forse tre ore prima di mezzogiorno, giugnemmo e ci fermammo sotto agli alberi di una piccola villa, di dieci o quindici case, detta Pelengon, che vuol dir le pantere o i pardi; non so se forse perchè di tali animali ivi si trovino. [on Tuesday, two or perhaps three hours before noon, we arrived and stopped under the trees of a small villa, of ten or fifteen houses, called Pelengon, which means the panthers or the leopards; I don't know if perhaps because such animals are found there.] » #1530 Pietro Della Valle, Viaggi di Pietro della Valle: il pellegrino, G. Gancia, Brighton, 1843, ~ vol. 2 p. 234
« A little further is a Village call'd Pelengon, that is, A Panther; so nam'd from the great number of that sort of Beasts breeding thereabouts. Two Leagues from Pelengon you come to a narrow way between the Mountains, » #3302 Ogilby, John, Asia. The first part being an accurate description of Persia, and the several provinces thereof : ..., Printed by the author at his house in White-friers, London, 1673 ~ p. 7
SOURCE for Tall Sorkh-e Palangan

R99-004 Taurom
R99-004 Taurom : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: PPL UFI: -3087121 coordinate: lat 28.1507 long 55.7464
NIMA/GNS names: Tarom , Tarum , طارم ,
VARIANT names: Tarim ou Tarum , Tarom , Taroun , Taroûn , Tarum , Taurom ,
SOURCE for Tarim ou Tarum
« Tarim ou Tarum V1 D4
Id Iran
Cité de la nahiya (territoire) de Hasü I 109, 132, 135, 136, 153, Η 262, 268, 299, 305 Hur 46, Muq 423, 429, 442, 454, 456 Yaq 1, 812, LS 292, Schw 107 » #3038 Keith E. Abbott, Notes Taken on a Journey Eastwards from Shiráz to Fessá and Darab, Thence Westwards by Jehrúm to Kazerún, in 1850, The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, London, 1857 ~
SOURCE for Tarom
« This route passed Tarom, Forgh, Rustak, Darab, Darakan, Fasa, Sarvestan and then Shiraz, and from there onwards to Isfahan. This was the normal trade route prior the reign of Shah `Abbas I (1587-1629) . » #3002 Willem Floor, Persian Gulf: Links with the Hinterland, Bushehr, Borazjan, Kazerun, Banu Ka`b and Bandar Abbas, Mage Publishers, Washington, 2015 ~ p. 252 and #1169 Floor, Willem, The Bandar Abbas-Isfahan Route in the Late Safavid era, Iran, Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies, London, 1999, 37:67-94 ~ p. 67
SOURCE for Taroun
« On cultive dans cet abadeh quelque peu d'orge. Nous y passâmes la nuit, et le 15 au matin nous nous rendîmes à Taroun, qui n'en était éloigné que de trois heures. D'après les éloges des gens du pays et de Chardin, je croyais trouver un pays charmant, où l'on cultivait l'oranger et beaucoup d'arbres à fruits, mais je fus bien détrompé; un pays ruiné, des eaux détestables, et seulement des palmiers; le bazar n'est composé que de deux ou trois mauvaises boutiques. Les montagnes y sont basses et brûlées; je ne sais où les géographes ont trouvé la haute montagne marquée sur les cartes. [Some barley is grown in this abadeh. We spent the night there, and on the morning of the 15th we went to Taroun, which was only three hours away. According to the praises of the locals and of Chardin, I thought I found a charming country, where orange trees and many fruit trees were cultivated, but I was very much deceived; a ruined country, detestable waters, and only palm trees; the bazaar is only made up of two or three bad shops. The mountains there are low and scorched; I don't know where the geographers found the high mountain marked on the maps.] » #3241 Aucher-Eloy, Relations de voyages en Orient de 1830 à 1838. Part 2, 1843 ~ p. 596
SOURCE for Taroûn
« Nous séjournâmes le 30 à Taroûn . Le gouverneur nous fit un accueil très - gracieux . Son palais est petit , et bâti sur la porte d'entrée de la ville . [We stayed on the 30th in Taroûn. The governor gave us a very gracious welcome. His palace is small, and built on the entrance gate to the city.] » #3179 Adrien Dupré, Voyage en Perse, fait dans les années 1807, 1808 et 1809, en traversant la Natolie et la Mésopotamie, 1819 ~ vol. 1 p. 376
SOURCE for Tarum
« Leaving Shiraz this road went by Sarvistan and Fasâ to Dârâbjird, Furg, and Tarum, whence turning due south it struck the coast, in early times at Sûrû, or Shahrû, or, as Mustawfi calls it, Tûsar. » #895 Le Strange, G., The lands of the Eastern Caliphate. Mesopotamia, Persia, and Central Asia from the Moslem conquest to the time of Timur., Cambridge University Press, London, 1905, ~ p. 295
« The Village Tarum, which is the Chief of many Villages, was much decay'd Anno 1630. The Inhabitants thereof are subject to the Prince of Lar. It hath under its Jurisdiction the Village Seid Geuder, beyond which is a large Plain, and at a small distanceruns the Brook Absciur, which signifies Salt Water. » #3302 Ogilby, John, Asia. The first part being an accurate description of Persia, and the several provinces thereof : ..., Printed by the author at his house in White-friers, London, 1673 ~ p. 7
« and thence to Tarum (25), where cattle are fed with dates bought at four altins a batman (26). And from Tarum I journeyed to Lar fn. 25 Kashan, Nain, Sirjan and Tarum, Iranian towns. fn. 26 Batman, a weight varying locally. » #623 Nikitin, Athanasy, Khozhenie za tri moria Afanasiia Nikitina, 1466-1472 gg. (Afansy Nikitin's Voyage beyond the Three Seas, 1466-1472), Moskva, 1960, ~ p. 109
« At 9 miles Tarum. Road rough to half-way, thence level. Tarum is a large village with two forts. About 3 miles E. N. E.is a large village, Gakum, of 1,000 inhabitants. » #3331 Routes in Persia, Section 1, British Library: India Office Records and Private Papers, Mss Eur F111/369, in Qatar Digital Library, ~ p. 59
SOURCE for Taurom
« Partiram daly e foram ter a outro lugar grande, o senhor do qual auia nome mergiladim que lhes fez muita honra e os agasalhou e deu de comer e mantimento pera dous dias, será homem de sesenta annos bem disposto, tem tres filhos homeens, e o lugar ha nome taurom, [They left from there and went to another large place, whose lord was called Mergiladim, who did them much honor and gave them shelter and food and provisions for two days, he is a man of sixty years old, well disposed, he has three sons, and the place is called Taurom,] » #2516 Afonso de Albuquerque, ed.Raymundo Antonio de Bulhão Pato, Henrique Lopes de Mendonça, Cartas de Affonso de Albuquerque, seguidas de documentos que as elucidam, Academia Real Das Sciencias de Lisboa, 1884, 1898 ~ vol. 2 p. 236

R99-005 Porcam
R99-005 Porcam : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: PPL UFI: -3063128 coordinate: lat 28.3055 long 55.2109
NIMA/GNS names: Farak , Forg , Furg , Furk , فرگ ,
VARIANT names: Burj , Burk , Chuerch , Forg , Forgh , Furg , Porcam , Porcão [Furg] , Porg , Purg , Purg or Furg ,
SOURCE for Burj
« No longer remarkable are the two towns, or more exactly villages, of Darabjird, whose creation tradition ascribes to Darius I, and Furg or Furj, Arabic Burj, both also situated on the main road from Färs to Kirman. In the tenth century, there were fortified towns of commerce and industry here, and the main market was in Fasa. » #975 Barthold, W, An Historical Geography of Iran … translated By Svat Soucek, Edited with an Introduction By C.E. Bosworth, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, ~ p. 161
SOURCE for Burk
« and thence 3 leagues to Burk (Purg or Forg); from here it is 6 leagues to Tashlu, » #1764 trans. G. Le Strange, The Geographical Part of the Nuzhat-al-qulub¯ Composed by Hamd-Allāh Mustawfi of Qazwin in 740 (1340), Brill, Leiden, 1919 ~ p. 177
SOURCE for Chuerch
« Primo nui ritroviamo una città la qual se chiama Chuerch, 311) lassando certi castelli li quali se vedeno prima che s se ariva in ditta città, di quali non habbiamo cosa alcuna memorabile da dir; in questa città è una fossa d'aqua nel modo di una fontana, fn. 311. Chuerch. Termine evidentemente corrotto. Sembra probabile che si intenda la cittadina di Furg (anticamente Purg), sulla carovaniera da Shiraz a Bandar-'Abbās, via Däräbgird, a 160 km. da quest'ultima località. Muqaddasi, che scrive Furj, afferma che vi erano due città gemelle, Furj e Burk; la prima era dotata di numerose terme, poichè l'acqua vi abbondava, come del resto nella città vicina. Nulla egli dice però del pozzo descritto dal Barbaro. Non si trovano riferimenti a tale pozzo neppure nelle altre fonti da noi consultate, come il Fars-Nama di IBN AL-BALKHI (pp. 128, 130, 159 e 161) e la Nuzhat-al-Qulub del MUSTAUFI, cit., p. 37. Pietro della Valle attraverserà Purg (così egli scrive) viaggiando da Shiraz al Golfo Persico, ma non ne lascierà alcuna descrizione. E assai improbabile che il nome sia corruzione di Khärg o Kharak, perchè questa è un'isola, ciò che quasi certamente il Barbaro avrebbe fatto notare. (Lo.) [First we find a city called Chuerch, 311) leaving behind certain castles which are seen before one arrives in the said city, of which we have nothing memorable to say; in this city there is a ditch of water in the manner of a fountain, fn. 311. Chuerch. Evidently a corrupt term. It seems probable that the town of Furg (anciently Purg) is meant, on the caravan route from Shiraz to Bandar-'Abbās, via Däräbgird, 160 km. from the latter locality. Muqaddasi, who writes Furj, states that there were two twin cities, Furj and Burk; the first was equipped with numerous thermal baths, since water was abundant there, as in the neighbouring city. He says nothing, however, of the well described by Barbaro. There are no references to this well even in the other sources we consulted, such as the Fars-Nama of IBN AL-BALKHI (pp. 128, 130, 159 and 161) and the Nuzhat-al-Qulub of MUSTAUFI, cit., p. 37. Pietro della Valle will cross Purg (so he writes) traveling from Shiraz to the Persian Gulf, but will not leave any description of it. It is very unlikely that the name is a corruption of Khärg or Kharak, because this is an island, which is what the Barbaro would almost certainly have pointed out. (Lo.)] » #3310 Lockhart,L. Morozzo Della Rocca,R. Tiepolo,M.F., I viaggi in Persia degli ambasciatori veneti Barbaro e Contarini, Ist. Poligrafico dello Stato, 1973 ~ p. 146
SOURCE for Forg
« The town of Forg, so to call it, is surrounded by a mud wall in the form of a square, with a side of perhaps 400 yards, armed with round towers at regular intervals. It had four tall gates, and a governor's residence inside; but these are all ruined and deserted now. » #3078 Stack, Edward, Six months in Persia, Sampson Low, Marston, Searle and Rivington, London, 1882 ~ vol. 1 p. 156
« and at about 3 miles off had Forg before us; an easy hour's ride took us in.The plain is nearly circular, with several date topes about. We also saw two blue-domed Imamzadehs in the distance. The village of Forg is square, walled in by mud walls, with flanking towers, a gate with flanking towers, on its east and west faces. The houses are all built of mud or else sun-dried bricks; the best of them seem to be but a broken down concern.The place is in anything but a prosperous condition. The ople, however, were very civil and obliging. Water seems very plentiful, several small but good streams running through the streets. Provisions also in abundance and cheap. Distance 14 miles. » #3120 John Richard Preece, Notes of a journey made between Shiraz and Jashk, via Fassa, Darab, Bandar Abbas, and Minab, Superintendent Government Printing, India, Calcutta, 1884 ~ p. 15
« En nous dirigeant toujours vers l'ouest , nous arrivons à Forg à deux heures après - midi . On entre dans cette ville par un pont de pierre délabré . Elle est murée en partie , et de mauvais fossés sont creusés à l'entour . [Still heading west, we arrive at Forg at two o'clock in the afternoon. You enter this town via a dilapidated stone bridge. It is partly walled, and bad ditches are dug around it.] » #3179 Adrien Dupré, Voyage en Perse, fait dans les années 1807, 1808 et 1809, en traversant la Natolie et la Mésopotamie, 1819 ~ vol. 1 p. 363
« 17 mai. Forg. Comme nous nous sommes passablement élevés, la nuit fut très-froide. Forg est un peu en meilleur état que Taroun. Je croyais y trouver quelque chose à manger, mais il fallut me contenter de dattes, quoiqu'elles me fissent mal. Les mules qu'on m'avait annoncées étaient parties depuis quelques jours: il fallut encore avoir recours aux ânes, que je payai extrêmement cher. [May 17. Forg. As we rose quite a bit, the night was very cold. Forg is in slightly better shape than Taroun. I thought I would find something to eat there, but I had to make do with dates, although they hurt me. The mules that I had been told had left a few days ago: I still had to resort to donkeys, for which I paid extremely dearly.] » #3241 Aucher-Eloy, Relations de voyages en Orient de 1830 à 1838. Part 2, 1843 ~ p. 597
« At 9 miles it passes through the grass huts of Kohima, and at 10 miles enters the town of Forg. » #3269 H. B. Vaughan, Report of a journey through Persia., Superintendent of Government Printing in Calcutta, 1890 ~ p. 15
SOURCE for Forgh
« This route passed Tarom, Forgh, Rustak, Darab, Darakan, Fasa, Sarvestan and then Shiraz, and from there onwards to Isfahan. This was the normal trade route prior the reign of Shah `Abbas I (1587-1629) . » #3002 Willem Floor, Persian Gulf: Links with the Hinterland, Bushehr, Borazjan, Kazerun, Banu Ka`b and Bandar Abbas, Mage Publishers, Washington, 2015 ~ p. 252 and #1169 Floor, Willem, The Bandar Abbas-Isfahan Route in the Late Safavid era, Iran, Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies, London, 1999, 37:67-94 ~ p. 67
SOURCE for Furg
« Furg is a town surrounded by a high mud wall, flanked at intervals of 75 yards by round mud towers. There is no ditch, but the defences are in a most ruinous state; a large tower in the centre of the town is used as a keep. » #3080 Simla Drawing Office, General Staff, India, Mobilisation Routes In Persia (Vol. IV, Part II) (Fars, Laristan, Kerman And Yazd) British Library: India Office Records and Private Papers, IOR/L/MIL/17/15/12/10, in Qatar Digital Library, ~ p. 218
« At 19½ miles the town of Furg is reached -vide stage 4, Route No. 2 (A). » #3080 Simla Drawing Office, General Staff, India, Mobilisation Routes In Persia (Vol. IV, Part II) (Fars, Laristan, Kerman And Yazd) British Library: India Office Records and Private Papers, IOR/L/MIL/17/15/12/10, in Qatar Digital Library, ~ p. 495
SOURCE for Porcam
« PorcamOn the Saturday of May they set out from Taurom on their way, and on Sunday they arrived at Porcam, a place of Braim Beça, and they lodged in a large orange grove that had two houses and a large vineyard and dates and others belonging to the governor » #2516 Afonso de Albuquerque, ed.Raymundo Antonio de Bulhão Pato, Henrique Lopes de Mendonça, Cartas de Affonso de Albuquerque, seguidas de documentos que as elucidam, Academia Real Das Sciencias de Lisboa, 1884, 1898 ~ vol. 2 p. 236
SOURCE for Porcão [Furg]
« They departed from Taurom on Saturday the 19th of May, [and] following their way, they arrived at Porcão [Furg] on Sunday, [a] place of Braym Beça, and they were lodged in a great orange grove of his, which had two places with houses and a great vineyard and dates and other [*] fruits and great rearing of horses and livestock. It has forty inhabitants, and around it many of his places greater than this. Here they were until Tuesday [May 22, 1515 » #3565 Smith, Ronald Bishop, The First Age of the Portuguese Embassies, Navigations and Peregrinations in Persia (1507-1524), Decatur Press, Bethesda, Maryland, 1970 ~ p. 41
SOURCE for Porg
Porg
- Attestations: The mint signature PW/PWRGY has been attached to a location in Fars
based on die linkages between coins with this signature and other editions produced in
Fars by Bahram IV and Yazdgerd I. Mochiri has identified this mint signature with
Forg (112).
- Identification: Forg was a town and district in Darabgerd Khurrah. The modern town of
Forg is located to the southeast of Darab. Remains of a fire temple known as Chak Chak
are located to the east of Forg (113), providing confirmation of the existence of a Sasanian
settlement in this area.
SOURCE for Purg
« Purg- Attestations: The mint signature PW/PWRGY has been attached to a location in Pars based on die linkages between coins with this signature and other editions produced in Pārs by Wahram IV and Yazdegird I. Mochiri has identified this mint signature with 97 Purg- Identification: Purg was a town and district in Darabgerd. The modern town of Forg is located to the southeast of Darab. Remains of a fire temple known as Cak-Cak are located to the east of Forg, providing confirmation of the existence of a Sasanian set- tlement in this area. » #3092 Negin Miri, Sasanian Pars: Historical Geography and Administrative Organization, Mazda Publishers, Costa Mesa, California, 2012 ~ p. 64
SOURCE for Purg or Furg
« Il venerdi, al far del giorno, dopo aver fatto cinque leghe, arrivammo a posarci in una villa molto grossa, di forse duemila case, sparse tuttavia in confuso tra gli alberi de' dattili, sotto ai quali son rozzamente fabbricate, e la chiamano Purg, ovvero Furg, che così l'usano di scrivere. [On Friday, at daybreak, after having traveled five leagues, we arrived to settle in a very large villa, of perhaps two thousand houses, however scattered in confusion among the dactyl trees, under which they are rudely built, and they call it Purg , or Furg, which is how they write it.] » #1530 Pietro Della Valle, Viaggi di Pietro della Valle: il pellegrino, G. Gancia, Brighton, 1843, ~ vol. 2 p. 280

R99-006 Paça : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Fasa , Fassa , فسا ,
VARIANT names: Fasa , Fazza , Fessa , Paça , Passà ,
SOURCE for Fasa
« This route passed Tarom, Forgh, Rustak, Darab, Darakan, Fasa, Sarvestan and then Shiraz, and from there onwards to Isfahan. This was the normal trade route prior the reign of Shah `Abbas I (1587-1629) . » #3002 Willem Floor, Persian Gulf: Links with the Hinterland, Bushehr, Borazjan, Kazerun, Banu Ka`b and Bandar Abbas, Mage Publishers, Washington, 2015 ~ p. 252 and #1169 Floor, Willem, The Bandar Abbas-Isfahan Route in the Late Safavid era, Iran, Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies, London, 1999, 37:67-94 ~ p. 67
« 25 mai. Nous traversâmes une basse montagne, puis une plaine bien arrosée, où il y a des cultures assez nombreuses en céréales, et çà et là plusieurs petits villages. Nous en trouvâmes un, aux trois quarts ruiné, puis nous arrivâmes à Fása, ville de moyenne grandeur. A Darap, on voyait encore quelques Palmiers; ici ils ont entièrement disparu. [May 25. We crossed a low mountain, then a well-watered plain, where there are quite numerous cereal crops, and here and there several small villages. We found one, three-quarters ruined, then we arrived at Fása, a medium-sized town. In Darap, we still saw a few palm trees; here they have completely disappeared. ] » #3241 Aucher-Eloy, Relations de voyages en Orient de 1830 à 1838. Part 2, 1843 ~ p. 600
SOURCE for Fazza
« Nous voyons un chemin qui conduit à Fazza, bourg à douze farsengs N. E. de Djaroûn, et chef-lieu d'un district de ce nom. [We see a path leading to Fazza, a town twelve farsengs NE of Djaroûn, and capital of a district of that name.] » #3179 Adrien Dupré, Voyage en Perse, fait dans les années 1807, 1808 et 1809, en traversant la Natolie et la Mésopotamie, 1819 ~ vol. 1 p. 456
SOURCE for Fessa
« We reached Fessa, after performing what is called 11 fursacks, or 38½ miles, but which, I think, does not exceed 9 fursacks, or 31½ miles. The plain extends in length E. and W., and may be about 7 miles in breadth. Fessa itself, which is merely a large village of some 900 families, with a detached mud fort and some pleasant gardens, stands in the midst of it towards its western extremity » #3038 Keith E. Abbott, Notes Taken on a Journey Eastwards from Shiráz to Fessá and Darab, Thence Westwards by Jehrúm to Kazerún, in 1850, The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, London, 1857 ~ p. 153
SOURCE for Paça
« On the 3rd of June (3) they set out and went to sleep two leagues a day, and the next day they walked eight leagues and the next day they walked six, and they arrived at a large place called Paça, with many crops; and following their path through these places they arrived at a field by a river with salt water, where the wife of Braym Beça was staying: the » #3565 Smith, Ronald Bishop, The First Age of the Portuguese Embassies, Navigations and Peregrinations in Persia (1507-1524), Decatur Press, Bethesda, Maryland, 1970 ~ pp. 41-2
SOURCE for Passà
« Il venerdi poi, che era il diciassette di giugno, uscito già il sole, avendo camminato quattro leghe di lontananza, ma più assai di giro, per gli errori della notte, arrivammo alla terra grossa Passà, da me un'altra volta nell'andare in giù,[Then on Friday, which was the seventeenth of June, when the sun had already come out, having walked four leagues away, but much more around, due to the mistakes of the night, we arrived at the large land Passà, from me once again on the way down,] » #1530 Pietro Della Valle, Viaggi di Pietro della Valle: il pellegrino, G. Gancia, Brighton, 1843, ~ pt. 2 p. 355

R99-007 field by a river with salt, two leagues wide
R99-007 field by a river with salt, two leagues wide : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Maharin , Maharlu , مهارلو ,
VARIANT names: Giganli , Maharlu , Mally , Mohullu ,
SOURCE for Giganli
« Fatte fihalmente intorno a quattro leghe di viaggio, essendo ancor hotle, ci fermammo a riposare in un luogo che chiamano Giganli, dove a piè de' monti, presso un caravanserai rovinato che sta accanto ad un piccoló rivo di acqua corrente buona da bere, Irovammo alcune case di Turcomani [Having traveled about four leagues, being still hot, we stopped to rest in a place called Giganli, where at the foot of the mountains, near a ruined caravanserai which stands next to a small stream of running water good for drinking, we found some Turcomani houses] » #1530 Pietro Della Valle, Viaggi di Pietro della Valle: il pellegrino, G. Gancia, Brighton, 1843, ~ vol. 2 p. 274
SOURCE for Maharlu
« alternatives routes Route No. 1 Bandar Abbas to Shiraz(d). Via Jährüm, Khānch Kahdan, and Mahārlū; about equal in length and regularly used by Sarvistin Jährümb caravans; well supplied with provisions, easy, and in good lateral communication with the main route here described. » #3080 Simla Drawing Office, General Staff, India, Mobilisation Routes In Persia (Vol. IV, Part II) (Fars, Laristan, Kerman And Yazd) British Library: India Office Records and Private Papers, IOR/L/MIL/17/15/12/10, in Qatar Digital Library, ~ p. 161
SOURCE for Mally
« En côtoyant ce lac , on a sur la droite un mont escarpé. La terre est inculte , mais remplie d'arbustes de buis . Elle nous parut bien cultivée aux environs de Mally, où nous arrivâmes à six heures et demie du soir . [As we skirt this lake, we see a steep mountain on the right. The land is uncultivated, but filled with boxwood shrubs. She seemed well cultivated around Mally, where we arrived at half-past six in the evening.] » #3179 Adrien Dupré, Voyage en Perse, fait dans les années 1807, 1808 et 1809, en traversant la Natolie et la Mésopotamie, 1819 ~ vol. 1 p. 341
SOURCE for Mohullu
« Flom Afahallu we proceede(l on a bearing of 120?, 155?, anKl lG5?; but sny watch having got out of order, I was unable to estimate distances exactly on this march » #3038 Keith E. Abbott, Notes Taken on a Journey Eastwards from Shiráz to Fessá and Darab, Thence Westwards by Jehrúm to Kazerún, in 1850, The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, London, 1857 ~ p. 151

R99-002a good and large river with no people
R99-002a good and large river with no people : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Sarzeh , سرزه ,
VARIANT names: Sarzeh , Sarzen , Sazeh ,
POSSIBLE LOCATION at Sarzeh FOR Ser zehi rizeuon [PBR],
SOURCE for Sarzeh
« The river lies about 40 feet below the level of the plain, and its left bank in some parts is a rocky scarp. The route now lies up a rocky ravine on to an open plain of sandy gravel. The river flows on the left, 100 yards distant, and on the right is the end of a rocky spur or ridge. Just before reaching the village of Sarzeh, at 16 miles, the river has again to be forded. The village consists of a few scattered huts.Water. Good and abundant from river. » #3080 Simla Drawing Office, General Staff, India, Mobilisation Routes In Persia (Vol. IV, Part II) (Fars, Laristan, Kerman And Yazd) British Library: India Office Records and Private Papers, IOR/L/MIL/17/15/12/10, in Qatar Digital Library, ~ p. 490
SOURCE for Sarzen
#1511 p. 655
SOURCE for Sazeh
« 7 mai. Notre marche, encore de nuit, fut un peu plus longue, toujours dans un désert aride et pierreux. Nous nous arrêtâmes à Sazeh, village persan (1); fn. (1) Notre voyageur entre dans le Laristan. La contrée qu'il vient de quitter appartient aussi à la Perse; mais elle est habitée par la race Arabe. [May 7. Our walk, still at night, was a little longer, still in an arid and stony desert. We stopped at Sazeh, a Persian village (1); fn. (1) Our traveler enters Laristan. The country he has just left also belongs to Persia; but it is inhabited by the Arab race.] » #3241 Aucher-Eloy, Relations de voyages en Orient de 1830 à 1838. Part 2, 1843 ~ p. 593

R99-011 Maragoa
R99-011 Maragoa : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Maragheh , Maraghen , مراغه ,
VARIANT names: Maragheh , Maragoa ,
SOURCE for Maragheh
SOURCE for Maragoa
« e asy chegaram tres oras do dia ao campo onde se asentou o arraial, junto de huma ci- dade per nome de maragoa, tres legoas donde partirað; a quinta feira sete de setembro chegou o xeque da caça, e o embaxador mandou saber do governador se o despachara, e quando queria que o fose ver; [and at three o'clock in the daytime they arrived at the field where the camp was set up, near a city called Maragoa, three leagues from where they had set out; on Thursday, the seventh of September, the hunting sheik arrived, and the ambassador asked the governor to find out if he had sent him away, and when he wanted him to go and see him;] » #2516 Afonso de Albuquerque, ed.Raymundo Antonio de Bulhão Pato, Henrique Lopes de Mendonça, Cartas de Affonso de Albuquerque, seguidas de documentos que as elucidam, Academia Real Das Sciencias de Lisboa, 1884, 1898 ~ vol. 2 p. 240
« Fernão Gomes de Lemos, qui s'était proposé à Albuquerque comme ambassadeur au vu de la manière dont Châh Esma'il avait gratifié Miguel Ferreira, quitta Ormuz le 5 mai 1515 (92) et se présenta l'été de la même année, à l'estivage de Maragheh (Maragoa) dans le nord-ouest iranien, à l'est du lac de Rezāye, suivi d'une délégation de 15 personnes, dont le déjà mentionné Gil Simões, auteur de la relation de l'audience. [Fernão Gomes de Lemos, who had offered himself to Albuquerque as an ambassador in view of the way in which Shah Esma'il had favored Miguel Ferreira, left Ormuz on May 5, 1515 (92) and presented himself in the summer of the same year, at the summer camp of Maragheh (Maragoa) in the Iranian northwest, east of Lake Rezāye, followed by a delegation of 15 people, including the aforementioned Gil Simões, author of the report of the audience.] » #3253 Dejanirah Couto, Les missions diplomatiques portugaises en Perse dans la première moitié du XVIe siècle: les audiences de Miguel Ferreira (1514) et de Fernão Gomes de Lemos (1515) à la cour de Châh Esma‘îl safavide, Anais de História de Além-Mar, 2009 vol. X:pp. 277-308 ~ p. 297
« the camp was pitched, near a city called Maragoa, three leagues from where they had set off; » #2516 Afonso de Albuquerque, ed.Raymundo Antonio de Bulhão Pato, Henrique Lopes de Mendonça, Cartas de Affonso de Albuquerque, seguidas de documentos que as elucidam, Academia Real Das Sciencias de Lisboa, 1884, 1898 ~ vol. 2 p. 240

R99-012 Binado
R99-012 Binado : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Benab , Binab , Binababad , Bonab , Bonyab , بناب ,
VARIANT names: Binado , Bonab ,
SOURCE for Binado
« so they arrived at a field where the encampment settled one day in the sun, near a large place called Binado, with many orchards and many fruits, orange trees and lemon trees. » #2516 Afonso de Albuquerque, ed.Raymundo Antonio de Bulhão Pato, Henrique Lopes de Mendonça, Cartas de Affonso de Albuquerque, seguidas de documentos que as elucidam, Academia Real Das Sciencias de Lisboa, 1884, 1898 ~ vol. 2 p. 242
SOURCE for Bonab

R99-010 Caixão
R99-010 Caixão : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: PPLA2 UFI: 10325556 coordinate: lat 33.997284 long 51.441575
NIMA/GNS names: Kachan , Kashan , كاشان ,
VARIANT names: Cachan , Caixan , Caixao , Cascian , Cashan , Cassan , Cassian , Caxen , Kachan , Kaschan , Kashan , Katschan , Qasan ,
SOURCE for Cachan
« A la pointe du jour nous apperçumes Cachan, où nous arrivames a 7. heures du matin. Une partie de la caravane alla loger dans la ville, et le refte dans le Caravanferan du fauxbourg. [At daybreak we sighted Cachan, where we arrived at 7 o'clock in the morning. Part of the caravan went to stay in the town, and the rest in the Caravanferan of the suburb.] » #3227 LeBrun, Corneille, Voyages de Corneille Le Brun par la Moscovie, en Perse, et aux Indes Orientales., Wetstein, Amsterdam, 1718 ~ p. 182
« Le treiziéme érant partis à deux heures aprés minuit, nôtre courſe fut de neuf heures. Au commencement le chemin fut fort mauvais, et nous trouvámes pluſieurs Villages des habitez, avant que d'arriver à Cachan, dont le Caravanferail eft tres-beau. [The thirteenth departure was at two o'clock after midnight, our journey lasted nine hours. At the beginning the road was very bad, and we encountered several inhabited villages before arriving at Cachan, whose caravanserai is very beautiful.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 p. 71
« Il y a dans Cachan ... les Carvanferas grands et commodes; mais il y en a un entr'autres qui eftoit fort magnifique proche des jardins du Roy à l'entrée de la ville, dans lequel je logeay à mon dernier voyage d'Afie. Tant le Carvanfera que les Jardins font des ouvrages de Chabas I. du nom, et il y fit une fort grande depenfe. Ce Carvanfera à environ 100. pas en quarre, il eſt bati de brique, et à deux étages, et contient prés de fix vingt chambres voutées et d'une raiſonnable grandeur. [In Cachan there are... large and comfortable Carvanferas; but there is one among others that was quite magnificent near the King's Gardens at the entrance to the town, in which I stayed on my last trip to Africa. Both the Carvanfera and the Gardens are the work of Chabas I, and he spent a very large amount on them. This Carvanfera, about 100 paces square, is built of brick, has two stories, and contains nearly twenty vaulted rooms of reasonable size.] » #3632 Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste, Les six voyages de Jean Baptiste Tavernier, Ecuyer Baron d'Aubonne, qu'il a fait en Turquie, en Perse, et aux Indes,, Chez Gervais Clouzier et Claude Barbin, 1676 ~ p. 72
SOURCE for Caixan
« in analogous manner, but more evidently, the name of the city of Kashan, rendered once with 'Caixan' and once with 'Caixào', a few lines after (f. 3r). » #3224 Margherita Farina, Giovanni Battista Raimondi's Travel in the Middle East: A Case of Sixteenth-Century Portuguese-Italian Interference, Oriente Moderno, NUOVA SERIE, ~ pp. 55-6
SOURCE for Caixao
« CAIXÃO, cidade de-Kashan, em 33' 59' lat. N. e 51° 30' long. E., capital da província persa do mesmo nome. [Fernão Lopes de Castanheda - História do des- cobrimento e conquista da India pelos Portugueses]. [CAIXÃO, city of Kashan, in 33' 59' N. lat. and 51° 30' E. long., capital of the Persian province of the same name. [Fernão Lopes de Castanheda - History of the discovery and conquest of India by the Portuguese].] » #2603 Visconde De Lagoa, Glossario Toponimico Da Antiga Historiografia Portuguesa Ultramarina, Oficina Grafica, Casa Portuguesa Rua Das Gaveas, 1953, ~ vol. A-C p. 145
« From this city of whatever name, the Portugals, pursuing their course to the Shah of Persia, arrived at the city of Cayxam (Kashan) on the Friday of July 20th 1515 » #3565 Smith, Ronald Bishop, The First Age of the Portuguese Embassies, Navigations and Peregrinations in Persia (1507-1524), Decatur Press, Bethesda, Maryland, 1970 ~ p. 44
« From here they will depart for Ormuz by another winding road that passes through many towns and places, very useful land with large livestock; they will arrive at the city of Caixão, where they will stay for fifteen days » #2516 Afonso de Albuquerque, ed.Raymundo Antonio de Bulhão Pato, Henrique Lopes de Mendonça, Cartas de Affonso de Albuquerque, seguidas de documentos que as elucidam, Academia Real Das Sciencias de Lisboa, 1884, 1898 ~ vol. 2 p.249
SOURCE for Cascian
« VI. Io dico adunque, che avendo già veduto e osservato in Cascian ciò che di sopra ho scritto, ed essendoci riposati abba-stanza, la domenica a sera del ventotto di gennaio ci partimmo, [VI. I say, then, that having already seen and observed in Cascian what I have written above, and having rested sufficiently, we departed on Sunday evening, the twenty-eighth of January,] » #1530 Pietro Della Valle, Viaggi di Pietro della Valle: il pellegrino, G. Gancia, Brighton, 1843, ~ vol. 1 p. 572
SOURCE for Cashan
« and thence to Cashan, a gallant Citie; from Coom six and thirty miles: the way was easie and plaine, but somewhat sandie. » #1608 Herbert, Thomas, Sir, Some Yeares Travels into divers parts of Asia and Afrique. Describing especially the two famous Empires, the Persian, and great Mogull: weaved with the history of these later times ... With a revivall of the first discoverer of America. Revised and enlarged by the Author., Printed by R. Bip. for Jacob Blome and Richard Bishop, London, 1638, ~ p. 213
« Cashan is not lesse than York or Norwich, above foure thousand families are accounted in her: the houses are fairely built, the streets be large and comly; the Mosqus and Hummums are curiously painted and ceruleated, with a feigned Turquoise: the Buzzar is spatious and uniforme; furnished with Silks, Damasks, rich Carpets, Sattens, and cloth of gold; no part of the Persian Monarchy shewes better, or more variety, nor a people more exactly industrious. » #1608 Herbert, Thomas, Sir, Some Yeares Travels into divers parts of Asia and Afrique. Describing especially the two famous Empires, the Persian, and great Mogull: weaved with the history of these later times ... With a revivall of the first discoverer of America. Revised and enlarged by the Author., Printed by R. Bip. for Jacob Blome and Richard Bishop, London, 1638, ~ p. 214
SOURCE for Cassan
« Odoric expressly says that Kashan, or Cassan,' as he calls it, was 'the city of the Three Kings' and that these worshippers set out from there to Jerusalem, which they reached by divine aid in thirteen days. (4) The passage in the account of Odoric de Por-denone reads as follows: -'DE LA CITÉ DE CASSAN. - De ceste cité m'en alay vers la grant Inde par mer. Si vins par maintes journées a une cité des trois roys qui firent offrande à Jhesu Crist nouvel né. Et appelle on ceste cité de Cassan, cité royal de grant honneur mais Tartre l'ont moult destruite. De cette cité de Cassan jusques en Jherusalem a plus de journées dont on puet clerement appercevoir que ly troy Roy de ceste cité de Cassan furent en XIII journées amené en Jherusa par vertu divine et non humaine. En ceste cité a moult grand hab dance de tous biens, de pain, et de vin et de toutes autres choses.'fn. 4 See Odoric de Pordenone, ed. Cordier, p. 41, Paris, 1891. »
#3178 Jackson, A. V. Williams, Persia past and present; a book of travel and research, with more than two hundred illustrations and a map, The Macmillan Company, London, 1906 ~ p. 412
« Ce fait le Roy voulut aller à SPAHAN ville capitale de Par-thie, elloignée de CASBIN douze iournées les comptant à pas de Carauane, où nous le fuiuifmes. L'on trouue par le chemin beau-coup de bonnes places, comme entr'autres vne, qui eft appellée Com, vne autre dite CASSAN, qui eft plus grande, et plus riche que Com, comme aufli beaucoup de bourgs et villages. Tout cechemin eſt plain et vny, toutesfois d'vn coſté et d'autre on voittou-fiours des montagnes, [This done, the King wished to go to Spahan, the capital city of Parthia, twelve days distant from Casbin, counting them at the pace of Carauane, where we fled. One finds many good places along the way, such as one called Com, another called Cassan, which is larger and richer than Com, as well as many towns and villages. The whole road is flat and winding, however, on one side and the other one always sees mountains.] » #3614 unknown ed. M. Morisot, Relations veritables et curieuses de l'isle de Madagascar, et du Bresil. : Auec l'histoire de la derniere guerre faite au Bresil, entre les Portugais et les Hollandois. ; Trois relations d'Egypte, et vne du royaume de Perse, Chez Augustin Courbé, Paris, 1651 ~ p. 133
SOURCE for Cassian
« The 20th daye at night we came to the fayre citie of Cassian (Kashan), lying in the cuntrey of Parthia. On the waye between this citie and the foresayde citie of Comes the cuntrey of the Par-thiance and the Medians are parted. Here we piched in a caravansero that Shaw Abbas built, the fayerest that ever I saw it is big innaw to lodge any king of Chrissendom was all his trayne-hauing traveled 7 lges. » #3214 Stodart, Robert; introduction and notes by Sir. E. Denison Ross, The Journal of Robert Stodart: Being an account of his experiences as a member of Sir Dodmore Cotton's Mission in Persia in 1628-29. Published from the unique manuscript preserved in the Bodleian Library, Luzac and Co, 1935 ~ p. 66
SOURCE for Caxen
« Llegose á Caxen, adonde auia gran número de otras mugeres cubiertas con sus mantos blancos, sobre las paredes, varandas y otras partes altas, y ansi se en-tro por la çiudad, aunque fuera de lo que della está rrodeado de muralla, que es alta y muy bien labrada, hasta el Maydan, que es una larga calle, aunque no tanto como la de Xiras, pero mas ancha, con muchos arboles por las vandas á raiz de las paredes, adonde ay algunas casas y dentro grande arboleda de huertas. [He arrived at Caxen, where there were a great number of other women covered with their white cloaks, on the walls, balustrades and other high parts, and thus he entered the city, although outside of what is surrounded by a wall, which is high and very well made, up to the Maydan, which is a long street, although not as long as that of Xiras, but wider, with many trees along the sides at the base of the walls, where there are some houses and inside a large grove of orchards.] » #3245 García de Silva y Figueroa, Manuel Serrano y Sanz, Comentarios De D. Garcia De Silva Y Figueroa De La Embajada Que De Parte Del Rey De España Don Felipe III Hizo Al Rey Xa Abas De Persia, La Spciedad de Bibliofilos Espanoles, Madrid, 1905 ~ vol. 2 p. 57
SOURCE for Kachan
« Kachan » in {map#1253 Carte de la Perse, de la Turquie d'Asie et d'une partie de la Tartarie Indépendante / Dressée par P. Lapie, ... pour les Voyages de Chardin ; Gravée par Blondeau, ..., , 1810, }
SOURCE for Kaschan
« Malgré la vue de tout le peuple de Kaschan, venu au-devant de nous, y compris la communauté juive, l'im-patience nous prenait un peu d'une route aussi longue, quand, à la fin, nous arrivames, et la première vue de notre logis dissipa comme une fumée notre mécontentement. [Despite the sight of all the people of Kashan, who came to meet us, including the Jewish community, we were a little impatient with such a long journey, when, at last, we arrived, and the first sight of our lodging dissipated our discontent like smoke.] » #3657 Gobineau Comte de, Trois ans en Asie (de 1855 à 1858), Libraire de L. Hachette et Cie, Paris, 1859 ~ vol. 1 p. 237
« The 27. we came to the Citie of Kaschan, » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 285
« Kaschan where on the 3 day of Ianuary we arrived to|wards the Evening, taking up our Quarters at a very noble and commodious Carawansera, seeming rather a Palace than an Inn. » #3675 John Struys, trans. John Morrison, The Perillous and Most Unhappy Voyages of John Struys; through Italy, Greece, … Media, Persia, …, and other places in Europe, Africa and Asia, London, 1683 ~ p. 310
SOURCE for Kashan
« I journeyed to Kashan (25), where I stayed for a month, fn. 25 Kashan, Nain, Sirjan and Tarum, Iranian towns. » #623 Nikitin, Athanasy, Khozhenie za tri moria Afanasiia Nikitina, 1466-1472 gg. (Afansy Nikitin's Voyage beyond the Three Seas, 1466-1472), Moskva, 1960, ~ p. 109
« Passing the post-house of Mohamedye and Gaz, Kashan came in sight over an undulation in the sand, and we were soon threading the narrow lanes of this, one of the largest business places of Persia. » #3069 Crawshay-Williams, Eliot, Across Persia, Edward Arnold, London, 1907 ~ p. 295
« thence 12 to Kāshān. Total, from Sävah to Kāshān it is 22 leagues. » #1764 ed. Le Strange, G., The geographical part of the Nuzhat-al-qulub composed by Hamd-Alla¯h Mustawfi¯ of Qazwi¯n in 740 (1340), E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1919 ~ p. 175
« we caught sight of the blue domes of the mosques at Kashan that rose with a glimpse of color over the brown plain. Kashan, pronounced in Persian as Kashan, is flanked by mountains and hills on the south, west, and northwest, but on the other sides it lies open to the plain. » #3178 Jackson, A. V. Williams, Persia past and present; a book of travel and research, with more than two hundred illustrations and a map, The Macmillan Company, London, 1906 ~ p. 410
« Kashan is one of the hottest places on the great Persian plateau, but has the rare luxury of a good water supply brought from a reservoir some distance off in the Kuhrūd mountains. It has a much-diminished population, said now to number 30,000 souls. Much of it is in ruins, and much more is ruinous. It has a thriving colony of Jews. It is noted for its silks and velvets; but the modern productions are regarded by judges as degenerate. It is still famous for its work in copper and for its great copper bazar. » #3644 Bishop, Isabella L., Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan, John Murray, London, 1891 ~ vol. 1 p. 230
« Next day brought us to another considerable town- Káshán-after an uneventful march of about seven hours, broken by a halt for lunch at a village called Nasrábád, at which I was supplied with one of the excellent melons grown in the neighbourhood. » #3380 Browne, Edward Granville, A year amongst the Persians; impressions as to the life, character, and thought of the people of Persia, received during twelve month's residence in that country in the years 1887-8, Adam and Charles Black, 1893 ~ p. 173
« and crawling along in true caravan fashion, entered Káshán soon after sunset, and » #3380 Browne, Edward Granville, A year amongst the Persians; impressions as to the life, character, and thought of the people of Persia, received during twelve month's residence in that country in the years 1887-8, Adam and Charles Black, 1893 ~ p. 548
« Sin-Sin to Kashan, 4) ?. ?., 20 ?. ... Enter Kashan by road rudely paved with stones; a considerable town, celebrated for its silk manufactures. » #3696 Claude Clerk, Notes in Persia, Khorassan, and Afghanistan, The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, 1861 vol. 31:pp. 37-65 ~ p. 56
SOURCE for Katschan
« The Persians put this City of Katschan at 84 degrees longitude, and at thirty four distant from the Line. After an exact Observation of three days, I found that it is distant from it thirty three degrees and 51 minutes, that is, nine minutes less. The City is of a great length, reaching from East to West, above half a German League. Its Walls and bastions are of a kind of Potters day, and it lies in a great Plain, the ground of which is good enough for Tillage, » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 194
SOURCE for Qasan

R99-017 Lara : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Lar , Larestan , Shahr-e Qadim-e Lar , شهر قدیم لار , لار ,
VARIANT names: Laar , Laer , Lar , Lara , Larr , Lhaar , Lhor ,
SOURCE for Laar
« et après m'être remis enchemin, et avoir passé bien des caravanserais,de petites citernes, des canaux d'eau souterrains,quantité de masures et de ruines d'édifices, cnapprochant de la ville de Laar, j'y entrai sur lesonze heures du matin, [and after getting back on my way, and having passed many caravans, small cisterns, underground water channels, a number of hovels and ruins of buildings, approaching the town of Laar, I entered it on eleven o'clock in the morning,] » #3213 Sir John Chardin, ed. Louis Langlès, Voyages du Chevalier Chardin en Perse et autres lieux de l’Orient, Nouvelle édition, Le Normant, Imprimeur-Libraire, Paris, 1811 ~ vol. 8 p. 479
« Le 27, j'arrivai à Laar, au point du jour, car on ne me portoit que de nuit, à cause de la chaleur; [On the 27th, I arrived at Laar, at daybreak, because they only took me at night, because of the heat;] » #3213 Sir John Chardin, ed. Louis Langlès, Voyages du Chevalier Chardin en Perse et autres lieux de l’Orient, Nouvelle édition, Le Normant, Imprimeur-Libraire, Paris, 1811 ~ vol. 9 p. 80
« The tenth I had very ill way along the mountain: I preferred this before another fairer way, which I might have taken by the Plains, but more about by four Leagues: Late at night I came to the City of Laar. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 4
SOURCE for Laer
« Le chemin delà juſques à Laer eft rempli de maifons de campagnede jardins. Nous traverfämes cette villeallåmes loger de l'autre côté, après une traite de 4. lieuës [The path beyond to Laer is filled with country houses and gardens. We crossed this town and went to stay on the other side, after a journey of 4 leagues] » #3227 LeBrun, Corneille, Voyages de Corneille Le Brun par la Moscovie, en Perse, et aux Indes Orientales., Wetstein, Amsterdam, 1718 ~ p. 316
« 15 Nov 1645 » #3230 Dagh Register gehouden bij den oppercoopman Leonard Winninx ‘tsindert den 6 Julij anno 1645 dat uijt Gamron naer Spahan vertreckt, tot den 24e November, daeraen volgende, als wanneer in gemelte Gamron wederom gearriveert is." inventory number 1152 catalogue reference number 1.04.02, Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, ~ f. 385
« Laer (Lar) for each carga half a mahmudi for rahdāri, in the case of silk one mahmūdi. If nothing has been paid in Küristan tolls have to be paid here. » #3297 John Emerson, Rahdars and Their Tolls in Safavid and Afsharid Iran, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 1987 vol. 30:no. 3:pp. 318-327 ~ p. 321
SOURCE for Lar
« The invasion of Persia by the Afghans in 1721-22 was accompanied by an incursion of Baluchis from Makran into Kirman and Lar, where they committed serious depredations. In November 1721 the Baluchi hordes attacked the town of Lar, and in particular a caravansarai occupied by twelve Dutchmen who were escorting treasure of the Dutch East India Company; but the Hollanders beat off the attack with great loss to their assailants and with none to themselves, and subsequently, having removed into the Lår fort, defended that also with success. » #660 Lorimer, John Gordon, Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, Oman and Central Arabia, Superintendent Government Printing, India, 1915, ~ vol. 1 pt. 1 p. 63
« In a detailed article published in 1979,1 Heinz Gaube made an important contribution to our knowledge of the various stages of the important trade route which connected Bandar `Abbas with Lar, and onwards with Shiraz and Isfahan. In addition, Gaube gave us detailed information on the three types of khans or caravanserais which provided the traveler with shelter and often with food and fodder supplies on this route. By comparing the description of this trade route by Wilson in 1907 with those of some seventeenth century travelers Gaube concluded that very little had changed in 300 years. He » #3002 Willem Floor, Persian Gulf: Links with the Hinterland, Bushehr, Borazjan, Kazerun, Banu Ka`b and Bandar Abbas, Mage Publishers, Washington, 2015 ~ p. 251
« 23rd March, Lar, 6 farsakhs ; 6.30 a.m. to
2 p.m. The Iwaz plain is twenty miles long, and little more than a mile wide. ... Lar has a garrison of thirty artillerymen, with six guns. The guns were stowed in the verandah of the Bagh-i- Nishat, so I had opportunities of inspecting them. They are one 12-pounder, one 9-pounder, and four 6-pounders ; all bronze guns. Four were cast in Tabriz, and two in Enzeli by a Tabriz workman. ... Lar has trade with Bombay through the three ports of Linga, Bandar Abbas, and Tahiri. » #3078 Stack, Edward, Six months in Persia, Sampson Low, Marston, Searle and Rivington, London, 1882 ~ vol. 1 p. 132 and 141-2
« [fol. 204r] The city of Lār, the capital of Carmania Deserta, is most ancient and is greatly esteemed by all the local Arabs. It is situated at the end of a large plain where the mountains, which run continously to this point, withdraw on both sides, and the terrain flattens out and opens up, creating an area more than three leagues wide. The mountains draw closer together again a little way past the city, creating a narrow pass or gorge through which the road leads to Shirāz. Lār is a little smaller than Hormuz, though its streets are not quite as narrow, nor are the houses as nicely built. The houses of Lār all have mud walls, plastered on the inside with that mud mixed with small bits of straw that was mentioned in the description of the fortress of Bandel. »#2651 trans. and ed; Jeffrey S. Turley and George Bryan Souza, The Commentaries of D. García de Silva y Figueroa on his Embassy to Shah ʿAbbās I of Persia on Behalf of Philip III, King of Spain, Brill, Leiden, 2017, ~ p. 304
« Della Valle succumbed to the same fever, sensibly decided to leave the wretched Minab and somehow, in a state of semi-consciousness, survived the long, agonizing journey to Lar, an old town on the main route from Gamrf to Shiraz and a summer retreat for the coastal towns.(47) There he remained from January to June 1622, slowly recovering, readjusting his life and finding the determination to continue his travels. fn. 47 For Lår, its earlier history, contemporary seventeenth century accounts and an excellent bibliography, see Jean Calmard, Lär, Laristan', Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.), v, 665-76; Jacqueline Calmard, Les routes de Chiraz au Golfe Persique vues par les voyageurs européens (1640-1720), Paris, 1978; J. Aubin, Références pour Lar médiévale', Journal Asiatique, CCXLIII, 1955, 491-505. » #3215 J. D. Gurney, Pietro della Valle: The Limits of Perception, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, London, Vol. 49:No. 1,:pp. 103-116 ~ p. 111
« Im Jahre 1960 erschütterte ein schweres Erdbeben die Altstadt von Lar und ver- nichtete oder beschädigte zahlreiche historische Bauten. Die Stadt wurde an anderer Stelle etwa sechs Kilometer südlich wieder aufgebaut, das eigentliche Zentrum bildet aber die heute wieder instandgesetzte Altstadt mit der Bezeichnung Shahr-e qadim. Das Ortsbild von Lar läßt heute nur noch teilweise den mittelalterlichen oder safavidi- schen Zustand erkennen. [In 1960, a severe earthquake shook the old town of Lar and destroyed or damaged numerous historical buildings. The city was rebuilt at another location about six kilometers south, forming the actual center but the old town, which has been restored today and is called Shahr-e qadim. The townscape of Lar today only partially shows its medieval or Safavid condition.] » #3205 R. Pohanka, The historical buildings of the city of Lar., Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran, 1983 vol. 16:pp. 347-48. ~ p.327
« Il n'y a que deux carvanseras à Lar, l'un dans la ville qui n'est pas trop bon, et l'autre au bout de la ville, du côté d'Ormus, qui serait assez commode, n'était qu'il se remplit d'eau quand les grandes pluies viennent à tomber, et il faut attendre quelquefois des jours entiers que les eaux soient écoulées. [There are only two carvanseras in Lar, one in the town which is not too good, and the other at the end of town, on the Ormus side, which would be quite convenient, was only It fills with water when the heavy rains fall, and you sometimes have to wait for whole days for the water to drain.] » #3144 Jean-Baptiste Tavernier, Pascal Pia, Voyages en Perse et description de ce royaume par Jean-Babtiste Tavernier Marchand Francais, E´d. du Carrefour, Paris, 1930 ~ pp. 317-8
« 12 July 1645 » #3230 Dagh Register gehouden bij den oppercoopman Leonard Winninx ‘tsindert den 6 Julij anno 1645 dat uijt Gamron naer Spahan vertreckt, tot den 24e November, daeraen volgende, als wanneer in gemelte Gamron wederom gearriveert is." inventory number 1152 catalogue reference number 1.04.02, Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, ~ f. 360
« Après l'avoir passé, nous arrivons enfin à Lâr, où nous descendons chez le gouverneur, qui nous avait fait préparer un logement dans son palais. [After passing it, we finally arrive at Lâr, where we stay at the governor's, who had prepared accommodation for us in his palace.] » #3179 Adrien Dupré, Voyage en Perse, fait dans les années 1807, 1808 et 1809, en traversant la Natolie et la Mésopotamie, 1819 ~ vol. 1 p. 433
« And from Tarum I journeyed to Lar (27), and from Lar to Bandar fn. 25 Kashan, Nain, Sirjan and Tarum, Iranian towns. fn. 26 Batman, a weight varying locally.fn. 27 Lar, a town in southern Iran. Nikitin visited it twice. » #623 Nikitin, Athanasy, Khozhenie za tri moria Afanasiia Nikitina, 1466-1472 gg. (Afansy Nikitin's Voyage beyond the Three Seas, 1466-1472), Moskva, 1960, ~ p. 109
« Retornando su la riva preditta a l'incontro de Ormuos se ritrova una terra chiamata Lar; 323) è terra grossa e bona; fa fogi .2000.; è mercadantesca e di passo, imperhochè quelli che vanno e vengono per questo colpho sempre danno di capo a questa terra. fn. 323. Lär è oggi, come ai tempi del Barbaro, la principale città dell'omonimo distretto del Fürs. Sorgeva su una delle strade carovaniere che congiungevano Shiraz con Hurmuz e in tempi più recenti con Bandar-Abbas. Il mercante e viaggiatore russo Afanasii Nikitin la visitò nel 1469, e poi di nuovo nel 1472, ma ha poco da raccontarne. Pietro della Valle soggiorno qualche tempo Lar al principio del 1622; cfr. i suoi Viaggi, ed. Torino (Brighton), 1843, III, pp. 301-326 0 332336. Per una breve descrizione della città, ed una incisione che ne mostra una parte, cfr. C. DE BRUYN, Travels into Muscovy, Persia and Part of the East-Indies, cit., II, p. 69. (Lo.) [Returning to the aforementioned shore at the meeting of Ormuos, one finds a land called Lar; 323) it is large and good land; it has 2000 leaves; it is a merchant and a transit land, because those who come and go by this river always end up at this land. fn. 323. Lär is today, as in the time of Barbaro, the principal city of the homonymous district of the Fürs. It arose on one of the caravan routes that connected Shiraz with Hurmuz and in more recent times with Bandar-Abbas. The Russian merchant and traveler Afanasii Nikitin visited it in 1469, and then again in 1472, but has little to say about it. Pietro della Valle stayed for some time in Lar at the beginning of 1622; cf. his Travels, ed. Turin (Brighton), 1843, III, pp. 301-326 0 332336. For a brief description of the city, and an engraving showing part of it, see C. DE BRUYN, Travels into Muscovy, Persia and Part of the East-Indies, cit., II, p. 69. (Lo.)] » #3310 Lockhart,L. Morozzo Della Rocca,R. Tiepolo,M.F., I viaggi in Persia degli ambasciatori veneti Barbaro e Contarini, Ist. Poligrafico dello Stato, 1973 ~ p. 148
« From there we continued our march for three days through [another] desert like the former, and came to the city of Lar, a large city with many springs and perennial streams and gardens, and with fine bazaars. (133) We stayed there in the hospice of the ascetic shaikh Abū Dulaf Muhammad (134) he was the person that we had in mind to visit at Khunju Pal.fn. 131764 This is the earliest mention of a town of Lar; the contemporary Persian geographer Mustawff (138) mentions Lär only as a district near the seacoast (adding, strangely, 'Its population are Muslims'), but twice men- tions the town of Laghir, on the main road to Shiraz, twelve farsakhs north- west of Khunj (176, n. 2).fn. 134 Not identified » #357 Ibn Baṭu¯ṭah, Muh?ammad ibn ʿAbd Alla¯h, The Travels of Ibn Battuta translated with revisions and notes, from the Arabic text edited by C. Defre´mery and B. R. Sanguinetti, by H. A. R. Gibb., Hakluyt Society:Munshiram Manohardal Publishers Pvt Ltd, Cambridge:New Delhi, 1958- :1993, ~ vol. 2 p. 405
SOURCE for Lara
« Per monti e ſaſſi dirupati cammi nammo 7. ore il Sabato 2. ed a fine di 20-miglia giugnemmo in Lara Città capitale del Regno di tal nome. [We walked for 7 hours on Saturday 2nd through mountains and steep cliffs and at the end of 20 miles we reached Lara, the capital city of the Kingdom of that name.] » #3239 Giovanni Francesco Gemelli Careri, Giro del mondo, del dottor D. Gio. Francesco Gemelli Careri.., stamp. di G. Roselli, Napoli, 1699 ~ pt. 2 p. 272
« Nous n'entråmes donc à Lara que le lendemain matin, et y trouvámes quatre Portugais résidents, qui attendaient là avec leurs marchandises de pouvoir se rendre à Ormuz. En effet, si l'on pouvait venir d'Ormuz en Perse, la route était coupée dans l'autre sens en raison de la guerre entre le Sofi et le roi d'Ormuz. [We therefore only entered Lara the next morning, and found there four Portuguese residents, who were waiting there with their goods to be able to go to Ormuz. Indeed, if one could come from Hormuz to Persia, the road was cut in the other direction due to the war between the Sofi and the king of Hormuz.] » #3268 Joaquim Verissimo Serrao, Un Voyageur Portugais en Perse au début du XVIIe siècle Nicolau De Orta Rebelo, Comité National Portugais, Lisbonne, 1972 ~ p. 103
« From here they set out, and on their journeys they went to the city of Lara, » #2516 Afonso de Albuquerque, ed.Raymundo Antonio de Bulhão Pato, Henrique Lopes de Mendonça, Cartas de Affonso de Albuquerque, seguidas de documentos que as elucidam, Academia Real Das Sciencias de Lisboa, 1884, 1898 ~ vol. 2 p. 250
SOURCE for Larr
« we sett forward and came to the citie of Larr [Lar] , where we were curteously entertayned by the darago, and a howse apoynted for vs to ly in, wth our provissions according to the quanti tie of the formaund sent in for three dayes together. Here we picht, hauing traveled 5 1ges. of a resonable waye but somthing stonie. » #3214 Stodart, Robert; introduction and notes by Sir. E. Denison Ross, The Journal of Robert Stodart: Being an account of his experiences as a member of Sir Dodmore Cotton's Mission in Persia in 1628-29. Published from the unique manuscript preserved in the Bodleian Library, Luzac and Co, London, 1935 ~ pp. 82-3
« [28th February]. About 4 afternoon sett out for Larr, 5 farsangs; the first two very good way till come to Picataw, a good caravensaroy lyeing at the foot of a great mountain which must clime over to goe the other three farsangs to Laar. Stoney way.
note:Diary of 28 February 1707/8.
Laar. Lâr. Here again where one would expect a description of the city, Scattergood passes it over without remark. See Fryer (II, 190) and Le Bruyn (II, 69), who has an illustration of "Laer." » #3248 Bernard P. Scattergood, Ed. Temple, Carnac Rihard, The Scattergoods and the East India Company, A Collection of Mss., Indian Antiquary, Bernard Quaritch, London, 1930 vol. LIX:pt DCCXXXVI-A:pp. 33-74 ~ pp. 43 and 49
SOURCE for Lhaar
« (die uyt Chiras, om met sijn wijn- caffila naer Bandhaar Gamron te verreysen twee dagen voorleden in Lhaar gecomen was [(who had arrived in Lhaar from Chiras two days before with his wine caffila to go to Bandhaar Gamron] » #3226 Cornelis Janszoon Speelman Ed. A. Hotz, Journaal der reis van den gezant der O.I. Compagnie Joan Cunaeus naar perzië in 1651-1652, J. Müller, 1908 ~ p. 45
« Deze ftad Lhaar legt op en tufſchen het gebergte, is tamelyk bebouwd, en vertoond zig door 't geboomte zeer vermakelyk. Het Kasteel legt op een berg, en is vry groot. De Wazier woond op een andren berg in cen treffelyk gebouw. Hier heeft men een uitnemende fchoone Balaar, of markt, met zeer nette gewelfzelen overdekt. Hier zyn ook veel Jooden. [This town of Lhaar lies on top of the mountains, is fairly built up, and is very attractive because of the trees. The Castle is located on a mountain, and is quite large. De Wazier lived on another mountain in a beautiful building. Here there is an excellent beautiful Balaar, or market, covered with very neat vaults. There are also many Jews here.] » #2655 Francois Valentyn, Oud en nieuw Oost-Indien vervattende een naaukeurige en uitvoerige verhandelinge van Nederlands mogentheyd in die gewesten, benevens eene wydlustige beschryvinge der Moluccos ...,, Joannes van Braam, 1726, ~ vol. 5 p. 265
« Den 20. dito ten 2 uuren des 's nagts uyt Lhaar vertrokken zynde: quam zyn Ed: ten 7 uuren in het dorp Dehikoe [On the 20th of the same day, having left Lhaar at 2 o'clock in the morning, his Ed arrived at the village of Dehikoe at 7 o'clock.] » #2655 Francois Valentyn, Oud en nieuw Oost-Indien vervattende een naaukeurige en uitvoerige verhandelinge van Nederlands mogentheyd in die gewesten, benevens eene wydlustige beschryvinge der Moluccos ...,, Joannes van Braam, 1726, ~ vol. 5 p. 273
« Den 31. dito na 4 mylen dito ontrent 1 myl van Lhaar, bezoekende ondertufichen malkandren over en weder. [The 31st ditto after 4 miles ditto about 1 mile from Lhaar, meanwhile visiting each other.] » #2655 Francois Valentyn, Oud en nieuw Oost-Indien vervattende een naaukeurige en uitvoerige verhandelinge van Nederlands mogentheyd in die gewesten, benevens eene wydlustige beschryvinge der Moluccos ...,, Joannes van Braam, 1726, ~ vol. 5 p. 285
SOURCE for Lhor
« Lhor is a City of an Ancient Date, and still retains its Name, which for that it was so guarded by Nature that it could not easily be conquered, held many Ages the Majesty of a Kingdom; but now it is governed by a Puritanical Caun (for that he has visited Ma/iomefs Tomb) under the Persian Emperor » #1591 Fryer, John M. D., A New Account of East-India and Persia in eight letters being nine years travel (Edited, with notes and an introduction, by William Crooke), Hakluyt Society:Kraus Reprint, 1909:1967, 3 vols. ~ p. 191

R99-018 Ormuz
R99-018 Ormuz : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: ISL UFI: -3066732 coordinate: lat 27.0649 long 56.4644
NIMA/GNS names: Hormoz , Hormuz Island , Jazireh Hormoz , Jazireh-ye Hormoz , Jezirat Hormuz , Ormuz Island , جزيره هرمز , جزيره هرمز , هرمز ,
VARIANT names: Aramuz , Djaroun , Djarun , Gerun , Gyrina , Hormuz (island) , Hu-lu-mo-ssu , I. Dormus , Jerun , Lu-i-hu-mo-ssu , Nekrokis , New Hurmuz Jarawn , Organa , Ormuz , Ormvs, Ormus , Turgana , Y daramuz ,
SOURCE for Aramuz
« Aramuz, Y daramuz, ormuz [Portuguese name] Hurmuz [Arab name] » #32 Tibbetts, G. R., Arabia in the Fifteenth-Century Navigational Texts, Arabian Studies, London and Basingstoke, 1974 ~ p. 100
SOURCE for Djaroun
« "Ormuz a deux ports, au levant et au ponant, très bons", signale Martín Fernández de Figueroa (25). Les petites embarcations font la navette entre le rivage et les gros navires (26), que la faible profondeur des eaux empêche d'aborder à quai. La qualité des mouillages, sans doute, avait décidé les émigrants du Vieil-Ormuz à choisir la pointe nord de Djaroun pour leur nouvel établissement. Tomé Pires l'affirme sans ambages : "cette ville s'est fondée à cause du port" (27). Et Pero de Albuquerque exposait à D. Manuel : "La région n'a pas d'autre échelle qui ait un si bon port pour les gros bâtiments (naos) et si près de la terre ferme." (28) Libre de constructions, le bout extrême de la pointe, appelé par les Comentários "pointe de Morona" (29), est bordé au sud par la résidence des rois d’Ormuz, palais fortifié offrant l’aspect massif qu’on voit de nos jours encore aux demeures des cheykhs arabes du Golfe Persique ou de l’Arabie méridionale.
fn. 25 Augur, p. 86: Barbosa, I, p. 92; Brás, 1/37, p. 138; Tenreiro, p. 4, d'où Cast., II/58, p. 337, d'où Góis, II/32, p. 107. En 1582 encore, of. Livro das cidades, p. 50; dans les années 1820, Whitelock, p. 171.
fn. 26 Cf. Titolo das remdas.
fn. 27 Pires, p. 337/20 ( por rezam do porto se fumdou esta cidade). Les textes les plus explicites qui mentionnent le transfert, - en 1300, à cause du péril représenté par les Mongols Qaraunas, -disent seulement que le régent Ayaz se réfugia d'abord à Qishm, puis à Djaroun, où il avait déjà trouvé asile quelques années auparavant (ef. Aubin, Princes, p. 94-95). On peut se demander si l'ensablement de la rivière de Minäb n'incitait pas, autant que les raids mongols, à abandonner le site du Vieil-Ormuz. Au début du XVIe siècle, en tout cas, le littoral iranien a trop peu de fond pour que les naos puissent y aborder (Correia, II, p. 815). Cf. Whitelock, p. 172; Figueroa, infra n. 180.
fn. 29 Brás, 1/37, p. 138. Selon un reportage sur Ormuz paru dans le journal iranien Ettelädt (édition pour l'étranger, nº 5310 du 22 mordåd 1346/13 août 1967, p. 3), le toponyme (notée Marnas/Mur(.)na) serait encore vivant. » #898 Aubin, Jean, Le royaume d'Ormuz au début du XVIe siècle, Mare Luso-Indicum, Geneva, 1973 ~ p.86
SOURCE for Djarun
« A few years after Marco Polo's second visit, repeated raids by marauding tribes became so serious that Kutb al-Din Tahamtan the King of Hormuz, in 700/1300, abandoned the site and moved all the inhabitants and their possessions to the small island of Djarun, 60 km to the west and 6 km south of the nearest point on the mainland. » #2645 The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd Edition, Brill, Leiden, ~ vol. 3 p. 585
« The name Djarun was transferred to the small town and port of Suru or Shahru on the mainland 17 km to the north-west, where goods in transit to or from Hormuz were transhipped; this name became corrupted to Gamru and was further corrupted by Europeans into Gambrun, Gombrun and Gombroon. » #2645 The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd Edition, Brill, Leiden, ~ vol. 3 p. 585
SOURCE for Gerun
« Hormuz was originally on the main-land where Gamrfm now stands. Its inhabitants were transferred to the island till then called Jerún or Gerún - the Gyrina of Strabo (xvi.); so that Gyrina. is probably the true reading in Arrian. (lnd., p.352.) » #253 Kempthorne, Lieut. G.B., Notes on a Survey along the Eastern Shores of the Persian Gulf in 1828, Royal Geographical Society, 1835 p.276
SOURCE for Gyrina
SOURCE for Hormuz (island)
owtrad web file OWTRAD Dataset tmcIRa0100 last updated 3may01 gives « Hormuz, 56.417, 27.083, IR, nkn, exact, 63, tmcIRa0100_043a »
#1839 Morgan, Jacques de, Mission scientifique en Perse Tome Second Études Géographiques, Ernest Leroux, Paris, 1895 vol. 2: ~ Fig. 136. Djézirèt Hormüz p. 289
« from Lar to Bandar (28). And that is where the harbour of Hormuz (29) is, fn. 28 By "Bandar" (lit., harbour) Nikitin means Old Hormuz (see next note).fn. 29 Hormuz is an island and old seaport in the Persian Gulf. Old Hormuz stood on the coast. » #623 Nikitin, Athanasy, Khozhenie za tri moria Afanasiia Nikitina, 1466-1472 gg. (Afansy Nikitin's Voyage beyond the Three Seas, 1466-1472), Moskva, 1960, ~ p. 109
SOURCE for Hu-lu-mo-ssu
#329 Ma Huan, Ying-Yai Sheng-Lan, The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores 1433, Cambridge University Press for the Hakluyt Society, Cambridge, 1970 p. 165
SOURCE for I. Dormus
« I. Dormus » in {map#980 Plan particulier du golfe de Perse, depuis les caps de Rosalgatte et de Jasque, jusqu'à Bassora / [d'Après de Mannevillette] ; Dheulland sculp, Anonyme, Guillaume Dheulland, Graveur, 1700-1799, Bibliothèque nationale de France, département Cartes et plans, GE DD-2987 (6746)} see AHduGP map 74
SOURCE for Jerun
SOURCE for Lu-i-hu-mo-ssu
« The second character is really a fish-hook indicating that the characters lu and hu have been wrongly transposed. » author's notes #329 Ma Huan, Ying-Yai Sheng-Lan, The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores 1433, Cambridge University Press for the Hakluyt Society, Cambridge, 1970 p. 17
SOURCE for Nekrokis
« Nekrokis perhaps Ormuz » #239 Purchas, Purchas, his pilgrims in five books, William Heinemann Ltd, London, 1625
SOURCE for New Hurmuz Jarawn
« Opposite it in the sea is New Hurmuz, and be- tween them is a sea passage of three farsakhs. We came to New Hurmuz, which is an island whose city is called Jarawn. (118) fn. 118 New Hurmuz was founded on the island of Jarūn by Ayaz (see above, p. 396, n. 100) shortly after 1300 (Schwarz, III, 242, 245). According to Mustawfi (177) the ferry-port for Jarün on the mainland was called Tüsar. The island is actually about six miles long. » #357 Ibn Baṭu¯ṭah, Muh?ammad ibn ʿAbd Alla¯h, The Travels of Ibn Battuta translated with revisions and notes, from the Arabic text edited by C. Defre´mery and B. R. Sanguinetti, by H. A. R. Gibb., Hakluyt Society:Munshiram Manohardal Publishers Pvt Ltd, Cambridge:New Delhi, 1958- :1993, ~ vol. 2 p. 400
SOURCE for Organa
« The barren island was called Organa, which is the far-famed Island of Ormuz, situated at the entrance of the gulf, about ten miles from the Persian coast and about fifteen miles in circumference. » #253 Kempthorne, Lieut. G.B., Notes on a Survey along the Eastern Shores of the Persian Gulf in 1828, Royal Geographical Society, 1835 p.274
SOURCE for Ormuz
« out and went to the port where they disembarked, and arrived at Ormuz to greet them. » #2516 Afonso de Albuquerque, ed.Raymundo Antonio de Bulhão Pato, Henrique Lopes de Mendonça, Cartas de Affonso de Albuquerque, seguidas de documentos que as elucidam, Academia Real Das Sciencias de Lisboa, 1884, 1898 ~ vol. 2 p. 250
SOURCE for Ormvs, Ormus
« Ormvs » in #1644 Livro de Lisuarte de Abreu, Comissão Nacional para as Comemorações dos Descobrimentos Portugueses, Lisboa, 1992 ~ illustration f.83v-84, bottom right of latter folio
« The two and twentieth day of June, 1581. I arrived at Ormuz, and presently was carried before the Captaine, whose name was Don Gonsalvo. » #3292 John Newberry, Two Voyages of John Newberry, in: Purchas, Samuel, Hakluytus posthumus, or Purchas his pilgrimes : contayning a history of the world in sea voyages and lande travells by Englishmen and others in 20 vols., Glasgow : J. Maclehose, , 1905, vol. 8 pp. 449-481 ~ p. 459
« #2516 Afonso de Albuquerque, ed.Raymundo Antonio de Bulhão Pato, Henrique Lopes de Mendonça, Cartas de Affonso de Albuquerque, seguidas de documentos que as elucidam, Academia Real Das Sciencias de Lisboa, 1884, 1898~ » #2516 Afonso de Albuquerque, ed.Raymundo Antonio de Bulhão Pato, Henrique Lopes de Mendonça, Cartas de Affonso de Albuquerque, seguidas de documentos que as elucidam, Academia Real Das Sciencias de Lisboa, 1884, 1898 ~ vol. 2 p. 233
SOURCE for Turgana
#234 Ammianus Marcellinus, Ammianus Marcellinus … translated by John C. Rolfe, William Heinemann Ltd, London, 1986 ~ vol 2, XXIII, 6, 47-51, p. 376-7 note 2 on p. 376 - "Modern Ormuz" - there is no indication in the notes written 1936, as to which Ormuz.
SOURCE for Y daramuz
« Ararnuz, Y dararnuz, ormuz Hurmuz » #370 Tibbetts, G. R., Arab Navigation in the Indian Ocean before the coming of the Portuguese, The Royal Asiatic Society, Luzac and Co., London, 1971 ~ p. 100

R99-005 Porcão [Furg]
R99-005 Porcão [Furg] : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Farak , Forg , Furg , Furk , فرگ ,
VARIANT names: Burj , Burk , Chuerch , Forg , Forgh , Furg , Porcam , Porcão [Furg] , Porg , Purg , Purg or Furg ,
SOURCE for Burj
« No longer remarkable are the two towns, or more exactly villages, of Darabjird, whose creation tradition ascribes to Darius I, and Furg or Furj, Arabic Burj, both also situated on the main road from Färs to Kirman. In the tenth century, there were fortified towns of commerce and industry here, and the main market was in Fasa. » #975 Barthold, W, An Historical Geography of Iran … translated By Svat Soucek, Edited with an Introduction By C.E. Bosworth, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, ~ p. 161
SOURCE for Burk
« and thence 3 leagues to Burk (Purg or Forg); from here it is 6 leagues to Tashlu, » #1764 trans. G. Le Strange, The Geographical Part of the Nuzhat-al-qulub¯ Composed by Hamd-Allāh Mustawfi of Qazwin in 740 (1340), Brill, Leiden, 1919 ~ p. 177
SOURCE for Chuerch
« Primo nui ritroviamo una città la qual se chiama Chuerch, 311) lassando certi castelli li quali se vedeno prima che s se ariva in ditta città, di quali non habbiamo cosa alcuna memorabile da dir; in questa città è una fossa d'aqua nel modo di una fontana, fn. 311. Chuerch. Termine evidentemente corrotto. Sembra probabile che si intenda la cittadina di Furg (anticamente Purg), sulla carovaniera da Shiraz a Bandar-'Abbās, via Däräbgird, a 160 km. da quest'ultima località. Muqaddasi, che scrive Furj, afferma che vi erano due città gemelle, Furj e Burk; la prima era dotata di numerose terme, poichè l'acqua vi abbondava, come del resto nella città vicina. Nulla egli dice però del pozzo descritto dal Barbaro. Non si trovano riferimenti a tale pozzo neppure nelle altre fonti da noi consultate, come il Fars-Nama di IBN AL-BALKHI (pp. 128, 130, 159 e 161) e la Nuzhat-al-Qulub del MUSTAUFI, cit., p. 37. Pietro della Valle attraverserà Purg (così egli scrive) viaggiando da Shiraz al Golfo Persico, ma non ne lascierà alcuna descrizione. E assai improbabile che il nome sia corruzione di Khärg o Kharak, perchè questa è un'isola, ciò che quasi certamente il Barbaro avrebbe fatto notare. (Lo.) [First we find a city called Chuerch, 311) leaving behind certain castles which are seen before one arrives in the said city, of which we have nothing memorable to say; in this city there is a ditch of water in the manner of a fountain, fn. 311. Chuerch. Evidently a corrupt term. It seems probable that the town of Furg (anciently Purg) is meant, on the caravan route from Shiraz to Bandar-'Abbās, via Däräbgird, 160 km. from the latter locality. Muqaddasi, who writes Furj, states that there were two twin cities, Furj and Burk; the first was equipped with numerous thermal baths, since water was abundant there, as in the neighbouring city. He says nothing, however, of the well described by Barbaro. There are no references to this well even in the other sources we consulted, such as the Fars-Nama of IBN AL-BALKHI (pp. 128, 130, 159 and 161) and the Nuzhat-al-Qulub of MUSTAUFI, cit., p. 37. Pietro della Valle will cross Purg (so he writes) traveling from Shiraz to the Persian Gulf, but will not leave any description of it. It is very unlikely that the name is a corruption of Khärg or Kharak, because this is an island, which is what the Barbaro would almost certainly have pointed out. (Lo.)] » #3310 Lockhart,L. Morozzo Della Rocca,R. Tiepolo,M.F., I viaggi in Persia degli ambasciatori veneti Barbaro e Contarini, Ist. Poligrafico dello Stato, 1973 ~ p. 146
SOURCE for Forg
« The town of Forg, so to call it, is surrounded by a mud wall in the form of a square, with a side of perhaps 400 yards, armed with round towers at regular intervals. It had four tall gates, and a governor's residence inside; but these are all ruined and deserted now. » #3078 Stack, Edward, Six months in Persia, Sampson Low, Marston, Searle and Rivington, London, 1882 ~ vol. 1 p. 156
« and at about 3 miles off had Forg before us; an easy hour's ride took us in.The plain is nearly circular, with several date topes about. We also saw two blue-domed Imamzadehs in the distance. The village of Forg is square, walled in by mud walls, with flanking towers, a gate with flanking towers, on its east and west faces. The houses are all built of mud or else sun-dried bricks; the best of them seem to be but a broken down concern.The place is in anything but a prosperous condition. The ople, however, were very civil and obliging. Water seems very plentiful, several small but good streams running through the streets. Provisions also in abundance and cheap. Distance 14 miles. » #3120 John Richard Preece, Notes of a journey made between Shiraz and Jashk, via Fassa, Darab, Bandar Abbas, and Minab, Superintendent Government Printing, India, Calcutta, 1884 ~ p. 15
« En nous dirigeant toujours vers l'ouest , nous arrivons à Forg à deux heures après - midi . On entre dans cette ville par un pont de pierre délabré . Elle est murée en partie , et de mauvais fossés sont creusés à l'entour . [Still heading west, we arrive at Forg at two o'clock in the afternoon. You enter this town via a dilapidated stone bridge. It is partly walled, and bad ditches are dug around it.] » #3179 Adrien Dupré, Voyage en Perse, fait dans les années 1807, 1808 et 1809, en traversant la Natolie et la Mésopotamie, 1819 ~ vol. 1 p. 363
« 17 mai. Forg. Comme nous nous sommes passablement élevés, la nuit fut très-froide. Forg est un peu en meilleur état que Taroun. Je croyais y trouver quelque chose à manger, mais il fallut me contenter de dattes, quoiqu'elles me fissent mal. Les mules qu'on m'avait annoncées étaient parties depuis quelques jours: il fallut encore avoir recours aux ânes, que je payai extrêmement cher. [May 17. Forg. As we rose quite a bit, the night was very cold. Forg is in slightly better shape than Taroun. I thought I would find something to eat there, but I had to make do with dates, although they hurt me. The mules that I had been told had left a few days ago: I still had to resort to donkeys, for which I paid extremely dearly.] » #3241 Aucher-Eloy, Relations de voyages en Orient de 1830 à 1838. Part 2, 1843 ~ p. 597
« At 9 miles it passes through the grass huts of Kohima, and at 10 miles enters the town of Forg. » #3269 H. B. Vaughan, Report of a journey through Persia., Superintendent of Government Printing in Calcutta, 1890 ~ p. 15
SOURCE for Forgh
SOURCE for Furg
« Furg is a town surrounded by a high mud wall, flanked at intervals of 75 yards by round mud towers. There is no ditch, but the defences are in a most ruinous state; a large tower in the centre of the town is used as a keep. » #3080 Simla Drawing Office, General Staff, India, Mobilisation Routes In Persia (Vol. IV, Part II) (Fars, Laristan, Kerman And Yazd) British Library: India Office Records and Private Papers, IOR/L/MIL/17/15/12/10, in Qatar Digital Library, ~ p. 218
« At 19½ miles the town of Furg is reached -vide stage 4, Route No. 2 (A). » #3080 Simla Drawing Office, General Staff, India, Mobilisation Routes In Persia (Vol. IV, Part II) (Fars, Laristan, Kerman And Yazd) British Library: India Office Records and Private Papers, IOR/L/MIL/17/15/12/10, in Qatar Digital Library, ~ p. 495
SOURCE for Porcam
« PorcamOn the Saturday of May they set out from Taurom on their way, and on Sunday they arrived at Porcam, a place of Braim Beça, and they lodged in a large orange grove that had two houses and a large vineyard and dates and others belonging to the governor » #2516 Afonso de Albuquerque, ed.Raymundo Antonio de Bulhão Pato, Henrique Lopes de Mendonça, Cartas de Affonso de Albuquerque, seguidas de documentos que as elucidam, Academia Real Das Sciencias de Lisboa, 1884, 1898 ~ vol. 2 p. 236
SOURCE for Porcão [Furg]
« They departed from Taurom on Saturday the 19th of May, [and] following their way, they arrived at Porcão [Furg] on Sunday, [a] place of Braym Beça, and they were lodged in a great orange grove of his, which had two places with houses and a great vineyard and dates and other [*] fruits and great rearing of horses and livestock. It has forty inhabitants, and around it many of his places greater than this. Here they were until Tuesday [May 22, 1515 » #3565 Smith, Ronald Bishop, The First Age of the Portuguese Embassies, Navigations and Peregrinations in Persia (1507-1524), Decatur Press, Bethesda, Maryland, 1970 ~ p. 41
SOURCE for Porg
Porg
- Attestations: The mint signature PW/PWRGY has been attached to a location in Fars
based on die linkages between coins with this signature and other editions produced in
Fars by Bahram IV and Yazdgerd I. Mochiri has identified this mint signature with
Forg (112).
- Identification: Forg was a town and district in Darabgerd Khurrah. The modern town of
Forg is located to the southeast of Darab. Remains of a fire temple known as Chak Chak
are located to the east of Forg (113), providing confirmation of the existence of a Sasanian
settlement in this area.
SOURCE for Purg
« Purg- Attestations: The mint signature PW/PWRGY has been attached to a location in Pars based on die linkages between coins with this signature and other editions produced in Pārs by Wahram IV and Yazdegird I. Mochiri has identified this mint signature with 97 Purg- Identification: Purg was a town and district in Darabgerd. The modern town of Forg is located to the southeast of Darab. Remains of a fire temple known as Cak-Cak are located to the east of Forg, providing confirmation of the existence of a Sasanian set- tlement in this area. » #3092 Negin Miri, Sasanian Pars: Historical Geography and Administrative Organization, Mazda Publishers, Costa Mesa, California, 2012 ~ p. 64
SOURCE for Purg or Furg
« Il venerdi, al far del giorno, dopo aver fatto cinque leghe, arrivammo a posarci in una villa molto grossa, di forse duemila case, sparse tuttavia in confuso tra gli alberi de' dattili, sotto ai quali son rozzamente fabbricate, e la chiamano Purg, ovvero Furg, che così l'usano di scrivere. [On Friday, at daybreak, after having traveled five leagues, we arrived to settle in a very large villa, of perhaps two thousand houses, however scattered in confusion among the dactyl trees, under which they are rudely built, and they call it Purg , or Furg, which is how they write it.] » #1530 Pietro Della Valle, Viaggi di Pietro della Valle: il pellegrino, G. Gancia, Brighton, 1843, ~ vol. 2 p. 280

R99-008b Diager
R99-008b Diager : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Deh Gardu , Deh Gerdu , Deh-e Gerdu ,
Supplement: This NIMA/GNS data location should possibly be corrected to 6332m at bearing 205° at dah gardo.
VARIANT names: Deh-e Gerdu , Dehigherdou , Diager ,
SOURCE for Deh-e Gerdu
SOURCE for Dehigherdou
« puis ayant marché par un pays plat j'arrivai sur les dix heures du matin à Dehigherdou, c'est-à-dire: village de noix. [then having walked through a flat country I arrived at around ten o'clock in the morning at Dehigherdou, that is to say: nut village.] » #3144 Jean-Baptiste Tavernier, Pascal Pia, Voyages en Perse et description de ce royaume, E´d. du Carrefour, Paris, 1930 ~ p. 295
SOURCE for Diager
« were instructed to carry the luggage of the Portuguese embassy to a place called Diager per the Codice of the Colecção Vimieiro and Dragell per the Codice of Alcobaça, ie. in the two codices of Gil Simões in the Biblioteca Nacional, and Diaguer per the Codice of Ajuda, being the "land of the said Abraym Beça.".In Castanheda (Livro III Capitolo CXLIII) and Barros (Decada II Livro X Capitulo V) this place is called Draguer, and in Goes (Parte IV Capitulo IX) and Drager These names are variants and Portuguese corruptions for a place called Deh Gardu (from the Persian signifying "walnut village") as will appear in the narrative. If it is realized that in Old Portuguese the inversion of the first vowel and the second consonant is common, and the substitution of "T" for "r" likewise, ie. if we invert the "r" and "a" of "ra" in the variants for instance, and substitute "r" for each "T" in Dragell, the reader will perceive the pronunciation is nearly the same in all instances. "Diager" is closest to the Persian "Deh Gardu". » #3565 Smith, Ronald Bishop, The First Age of the Portuguese Embassies, Navigations and Peregrinations in Persia (1507-1524), Decatur Press, Bethesda, Maryland, 1970 ~ p. 42

R99-008 Carmaça
R99-008 Carmaça : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: PPL UFI: 6013096 coordinate: lat 32.0089 long 51.8668
NIMA/GNS names: Qomisheh , Qomsheh , Qowmsheh , Qumisheh , Shahreza , Shahriza , شهرضا , قمشه ,
VARIANT names: Canischa , Carmaça , Comashaw , Comche , Comicha , Comiffia , Comixan , Commeshaw , Comsce , Comushow , Komeshae , Kommehsja or Gomosja , Komminsja , Koomeshah , Kumeshah , Kumishah , Qomishah , Qumishah , Qumisheh ,
SOURCE for Canischa
« On the 18 ... Before night we got the hilly Countrey and set down in the village Canischa, where, by reason of bad Weather, we rested 3 days with the Caravan. » #3675 John Struys, trans. John Morrison, The Perillous and Most Unhappy Voyages of John Struys; through Italy, Greece, … Media, Persia, …, and other places in Europe, Africa and Asia, London, 1683 ~ p. 328
SOURCE for Carmaça
« Fernão Gomes and party were well received by Bedijam Beça and departed his campo on the following Friday, ie, the Friday of June 22nd, accompanied by the said Bedijam Beça a league along the way, and Fernão Gomes de Lemos with company arrived at Carmaça (Qomishah), described in the codice of Ajuda as a place of one hundred inhabitants, with a very good fortress, and which in former times was a very rich and populous city, but by reason of rebellion had been largely destroyed by Xeque Ismael. » #3565 Smith, Ronald Bishop, The First Age of the Portuguese Embassies, Navigations and Peregrinations in Persia (1507-1524), Decatur Press, Bethesda, Maryland, 1970~p. 42
SOURCE for Comashaw
« 7 [February]. In the morning, about 7 a'clock sett out for Comashaw. In the way Mr. Welden rideing after an antolope fell down, horse and man, and hurt himself, but not dangerous. Came to our mansell about 12 at noon. Here is a good towne where may have all manner of catables. From Mayer to Comashaw is a fine garden, a Coffee house, fine tanke full of fish, some with gold rings in their noses. The place is called Shaw Rasay after a Persian saints name. » #3248 Bernard P. Scattergood, Ed. Temple, Carnac Rihard, The Scattergoods and the East India Company, A Collection of Mss., Indian Antiquary, Bernard Quaritch, London, 1930 vol. LIX:pt DCCXXXVI-A:pp. 33-74 ~ p. 38
SOURCE for Comche
« Le vingt-sixième à trois heures après minuit, je commençai à marcher par une plaine fort sèche, mais qui se rend bonne à une lieue de Comché, assez grande ville où j'arrivai à onze heures du matin. Il y a plusieurs carvanseras, et pour n'être que de terre ils sont assez beaux. Cette ville est composée d'une suite de villages qui tiennent près de demi-lieue de long. [On the twenty-sixth, at three o'clock in the morning, I began walking across a very dry plain, which becomes passable a league from Comché, a fairly large town where I arrived at eleven o'clock in the morning. There are several caravansersas there, and for being made only of earth, they are quite beautiful. This town is made up of a series of villages that stretch for nearly half a league.] » #3144 Jean-Baptiste Tavernier, Pascal Pia, Voyages en Perse et description de ce royaume, E´d. du Carrefour, Paris, 1930 ~ p. 294
SOURCE for Comicha
« Ma traite s'acheva à Comicha (1): c'est une villace qui est fort grande à la vérité, car elle a plus de trois milles de tour; mais qui ressemble jdIus à un village qu'à une ville.
fn. 1Hhamd-oûllah place dans la province de Fårs « Qomichah et Qoulendjan, qui faisoient autrefois partie de l'Tràq, et qui sont situés sur les confins de cette province, et sur ceux du Färsistan.Qoùlendjan est un château de terre, et a plusieurs cantons dans sa dépendance; il fait partie du gouvernement de Qòmichali. Le climat en est à peu près le même que celui d'Isspahan; l'eau y vient par des aquedues souterrain; le sol y produit du blé, des fruits, du raisin; les habitans ressemblent à ceux d'Isspahan pour le carac-tère et le physique: ils ont toujours été adonnés à la double passion pour l'un et l'autre sexe. » Nozahat al-Qoloub, pag. 169 et 170 du nº. 127 des manuscrits persans de la Bibliothèque Impériale.P. Della Valle place Comsu (Qòmichah) à cinq ou six licues de Mayar. Fryer (Travels, pag. 25g), dit que le nom de ce bourg signilie ami du roi; mais je doute de la justesse de cette ex-plication. La Relation de Silva Figueroa (pag. 173) s'accorde avec le texte du géographe persan, touciant les canaux ou aque ducs souterrains qui contribuent à la fertilité de Qòmichah. (L-s.) [My journey ended at Comicha (1): it is a very large village, indeed, for it is more than three miles around; but it resembles more a village than a town.fn. 1 Hamd-ullah places in the province of Fars « Qomicha and Qulenjan, which were formerly part of Traq, and which are located on the borders of this province, and on those of Faristan.Qulenjan is an earthen castle, and has several cantons within its dependence; it is part of the government of Qomichali. The climate is roughly the same as that of Isfahan; water comes there through underground aqueducts; the soil produces wheat, fruit, and grapes; The inhabitants resemble those of Isfahan in character and physique: they have always been given to a dual passion for both sexes." Nozahat al-Qoloub, pp. 169 and 170 of No. 127 of the Persian manuscripts of the Imperial Library.P. Della Valle places Comsu (Qomichah) five or six miles from Mayar. Fryer (Travels, p. 25g) says that the name of this town means "friend of the king"; but I doubt the accuracy of this explanation. Silva Figueroa's Relation (p. 173) agrees with the Persian geographer's text, referring to the underground canals or aqueducts that contribute to the fertility of Qomichah. (L-s.)] »
#3213 Sir John Chardin, ed. Louis Langlès, Voyages du Chevalier Chardin en Perse et autres lieux de l’Orient, Nouvelle édition, Le Normant, Imprimeur-Libraire, Paris, 1811 ~ vol. 8 pp. 197-8
SOURCE for Comiffia
« Den 23. paficerden wy door Comiffia, zynde een tamelyke groote plaats, en redelyk digt bebouwd. Zyn ed: wierd gedurig in eer Palankyn gedragen. [On the 23rd we passed through Comiffia, a fairly large place, and fairly densely built up. His ed: was always carried in honourable manner.] » #2655 Francois Valentyn, Oud en nieuw Oost-Indien vervattende een naaukeurige en uitvoerige verhandelinge van Nederlands mogentheyd in die gewesten, benevens eene wydlustige beschryvinge der Moluccos ...,, Joannes van Braam, 1726, ~ vol. 5 p. 260
SOURCE for Comixan
« 17 del dicho mes, y auiendose caminado seis leguas por camino llano y buena tierra, aunque sin arbol alguno, llegó á un buen lugar á que dauan nombre de çiudad, llamado Comixan, de quatrocien-tos ó quinientos veçinos. [On the 17th of the said month, and having traveled six leagues along a flat road and good land, although without any tree, he arrived at a good place that they called a city, called Comixan, with four hundred or five hundred neighbors.] » #3245 García de Silva y Figueroa, Manuel Serrano y Sanz, Comentarios De D. Garcia De Silva Y Figueroa De La Embajada Que De Parte Del Rey De España Don Felipe III Hizo Al Rey Xa Abas De Persia, La Spciedad de Bibliofilos Espanoles, Madrid, 1905 ~ vol. 2 p. 15
SOURCE for Commeshaw
« from Amno-baut we rode next day to Commeshaw, a Towne boafting in a thousand houſes and much Antiquitie. » #1608 Herbert, Thomas, Sir, Some Yeares Travels into divers parts of Asia and Afrique. Describing especially the two famous Empires, the Persian, and great Mogull: weaved with the history of these later times ... With a revivall of the first discoverer of America. Revised and enlarged by the Author., Printed by R. Bip. for Jacob Blome and Richard Bishop, London, 1638, ~ p. 148
SOURCE for Comsce
« e, camminate cinque o sei altre leghe, la mattina del lunedi, col sole già alto, ci fer-mammo a riposare in un caravanserai di una villa grossa che chiamano Comscè; [and, after walking five or six more leagues, on Monday morning, with the sun already high, we stopped to rest in a caravan of a large villa which they call Comscè;] » #1530 Pietro Della Valle, Viaggi di Pietro della Valle: il pellegrino, G. Gancia, Brighton, 1843, ~ vol. 2 p. 241
SOURCE for Comushow
The 13th daye we came to Comushow [Qumishah], a fine plesant towne lying on a playne environed wth rockes. Here is good store of water. This towne is the last towne of the Kinges. Here we picht, hauing traveled 6 lges. of a very good waye.
« The 13th daye we came to Comushow [Qumishah], a fine plesant towne lying on a playne environed wth rockes. Here is good store of water. This towne is the last towne of the Kinges. Here we picht, hauing traveled 6 lges. of a very good waye. » #3214 Stodart, Robert; introduction and notes by Sir. E. Denison Ross, The Journal of Robert Stodart: Being an account of his experiences as a member of Sir Dodmore Cotton's Mission in Persia in 1628-29. Published from the unique manuscript preserved in the Bodleian Library, Luzac and Co, 1935 ~ p. 74
SOURCE for Komeshae
« Our whole distance was six fursucks, according to report, which we rode in about seven hours, as it was full an hour past noon when we entered Komeshae. At the distance of a mile before we reached this place, we came on the ruins of a deserted village, where there were now only a few gardens artificially watered, several large pigeon towers like those at I"paban, and an extensive burying-ground. The principal object visible in this last, was a large tomb, crowned by a cupola rising from amidst trees, and standing at the foot of a rocky mountain, its sacred precincts being marked by an enclosing wall. » #1185 Buckingham, J. S., Travels in Assyria, Media, and Persia, including a journey from Bagdad by Mount Zagros, to Hamadan, the ancient Ecbatana, researches in Ispahan and the ruins of Persepolis, and journey from thence by Shiraz and Shapoor to the sea-shore, Henry Colburn: Gregg International Publishers Limited, London: London, 1829:1971, ~ p. 242
SOURCE for Kommehsja or Gomosja
« den 23. gereist zur Stadt Kommehsja oder Gomosja (Qomescha -Schahresa) in 7 Stunden etwa 6 Farsach, [On the 23rd, I traveled to the city of Kommehsja or Gomosja (Qomescha - Shahresa) in 7 hours, about 6 farsachs. ] » #3220 Engelbert Kaempfer, ed. Karl Meier-Lemgo, Die Reisetagebu¨cher Engelbert Kaempfers, F. Steiner, Weisbaden, 1968 ~ p. 87
SOURCE for Komminsja
« Nous nous remimes en chemin le wingt-huitième, fur les 3. heures du matin, et paffämes à côté d'un moulin à cau, fur une petite riviere, que nous traverfames deux fois fur de petits ponts de pierre, et arrivames fur les 10. heures du matin à un grand bourg, nommé Komminsja, rempli de jardins et de petites tours, qui fervent de colombiers. [We set off again on the eighth, at 3 o'clock in the morning, and passed by a watermill, on a small river, which we crossed twice on small stone bridges, and arrived at 10 o'clock in the morning at a large town, named Komminsja, full of gardens and small towers, which were full of dovecotes.] » #3227 LeBrun, Corneille, Voyages de Corneille Le Brun par la Moscovie, en Perse, et aux Indes Orientales., Wetstein, Amsterdam, 1718 ~ p. 254
SOURCE for Koomeshah
« We fared no better the next evening at the small town of Koomeshah » #2941 Austen Henry Layard, Early Adventures in Persia, Susiana, and Babylonia, John Murray, London, 1887, ~ vol. 1 p. 345
SOURCE for Kumeshah
« Leaving Mayar, the road crosses a wide, barren plain, surrounded by hills, to a small caravansarai called Atyab Shah, where water is brought in kanats. From here to camp there is a sprink- ling of villages. The last 2 miles are over rough ground, and two bridged nalas are passed. Kumeshah is a considerable walled town with good water from kanats. Several small caravansarais and a telegraph station, situated a quarter of a mile from a precipitous range of hills to the left of the valley. Supplies of all kinds procurable. » #3331 Routes in Persia, Section 1, British Library: India Office Records and Private Papers, Mss Eur F111/369, in Qatar Digital Library, ~ p. 187
« At Kumeshah, the last stage but one before reaching Isfahan, I happened on a hospitable inspector of telegraphs, who entertained me royally, and gave me news again of the outside world. » #3069 Crawshay-Williams, Eliot, Across Persia, Edward Arnold, London, 1907 ~ p. 276
SOURCE for Kumishah
« Soon after 2 P.M. we came in sight of the blue dome of an Imámzádé, situated in the precincts of the considerable town of Kumishah. » #3380 Browne, Edward Granville, A year amongst the Persians; impressions as to the life, character, and thought of the people of Persia, received during twelve month's residence in that country in the years 1887-8, Adam and Charles Black, 1893 ~ p. 222
SOURCE for Qomishah
SOURCE for Qumishah
« thence 6 to Qūmishah city; total from Isfahan to Qūmishah 14 leagues. » #1764 ed. Le Strange, G., The geographical part of the Nuzhat-al-qulub composed by Hamd-Alla¯h Mustawfi¯ of Qazwi¯n in 740 (1340), E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1919 ~ p. 175-6
SOURCE for Qumisheh

R99-013 Tauriz
R99-013 Tauriz : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Tabriz , Tauris , Tebriz , تبريز ,
VARIANT names: Tabriz , Tauris , Tauriz ,
SOURCE for Tabriz
« TABRIZ, the traditional capital of the Persian province of Adharbāydjān [q.v.] and now the administrative centre of the ustan of eastern Adharbaydjān (lat. 38° 05' N., long. 46° 18' E., altitude ca. 1,340 m/4,400 feet). » #2645 The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd Edition, Brill, Leiden, ~ vol. 10 p. 41
« Next day, Tuesday, 1st November, after a tedious march of nearly ten hours, broken by a short halt about 2 P.M. at a disconsolate village called Miyán, we reached Tabríz, the capital of the province of Azarbaijan, the residence of the Vali- ahd, or Crown Prince, and one of the largest, if not the largest, of the cities of Persia. » #3380 Browne, Edward Granville, A year amongst the Persians; impressions as to the life, character, and thought of the people of Persia, received during twelve month's residence in that country in the years 1887-8, Adam and Charles Black, 1893 ~ p. 57
SOURCE for Tauris
« Tabrix ou Tauris, cidade da Pérsia. II —834. » #1837 Correa, Gaspar, Lendas da India, etc. [Edited by R. J. de Lima Felner. With plates.], Typographia da Academia Real das Sciencias, 1858-64, ~ vol. 4 pt. 2 p. 90
« Le quatriére jour nous par-tîmes à minuit, afin d'être de bonne heure à Tauris, où l'on arriva à cinq heures du matin. Les PP. Georges et Pierre Ca-pucins nous y receurent fort a-greablement dans leur hofpice. [On the fourth day we left at midnight, in order to be early in Tauris, where we arrived at five o'clock in the morning. Fathers George and Peter Capucins received us very pleasantly in their hospice.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 p. 40
« Il faut retourner à l'étang qu'on trouve au pied d'une mon-tagne à fix lieuës de Tauris, où ceux qui veulent ſuivre la route ordinaire d'Iſpahan par Zangan et Sultanie, laiſſent à gauche le chemin d'Ardeüil et de Caſbin. [We must return to the pond which is found at the foot of a mountain at a distance of 10 leagues from Tauris, where those who wish to follow the ordinary route from Isfahan via Zangan and Sultanie leave on the left the road to Ardeüil and Casbin.] » #3632 Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste, Les six voyages de Jean Baptiste Tavernier, Ecuyer Baron d'Aubonne, qu'il a fait en Turquie, en Perse, et aux Indes,, Chez Gervais Clouzier et Claude Barbin, 1676 ~ p. 63
SOURCE for Tauriz
« On Thursday September 14th the governor informed the ambassador that the king of Persia desired the Portuguese to journey to the city of Tauriz (Tabriz), to await the ambassador that the king desired to send to the governor of India. » #2516 Afonso de Albuquerque, ed.Raymundo Antonio de Bulhão Pato, Henrique Lopes de Mendonça, Cartas de Affonso de Albuquerque, seguidas de documentos que as elucidam, Academia Real Das Sciencias de Lisboa, 1884, 1898 ~ vol. 2 p. 51

R99-016 Giraz
R99-016 Giraz : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Chimaz , Chiraz , Schiras , Shiraz , Siraz , شیراز ,
VARIANT names: Chiras , Chiraz , Chyraz , Giras , Giraz , Schiras , Sciras , Sciraz , Scyras , Sehiras , Shira-its-tsi-ish , Shirass , Shiraz , Siras , Siràs or Xiràs or Sciraz , Širaz , Sjiraas , Sjiraas , Stadt Siraes , Syras , Xiras , Xiraz , Zjie-raes ,
SOURCE for Chiras
« dinge alle de omleggende vlekken hooren, en daarvan hij in Chiras aan den gouverneur reekeningh doen moet, [let all the destroyers hear the things, and he must give an account of them to the governor in Chiras,] » #3226 Cornelis Janszoon Speelman Ed. A. Hotz, Journaal der reis van den gezant der O.I. Compagnie Joan Cunaeus naar perzië in 1651-1652, J. Müller, 1908 ~ p. 74
« Le 17, j'arrivai à Chiras, foible et défait, [On the 17th, I arrived in Chiras, weak and defeated,] » #3213 Sir John Chardin, ed. Louis Langlès, Voyages du Chevalier Chardin en Perse et autres lieux de l’Orient, Nouvelle édition, Le Normant, Imprimeur-Libraire, Paris, 1811 ~ vol. 9 p. 90
« Je n'ai point voulu marquer par le compas la route que je tenois , jour par jour, d'Ispalian à Chiras, car c'est presque la même chose chaque jour ; [I did not want to mark with the compass the route I took, day by day, from Ispalian to Chiras, because it is almost the same thing every day;] » #3213 Sir John Chardin, ed. Louis Langlès, Voyages du Chevalier Chardin en Perse et autres lieux de l’Orient, Nouvelle édition, Le Normant, Imprimeur-Libraire, Paris, 1811 ~ vol. 8 p. 241
SOURCE for Chiraz
« ITINÉRAIRE DE CHIRAZ A SIRAF. De Chiraz à Kafra كفرة village 15 milles.?? » #3001 Al-Idrisi, P. Amedee Jaubert, Geographie d'Edrisi, Bertrand, Paris, 1836 ~ vol. 1 p. 400
SOURCE for Chyraz
« Chyraz » in {map#1255 Carte de la Perse, de la Turquie d'Asie et d'une partie de la Tartarie Indépendante / dressée par P. Lapie... ; gravée par Blondeau..., , 1810, Bibliothèque nationale de France, département Cartes et plans, GE C-10435}
« Chyraz » in {map#1253 Carte de la Perse, de la Turquie d'Asie et d'une partie de la Tartarie Indépendante / Dressée par P. Lapie, ... pour les Voyages de Chardin ; Gravée par Blondeau, ..., , 1810, }
« Arrivé à la porte de Chyraz, un individu préposé à je ne sais quoi se jeta sur Alawerdi et le secoua avec violence; on lui demanda 2 krowns, je ne sais à quel titre. Alawerdi résista, mais le préposé s'empara du fusil qu'il portait en bandoulière. Je le laissai faire, bien persuadé que j'en obtiendrais raison. Je fus d'abord à la douane où je déposai mes effets qui furent culbutés,, Dieu sait comme! et me rendis ensuite chez le nabab où je retrouvai mon logement. [Arriving at the gate of Chyraz, an individual in charge of I don't know what threw himself on Alawerdi and shook him violently; he was asked for 2 krowns, I don't know for what reason. Alawerdi resisted, but the attendant grabbed the rifle he was carrying across his shoulder. I let him do it, fully convinced that I would get his way. I first went to customs where I deposited my belongings which were overturned, God knows how! and then went to the nawab where I found my accommodation.] » #3241 Aucher-Eloy, Relations de voyages en Orient de 1830 à 1838. Part 2, 1843 ~ p. 603
SOURCE for Giras
« GIRAS, cidade de - Shiraz, em 29° 38' lat. N. e 52° 31' long. E., na Pérsia. [P. Fernão Guerreiro - Relações Anais]. [GIRAS, city of - Shiraz, in 29° 38' lat. N. and 52° 31' long. E., in Persia. [P. Fernão Guerreiro - Annals].] » #2603 Visconde De Lagoa, Glossario Toponimico Da Antiga Historiografia Portuguesa Ultramarina, Oficina Grafica, Casa Portuguesa Rua Das Gaveas, 1953, ~ vol. D-N p. 85
SOURCE for Giraz
« From there they will go to the city of Vargim, and from there to the city of Giraz » #2516 Afonso de Albuquerque, ed.Raymundo Antonio de Bulhão Pato, Henrique Lopes de Mendonça, Cartas de Affonso de Albuquerque, seguidas de documentos que as elucidam, Academia Real Das Sciencias de Lisboa, 1884, 1898 ~ vol. 2 p. 249
SOURCE for Schiras
« Le seizième de mars à huit heures du matin, je partis de Schiras, et après six heures de marche dans la plaine, qui cesse d'être fertile à une lieue de la ville, [On the sixteenth of March at eight o'clock in the morning, I left Schiras, and after six hours of walking in the plain, which ceases to be fertile a league from the town,] » #3144 Jean-Baptiste Tavernier, Pascal Pia, Voyages en Perse et description de ce royaume par Jean-Babtiste Tavernier Marchand Francais, E´d. du Carrefour, Paris, 1930 ~ p. 310
« J'arrivay à Schiras ſur les fix heures du ſoir ; [I arrived at Shiras around six o'clock in the evening;] » #3632 Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste, Les six voyages de Jean Baptiste Tavernier, Ecuyer Baron d'Aubonne, qu'il a fait en Turquie, en Perse, et aux Indes,, Chez Gervais Clouzier et Claude Barbin, 1676 ~ p. 656
« La Ville de Schiras, où nous arrivames enfin le 4 de Mars, n'eſt qu'à 1 mille de Tſchinar Raddar vers l'Eſt. Nous employames donc dixhuit jours, pour faire le Voyage d'Abuſchäbhr à Schiras, au lieu que fans cela, quelqu'un peut facilement faire ce Voyage en fix jours. La cauſe que nous étions fi longtems en chemin, n'étoit pas ſeulement le mauvais tems et le détour par Kormudſch, mais que la plus part des Marchandises de notre Kaffle, n'étoient chargées que fur des mauvais Anes, qui ne pouvoient faire que de petites journées. [The city of Shiras, where we finally arrived on March 4th, is only one mile east of Tſchinar Raddar.
It therefore took us eighteen days to make the journey from Abuſschäbhr to Shiras, whereas someone could easily make this journey in ten days. The reason we were so long on the road was not only the bad weather and the detour via Kormudſsh, but also that most of the goods in our wagon were loaded only onto poor donkeys, which could only travel for short periods.] » #3642 Niebuhr, Carsten, Voyage en Arabie et en d'autres pays circonvoisins, vol. 2, S.J. Baalde, Amsterdam, 1780 ~ vol. 2 p. 91
SOURCE for Sciras
« . Egli, mentre facemmo dimora a Sciras, non volle che noi ſpendeſsimo, per non offender le leggi dell'oſpitalità; [While we were staying in Sciras, he did not want us to spend money so as not to offend the laws of hospitality; ] » #3239 Giovanni Francesco Gemelli Careri, Giro del mondo, del dottor D. Gio. Francesco Gemelli Careri.., stamp. di G. Roselli, Napoli, 1699 ~ pt. 2 p.263
SOURCE for Sciraz
« Fatta poi notte, di nuovo ci rimettemmo alla via; e il mercoledi, ventidue di giugno, camminate pian piano e molto adagio le due o tre sole leghe che restavano infin alla città di Sciraz, non prima dell'alba ci arrivamnto. [Then when night fell, we set off again; and on Wednesday, the twenty-second of June, you walked slowly and very slowly the only two or three leagues that remained until the city of Sciraz, arriving there not before dawn.] » #1530 Pietro Della Valle, Viaggi di Pietro della Valle: il pellegrino, G. Gancia, Brighton, 1843, ~ vol. 2 p. 362
« A due o tre ore di notte facemmo di nuovo levata, e dopo aver camminato tutto il resto della notte, il sabbato, sedici di ottobre, fatte le sci altre leghe che sole restavano a giorno chiaro, levato già il sole, arrivammo ai giardini di Sciraz, la qual città è situata pur in un bel piano circondato quasi d'ogn'intorno da monti, [At two or three o'clock in the morning we rose again, and after having walked all the rest of the night, on Saturday, the sixteenth of October, having skied the other leagues that were left in the light of day, the sun having already risen, we arrived at the gardens of Sciraz, which city is situated on a beautiful plain surrounded almost on all sides by mountains,] » #1530 Pietro Della Valle, Viaggi di Pietro della Valle: il pellegrino, G. Gancia, Brighton, 1843, ~ vol. 2 p. 265
SOURCE for Scyras
« Het Landt roudtom Scyras is seer buchtbaar; maar boven al in Wijngaarden/die den Wijn voastrengen / welke dosz geheel Perfien, en selfs daar bupten / voor den besten van de ge heele Werelt gehouden. werdt / zijnde noch geuriger/ krachti ger/en forter als de Canarie-Sck. [The Land of Scyras is very famous; but above all in Vineyards / that supply the Wine / which are entirely Perfian, and even there / held for the best in the entire World. was / being neither more fragrant / more powerful / and stronger than the Canarie-Sck.] » #3243 Jan Janszoon Struys, Drie aanmerkelijke en seer rampspoedige Reysen, Meurs, 1677 ~ p. 354
SOURCE for Sehiras
« Having view'd these Antiquities, which with those of Derbent, were all we met with in our Travels, I prosecuted my jour|ney the 28. of Ianuary, and got that day ten Leagues, to the City of Sehiras. » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ Mandelslo pt. 2 p. 2
SOURCE for Shira-its-tsi-ish
see source « Syras »
SOURCE for Shirass
« Dined here and went away for Shirass, being 5 farsangs, bad way up hills and down ; about the middle of the way in a fine plain is a good caravensaroy. Arrjved at Shirass at 8 at night. 21st [February], being Sunday. Went away for Bobbahodge. 9 farsangs good way . » #3248 Bernard P. Scattergood, Ed. Temple, Carnac Rihard, The Scattergoods and the East India Company, A Collection of Mss., Indian Antiquary, Bernard Quaritch, London, 1930 vol. LIX:pt DCCXXXVI-A:pp. 33-74 ~ p. 41
SOURCE for Shiraz
« 24th February, Khan-i-Zanyan, 3 farsakhs ; 9 a.m. to 1 p.m. 25th February, Shiraz, 8 farsakhs ; 5.30 a.m. to 4 p.m. Next morning early, we saddled our horses for Shiraz. We had thirty-two miles to march, and the road, winding among bare mountain-tops, proved less interesting than any stage since Burazjan. » #3078 Stack, Edward, Six months in Persia, Sampson Low, Marston, Searle and Rivington, London, 1882 ~ p. 45
« next night pitching a farfangh ſhort of Shiraz; where we expected a ceremonious entrance » #1608 Herbert, Thomas, Sir, Some Yeares Travels into divers parts of Asia and Afrique. Describing especially the two famous Empires, the Persian, and great Mogull: weaved with the history of these later times ... With a revivall of the first discoverer of America. Revised and enlarged by the Author., Printed by R. Bip. for Jacob Blome and Richard Bishop, London, 1638, ~ p. 132
« Hastening on towards Shiráz, I met a line inspector on tour, Mr Jefferies, who informed the that there was a riot taking place in the capital of Fárs. Accordingly, with very brief visits to the stupendous monuments of Persepolis, which I fortunately was able to examine carefully five years later, marched rapidly on, and being warned to avoid the town, proceeded to the beautiful Telegraph Garden, where I was most hospitably received by Dr Scully, the entertainer of almost every European traveller in Persia. » #1631 Sykes, Major P. Molesworth, Ten thousand miles in Persia or eight years in Iran, John Murray, London, 1902, ~ p. 80-81
« and thence in 5 leagues to the city of Shiraz. Total: from Yazdi-khwāst to Shiraz 44 leagues, » #1764 ed. Le Strange, G., The geographical part of the Nuzhat-al-qulub composed by Hamd-Alla¯h Mustawfi¯ of Qazwi¯n in 740 (1340), E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1919 ~ p. 176
« Further on, we passed the fine tomb of Shah Ameer Hamza, son of the Imaum Moosa; and crossing a bridge over the dry bed of a river, we entered Shiraz before dark. » #1185 Buckingham, J. S., Travels in Assyria, Media, and Persia, including a journey from Bagdad by Mount Zagros, to Hamadan, the ancient Ecbatana, researches in Ispahan and the ruins of Persepolis, and journey from thence by Shiraz and Shapoor to the sea-shore, Henry Colburn: Gregg International Publishers Limited, London: London, 1829:1971, ~ p. 287
« Although the city is the capital of the historic province of Fars and by right of inheritance the successor to the glory of Persepolis, the claim which Shiraz can make to eminence by reason of antiquity is not comparable with that of either Hamadan or Rei in Media of old. The general location of the city, it is true, is probably an ancient one, as shown by the vestiges of Achsemenian and Sasanian ruins in the vicinity, » #3178 Jackson, A. V. Williams, Persia past and present; a book of travel and research, with more than two hundred illustrations and a map, The Macmillan Company, London, 1906 ~ p. 324
SOURCE for Siras
« The 24th daye about 12 a clok att night we did sett out of the citie of Siras, comonly called by the inhabitans Shiras, and traveling over theplayne, » #3214 Stodart, Robert; introduction and notes by Sir. E. Denison Ross, The Journal of Robert Stodart: Being an account of his experiences as a member of Sir Dodmore Cotton's Mission in Persia in 1628-29. Published from the unique manuscript preserved in the Bodleian Library, Luzac and Co, London, 1935 ~ p.78
« In our Stay here we had Opportunity to observe Siras, not only by Fame, but indeed to be, second to none, except the Royal City, in the whole Empire: » #1591 Fryer, John M. D., A New Account of East-India and Persia in eight letters being nine years travel (Edited, with notes and an introduction, by William Crooke), Hakluyt Society:Kraus Reprint, 1909:1967, 3 vols. ~ vol. 2 p. 211
« Siras (Shirāz) for each carga half a mahmudi as in Lār » #3297 John Emerson, Rahdars and Their Tolls in Safavid and Afsharid Iran, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 1987 vol. 30:no. 3:pp. 318-327 ~ p. 321
SOURCE for Siràs or Xiràs or Sciraz
« fn. 30. Bembo gives three spellings for Shiraz: "Siràs or Xiràs or Sciraz." Persepolis is 80 km north of Shiraz. The plain to which Bembo refers is Marv Dasht, and he gives the name "Mircascun" to the town of Zargan. » #3299 trans. Clara Bargellini ed. Anthony Welch Ambrosio Bembo, The Travels and Journal of Ambrosio Bembo, University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 2007 ~ p. 298
SOURCE for Širaz
« Širāz VI C4
Id Iran
Métropole (misr) de la province du Fāris et circonscription
IV 391 » #2912 Georgette Cornu, Atlas du monde arabo-islamique a l'epoque classique IXe-Xe siecles, E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1985, ~ p. 58
SOURCE for Sjiraas
« Den 11. dito na 2 mylen, aan de voor aan in Sjiraas gelegene Tsaarbag, daar van velen verwelkomt wierd. [The 11th ditto after 2 miles, at the front of Tsarbag located in Shiraas, where many were welcomed.] » #2655 Francois Valentyn, Oud en nieuw Oost-Indien vervattende een naaukeurige en uitvoerige verhandelinge van Nederlands mogentheyd in die gewesten, benevens eene wydlustige beschryvinge der Moluccos ...,, Joannes van Braam, 1726, ~ vol. 5 p. 285
« Den 7. dito vertrokken wy van Sjiraas, hadden een goeden weg, en rondom ons veel dorpen. [On the 7th we left Shiraas, had a good road, and many villages around us.] » #2655 Francois Valentyn, Oud en nieuw Oost-Indien vervattende een naaukeurige en uitvoerige verhandelinge van Nederlands mogentheyd in die gewesten, benevens eene wydlustige beschryvinge der Moluccos ...,, Joannes van Braam, 1726, ~ bk. 5 p. 263
« Den 6. dito wierd zyn. Ed: door eenige Armeniers bezogt, door hen met eenige tafel-vrugten beichonken, en 's namiddags door deneerſten ſchryver des Viziers verzogt, om op te zitten, weshalven zyn ed: na Sjiraas vertrok, [On the 6th his Ed: was visited by some Armenians, by whom he was refreshed with some table fruits, and in the afternoon he was requested by the chief scribe of the Vizier to sit on, wherefore his Ed: departed after Sjiraas,] » #2655 Francois Valentyn, Oud en nieuw Oost-Indien vervattende een naaukeurige en uitvoerige verhandelinge van Nederlands mogentheyd in die gewesten, benevens eene wydlustige beschryvinge der Moluccos ...,, Joannes van Braam, 1726, ~ vol. 5 p. 274
SOURCE for Stadt Siraes
« 7 Nov 1645 » #3230 Dagh Register gehouden bij den oppercoopman Leonard Winninx ‘tsindert den 6 Julij anno 1645 dat uijt Gamron naer Spahan vertreckt, tot den 24e November, daeraen volgende, als wanneer in gemelte Gamron wederom gearriveert is." inventory number 1152 catalogue reference number 1.04.02, Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, ~ f. 384
« 23 July 1645 » #3230 Dagh Register gehouden bij den oppercoopman Leonard Winninx ‘tsindert den 6 Julij anno 1645 dat uijt Gamron naer Spahan vertreckt, tot den 24e November, daeraen volgende, als wanneer in gemelte Gamron wederom gearriveert is." inventory number 1152 catalogue reference number 1.04.02, Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, ~ f. 361
SOURCE for Syras
« Persia alla via di levante (A levante, ove prima si trova la città de Syras la quale) li..20., ha populo inumerabile, mercadanti assaissimi, perchè tutti i mercadanti che vengono da le parte di sopra, cioè da Ere, Sanmarcahanthe (299) e da li in suso (volendo vegnir per la via de la Persia) passano per Syras, (300) fn. 299. Sanmarcahanth Samarcanda, la principale città della Transoxiana. RUY GONZALES DE CLAVIJO, che Enrico III di Castiglia aveva inviato come ambasciatore a Timur nel 1405, ci ha lasciato una descrizione di Samarcanda quale era ai suoi tempi; cfr. la sua opera Embassy to Tamerlane, cit., pp. 285-290. (Lo.) fn. 300. Syras Shiraz. Contrariamente a quanto comunemente si crede, Shiraz è una città molto antica. Poco dopo la seconda guerra mondiale, G. Cameron scopri a Persepoli alcune tavolette in lingua elamita, recanti dettagli sulle paghe degli operai ivi impegnati nella costruzione del palazzo di Dario; su una di tali tavolette compare il nome di Shiraz, sotto la forma Shira-its-tsi-ish. Si ha così la prova che la città esisteva già nel periodo degli Achemenidi. In quel tempo, tuttavia, essa era messa in ombra da Persepoli. Sotto i Sasanidi Shiraz fu capitale dell'Ardashir Khurreh, uno dei cin- que distretti in cui era divisa la provincia del Färs. ... [Persia on the eastern road (To the east, where first is the city of Syras which) li..20., has an innumerable population, very many merchants, because all the merchants who come from the upper parts, that is from Ere, Sanmarcahanthe (299) and from there upwards (wanting to come by the road to Persia) pass through Syras, (300) fn. 299. Sanmarcahanth Samarkand, the principal city of Transoxiana. RUY GONZALES DE CLAVIJO, whom Henry III of Castile had sent as ambassador to Timur in 1405, has left us a description of Samarkand as it was in his time; cf. his work Embassy to Tamerlane, cit., pp. 285-290. (Lo.) fn. 300. Syras Shiraz. Contrary to popular belief, Shiraz is a very ancient city. Shortly after the Second World War, G. Cameron discovered in Persepolis some tablets in the Elamite language, containing details of the wages of the workers employed there in the construction of the palace of Darius; on one of these tablets the name of Shiraz appears, in the form Shira-its-tsi-ish. This is evidence that the city already existed in the period of the Achaemenids. At that time, however, it was overshadowed by Persepolis. Under the Sassanids Shiraz was the capital of Ardashir Khurreh, one of the five districts into which the province of Färs was divided. ...] » #3310 Lockhart,L. Morozzo Della Rocca,R. Tiepolo,M.F., I viaggi in Persia degli ambasciatori veneti Barbaro e Contarini, Ist. Poligrafico dello Stato, 1973 ~ p. 142
SOURCE for Xiras
« A 24, vispera de Sancta Catalina martir, despues de auer enuiado delante muy de mañana el Enbaxador su rrecamara y todas las demas cargas, le vinieron á dar auiso como le querian ya salir á reçibir de Xiras, [On the 24th, the eve of Sancta Catalina martyr, after the Enbaxador had sent his chamber and all the other loads in front of him very early in the morning, they came to inform him how they wanted him and to leave to receive Xiras,] » #3245 García de Silva y Figueroa, Manuel Serrano y Sanz, Comentarios De D. Garcia De Silva Y Figueroa De La Embajada Que De Parte Del Rey De España Don Felipe III Hizo Al Rey Xa Abas De Persia, La Spciedad de Bibliofilos Espanoles, Madrid, 1905 ~ vol. 1 p. 332
« A 5 de Abril, en la tarde, salio el Enbaxador de Xiras, dexando algunos criados suyos con mas de çiento y çinquenta cargas de la pimienta que se lleuaua al rey de Persia, [On April 5th, in the afternoon, the Ambassador of Xiras left, leaving some of his servants with more than one hundred and fifty loads of pepper that he was taking to the King of Persia.] » #3245 García de Silva y Figueroa, Manuel Serrano y Sanz, Comentarios De D. Garcia De Silva Y Figueroa De La Embajada Que De Parte Del Rey De España Don Felipe III Hizo Al Rey Xa Abas De Persia, La Spciedad de Bibliofilos Espanoles, Madrid, 1905 ~ vol. 1 p. 367
SOURCE for Xiraz
« XIRAZ, cidade de - Shiraz, em 29° 38' lat. N. e 52° 31' long. E., na Pérsia. [João de Barros-Da Asia). [XIRAZ, city of - Shiraz, in 29° 38' lat. N. and 52° 31' long. E., in Persia. [João de Barros-From Asia).] » #2603 Visconde De Lagoa, Glossario Toponimico Da Antiga Historiografia Portuguesa Ultramarina, Oficina Grafica, Casa Portuguesa Rua Das Gaveas, 1953, ~ vol. O-Z p. 287
SOURCE for Zjie-raes
« arriv?mes à minuit au Caravanserai de Babbahad-jie, à 5. lieuës de Zjie-raes. [and arrived at midnight at the Caravanserai of Babbahad-jie, 5 leagues from Zjie-raes.] » #3227 LeBrun, Corneille, Voyages de Corneille Le Brun par la Moscovie, en Perse, et aux Indes Orientales., Wetstein, Amsterdam, 1718 ~ p. 312

R99-014 Caixão
R99-014 Caixão : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: PPLA2 UFI: 10325556 coordinate: lat 33.997284 long 51.441575
NIMA/GNS names: Kachan , Kashan , كاشان ,
VARIANT names: Cachan , Caixan , Caixao , Cascian , Cashan , Cassan , Cassian , Caxen , Kachan , Kaschan , Kashan , Katschan , Qasan ,
SOURCE for Cachan
« A la pointe du jour nous apperçumes Cachan, où nous arrivames a 7. heures du matin. Une partie de la caravane alla loger dans la ville, et le refte dans le Caravanferan du fauxbourg. [At daybreak we sighted Cachan, where we arrived at 7 o'clock in the morning. Part of the caravan went to stay in the town, and the rest in the Caravanferan of the suburb.] » #3227 LeBrun, Corneille, Voyages de Corneille Le Brun par la Moscovie, en Perse, et aux Indes Orientales., Wetstein, Amsterdam, 1718 ~ p. 182
« Le treiziéme érant partis à deux heures aprés minuit, nôtre courſe fut de neuf heures. Au commencement le chemin fut fort mauvais, et nous trouvámes pluſieurs Villages des habitez, avant que d'arriver à Cachan, dont le Caravanferail eft tres-beau. [The thirteenth departure was at two o'clock after midnight, our journey lasted nine hours. At the beginning the road was very bad, and we encountered several inhabited villages before arriving at Cachan, whose caravanserai is very beautiful.] » #3649 Paul Lucas, Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant, Chez Guillaume Vandive, Paris, 1704 ~ vol. 2 p. 71
« Il y a dans Cachan ... les Carvanferas grands et commodes; mais il y en a un entr'autres qui eftoit fort magnifique proche des jardins du Roy à l'entrée de la ville, dans lequel je logeay à mon dernier voyage d'Afie. Tant le Carvanfera que les Jardins font des ouvrages de Chabas I. du nom, et il y fit une fort grande depenfe. Ce Carvanfera à environ 100. pas en quarre, il eſt bati de brique, et à deux étages, et contient prés de fix vingt chambres voutées et d'une raiſonnable grandeur. [In Cachan there are... large and comfortable Carvanferas; but there is one among others that was quite magnificent near the King's Gardens at the entrance to the town, in which I stayed on my last trip to Africa. Both the Carvanfera and the Gardens are the work of Chabas I, and he spent a very large amount on them. This Carvanfera, about 100 paces square, is built of brick, has two stories, and contains nearly twenty vaulted rooms of reasonable size.] » #3632 Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste, Les six voyages de Jean Baptiste Tavernier, Ecuyer Baron d'Aubonne, qu'il a fait en Turquie, en Perse, et aux Indes,, Chez Gervais Clouzier et Claude Barbin, 1676 ~ p. 72
SOURCE for Caixan
« in analogous manner, but more evidently, the name of the city of Kashan, rendered once with 'Caixan' and once with 'Caixào', a few lines after (f. 3r). » #3224 Margherita Farina, Giovanni Battista Raimondi's Travel in the Middle East: A Case of Sixteenth-Century Portuguese-Italian Interference, Oriente Moderno, NUOVA SERIE, ~ pp. 55-6
SOURCE for Caixao
« CAIXÃO, cidade de-Kashan, em 33' 59' lat. N. e 51° 30' long. E., capital da província persa do mesmo nome. [Fernão Lopes de Castanheda - História do des- cobrimento e conquista da India pelos Portugueses]. [CAIXÃO, city of Kashan, in 33' 59' N. lat. and 51° 30' E. long., capital of the Persian province of the same name. [Fernão Lopes de Castanheda - History of the discovery and conquest of India by the Portuguese].] » #2603 Visconde De Lagoa, Glossario Toponimico Da Antiga Historiografia Portuguesa Ultramarina, Oficina Grafica, Casa Portuguesa Rua Das Gaveas, 1953, ~ vol. A-C p. 145
« From this city of whatever name, the Portugals, pursuing their course to the Shah of Persia, arrived at the city of Cayxam (Kashan) on the Friday of July 20th 1515 » #3565 Smith, Ronald Bishop, The First Age of the Portuguese Embassies, Navigations and Peregrinations in Persia (1507-1524), Decatur Press, Bethesda, Maryland, 1970 ~ p. 44
« From here they will depart for Ormuz by another winding road that passes through many towns and places, very useful land with large livestock; they will arrive at the city of Caixão, where they will stay for fifteen days » #2516 Afonso de Albuquerque, ed.Raymundo Antonio de Bulhão Pato, Henrique Lopes de Mendonça, Cartas de Affonso de Albuquerque, seguidas de documentos que as elucidam, Academia Real Das Sciencias de Lisboa, 1884, 1898 ~ vol. 2 p.249
SOURCE for Cascian
« VI. Io dico adunque, che avendo già veduto e osservato in Cascian ciò che di sopra ho scritto, ed essendoci riposati abba-stanza, la domenica a sera del ventotto di gennaio ci partimmo, [VI. I say, then, that having already seen and observed in Cascian what I have written above, and having rested sufficiently, we departed on Sunday evening, the twenty-eighth of January,] » #1530 Pietro Della Valle, Viaggi di Pietro della Valle: il pellegrino, G. Gancia, Brighton, 1843, ~ vol. 1 p. 572
SOURCE for Cashan
« and thence to Cashan, a gallant Citie; from Coom six and thirty miles: the way was easie and plaine, but somewhat sandie. » #1608 Herbert, Thomas, Sir, Some Yeares Travels into divers parts of Asia and Afrique. Describing especially the two famous Empires, the Persian, and great Mogull: weaved with the history of these later times ... With a revivall of the first discoverer of America. Revised and enlarged by the Author., Printed by R. Bip. for Jacob Blome and Richard Bishop, London, 1638, ~ p. 213
« Cashan is not lesse than York or Norwich, above foure thousand families are accounted in her: the houses are fairely built, the streets be large and comly; the Mosqus and Hummums are curiously painted and ceruleated, with a feigned Turquoise: the Buzzar is spatious and uniforme; furnished with Silks, Damasks, rich Carpets, Sattens, and cloth of gold; no part of the Persian Monarchy shewes better, or more variety, nor a people more exactly industrious. » #1608 Herbert, Thomas, Sir, Some Yeares Travels into divers parts of Asia and Afrique. Describing especially the two famous Empires, the Persian, and great Mogull: weaved with the history of these later times ... With a revivall of the first discoverer of America. Revised and enlarged by the Author., Printed by R. Bip. for Jacob Blome and Richard Bishop, London, 1638, ~ p. 214
SOURCE for Cassan
« Odoric expressly says that Kashan, or Cassan,' as he calls it, was 'the city of the Three Kings' and that these worshippers set out from there to Jerusalem, which they reached by divine aid in thirteen days. (4) The passage in the account of Odoric de Por-denone reads as follows: -'DE LA CITÉ DE CASSAN. - De ceste cité m'en alay vers la grant Inde par mer. Si vins par maintes journées a une cité des trois roys qui firent offrande à Jhesu Crist nouvel né. Et appelle on ceste cité de Cassan, cité royal de grant honneur mais Tartre l'ont moult destruite. De cette cité de Cassan jusques en Jherusalem a plus de journées dont on puet clerement appercevoir que ly troy Roy de ceste cité de Cassan furent en XIII journées amené en Jherusa par vertu divine et non humaine. En ceste cité a moult grand hab dance de tous biens, de pain, et de vin et de toutes autres choses.'fn. 4 See Odoric de Pordenone, ed. Cordier, p. 41, Paris, 1891. »
#3178 Jackson, A. V. Williams, Persia past and present; a book of travel and research, with more than two hundred illustrations and a map, The Macmillan Company, London, 1906 ~ p. 412
« Ce fait le Roy voulut aller à SPAHAN ville capitale de Par-thie, elloignée de CASBIN douze iournées les comptant à pas de Carauane, où nous le fuiuifmes. L'on trouue par le chemin beau-coup de bonnes places, comme entr'autres vne, qui eft appellée Com, vne autre dite CASSAN, qui eft plus grande, et plus riche que Com, comme aufli beaucoup de bourgs et villages. Tout cechemin eſt plain et vny, toutesfois d'vn coſté et d'autre on voittou-fiours des montagnes, [This done, the King wished to go to Spahan, the capital city of Parthia, twelve days distant from Casbin, counting them at the pace of Carauane, where we fled. One finds many good places along the way, such as one called Com, another called Cassan, which is larger and richer than Com, as well as many towns and villages. The whole road is flat and winding, however, on one side and the other one always sees mountains.] » #3614 unknown ed. M. Morisot, Relations veritables et curieuses de l'isle de Madagascar, et du Bresil. : Auec l'histoire de la derniere guerre faite au Bresil, entre les Portugais et les Hollandois. ; Trois relations d'Egypte, et vne du royaume de Perse, Chez Augustin Courbé, Paris, 1651 ~ p. 133
SOURCE for Cassian
« The 20th daye at night we came to the fayre citie of Cassian (Kashan), lying in the cuntrey of Parthia. On the waye between this citie and the foresayde citie of Comes the cuntrey of the Par-thiance and the Medians are parted. Here we piched in a caravansero that Shaw Abbas built, the fayerest that ever I saw it is big innaw to lodge any king of Chrissendom was all his trayne-hauing traveled 7 lges. » #3214 Stodart, Robert; introduction and notes by Sir. E. Denison Ross, The Journal of Robert Stodart: Being an account of his experiences as a member of Sir Dodmore Cotton's Mission in Persia in 1628-29. Published from the unique manuscript preserved in the Bodleian Library, Luzac and Co, 1935 ~ p. 66
SOURCE for Caxen
« Llegose á Caxen, adonde auia gran número de otras mugeres cubiertas con sus mantos blancos, sobre las paredes, varandas y otras partes altas, y ansi se en-tro por la çiudad, aunque fuera de lo que della está rrodeado de muralla, que es alta y muy bien labrada, hasta el Maydan, que es una larga calle, aunque no tanto como la de Xiras, pero mas ancha, con muchos arboles por las vandas á raiz de las paredes, adonde ay algunas casas y dentro grande arboleda de huertas. [He arrived at Caxen, where there were a great number of other women covered with their white cloaks, on the walls, balustrades and other high parts, and thus he entered the city, although outside of what is surrounded by a wall, which is high and very well made, up to the Maydan, which is a long street, although not as long as that of Xiras, but wider, with many trees along the sides at the base of the walls, where there are some houses and inside a large grove of orchards.] » #3245 García de Silva y Figueroa, Manuel Serrano y Sanz, Comentarios De D. Garcia De Silva Y Figueroa De La Embajada Que De Parte Del Rey De España Don Felipe III Hizo Al Rey Xa Abas De Persia, La Spciedad de Bibliofilos Espanoles, Madrid, 1905 ~ vol. 2 p. 57
SOURCE for Kachan
« Kachan » in {map#1253 Carte de la Perse, de la Turquie d'Asie et d'une partie de la Tartarie Indépendante / Dressée par P. Lapie, ... pour les Voyages de Chardin ; Gravée par Blondeau, ..., , 1810, }
SOURCE for Kaschan
« Malgré la vue de tout le peuple de Kaschan, venu au-devant de nous, y compris la communauté juive, l'im-patience nous prenait un peu d'une route aussi longue, quand, à la fin, nous arrivames, et la première vue de notre logis dissipa comme une fumée notre mécontentement. [Despite the sight of all the people of Kashan, who came to meet us, including the Jewish community, we were a little impatient with such a long journey, when, at last, we arrived, and the first sight of our lodging dissipated our discontent like smoke.] » #3657 Gobineau Comte de, Trois ans en Asie (de 1855 à 1858), Libraire de L. Hachette et Cie, Paris, 1859 ~ vol. 1 p. 237
« The 27. we came to the Citie of Kaschan, » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 285
« Kaschan where on the 3 day of Ianuary we arrived to|wards the Evening, taking up our Quarters at a very noble and commodious Carawansera, seeming rather a Palace than an Inn. » #3675 John Struys, trans. John Morrison, The Perillous and Most Unhappy Voyages of John Struys; through Italy, Greece, … Media, Persia, …, and other places in Europe, Africa and Asia, London, 1683 ~ p. 310
SOURCE for Kashan
« I journeyed to Kashan (25), where I stayed for a month, fn. 25 Kashan, Nain, Sirjan and Tarum, Iranian towns. » #623 Nikitin, Athanasy, Khozhenie za tri moria Afanasiia Nikitina, 1466-1472 gg. (Afansy Nikitin's Voyage beyond the Three Seas, 1466-1472), Moskva, 1960, ~ p. 109
« Passing the post-house of Mohamedye and Gaz, Kashan came in sight over an undulation in the sand, and we were soon threading the narrow lanes of this, one of the largest business places of Persia. » #3069 Crawshay-Williams, Eliot, Across Persia, Edward Arnold, London, 1907 ~ p. 295
« thence 12 to Kāshān. Total, from Sävah to Kāshān it is 22 leagues. » #1764 ed. Le Strange, G., The geographical part of the Nuzhat-al-qulub composed by Hamd-Alla¯h Mustawfi¯ of Qazwi¯n in 740 (1340), E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1919 ~ p. 175
« we caught sight of the blue domes of the mosques at Kashan that rose with a glimpse of color over the brown plain. Kashan, pronounced in Persian as Kashan, is flanked by mountains and hills on the south, west, and northwest, but on the other sides it lies open to the plain. » #3178 Jackson, A. V. Williams, Persia past and present; a book of travel and research, with more than two hundred illustrations and a map, The Macmillan Company, London, 1906 ~ p. 410
« Kashan is one of the hottest places on the great Persian plateau, but has the rare luxury of a good water supply brought from a reservoir some distance off in the Kuhrūd mountains. It has a much-diminished population, said now to number 30,000 souls. Much of it is in ruins, and much more is ruinous. It has a thriving colony of Jews. It is noted for its silks and velvets; but the modern productions are regarded by judges as degenerate. It is still famous for its work in copper and for its great copper bazar. » #3644 Bishop, Isabella L., Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan, John Murray, London, 1891 ~ vol. 1 p. 230
« Next day brought us to another considerable town- Káshán-after an uneventful march of about seven hours, broken by a halt for lunch at a village called Nasrábád, at which I was supplied with one of the excellent melons grown in the neighbourhood. » #3380 Browne, Edward Granville, A year amongst the Persians; impressions as to the life, character, and thought of the people of Persia, received during twelve month's residence in that country in the years 1887-8, Adam and Charles Black, 1893 ~ p. 173
« and crawling along in true caravan fashion, entered Káshán soon after sunset, and » #3380 Browne, Edward Granville, A year amongst the Persians; impressions as to the life, character, and thought of the people of Persia, received during twelve month's residence in that country in the years 1887-8, Adam and Charles Black, 1893 ~ p. 548
« Sin-Sin to Kashan, 4) ?. ?., 20 ?. ... Enter Kashan by road rudely paved with stones; a considerable town, celebrated for its silk manufactures. » #3696 Claude Clerk, Notes in Persia, Khorassan, and Afghanistan, The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, 1861 vol. 31:pp. 37-65 ~ p. 56
SOURCE for Katschan
« The Persians put this City of Katschan at 84 degrees longitude, and at thirty four distant from the Line. After an exact Observation of three days, I found that it is distant from it thirty three degrees and 51 minutes, that is, nine minutes less. The City is of a great length, reaching from East to West, above half a German League. Its Walls and bastions are of a kind of Potters day, and it lies in a great Plain, the ground of which is good enough for Tillage, » #3669 Adam Olearius, Johann Albrecht von Mandelslo, John Davies, The Voyages and Travells of the Ambassadors Sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia, J. Starkey and T. Basset, 1669 ~ p. 194
SOURCE for Qasan

R99-005a Khair
R99-005a Khair : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Deh Khair , Deh Kheyr , Deh Kheyr-e Bala , Deh-e Kheyr-e `Olya , Kheir Olya , ده خیر بالا ,
VARIANT names: Deh Khair , Deh Khayr , Deh-i-Khair , Khair , Khayr ,
SOURCE for Deh Khair
« Nous marchâmes quelque temps encore avant d'arriver à Deh- Kair . Ce nom signifie point de village . En effet , un hameau d'une cinquantaine de feux , renfermés dans une enceinte , tient aujourd'hui la place du village considérable qui a existé autrefois . [We walked for some more time before arriving at Deh-Kair. This name means village point. In fact, a hamlet of around fifty fires, enclosed within an enclosure, today takes the place of the considerable village which once existed.] » #3179 Adrien Dupré, Voyage en Perse, fait dans les années 1807, 1808 et 1809, en traversant la Natolie et la Mésopotamie, 1819 ~ vol. 1 p. 359
SOURCE for Deh Khayr
« A watercourse has been led down from the hill immediately above it to two large deep cisterns, some 20 feet deep by 8 in diameter. The surplus water was led off by a course built along the hillside; it could be traced winding away along the base of the hills for some 2 miles, and we were informed that originally it went as far as Deh Khayr, 7 miles distant. » #3120 John Richard Preece, Notes of a journey made between Shiraz and Jashk, via Fassa, Darab, Bandar Abbas, and Minab, Superintendent Government Printing, India, Calcutta, 1884 ~ p. 13
SOURCE for Deh-i-Khair
« Deh-i-Khair » in {map#1133 in #886 Stein, Sir M. Aurel, An Archaeological Tour in the Ancient Persis.The Persian province of Fars, The Geographical Journal, London, 1935 (Dec.) 86:6:489-97 ~ fig. Province Of Fars, Iran, from the Surveys made in 1933-34}
SOURCE for Khair
« Here they were until Tuesday [May 22, 1515] whence they departed and arrived at another place of Braym Beça of three hundred inhabitants [probably Khair **], with many villages around it » #3565 Smith, Ronald Bishop, The First Age of the Portuguese Embassies, Navigations and Peregrinations in Persia (1507-1524), Decatur Press, Bethesda, Maryland, 1970 ~ p. 41
SOURCE for Khayr
« To the right from Dārkān it is 10 farsakhs to Dārābgird, thence 3 to the village of Khayr, » #2866 Guy Le Strange, Mesopotamia and Persia under the Mongols in the Fourteenth Century A.D. from the Nuzhat-al-Kulub of Hamd-Allah Mustawfi, Royal Asiatic Society, 1903, ~ p. 112

R99-005b a place [Darabgird]
R99-005b a place [Darabgird] : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: ANS UFI: 10401626 coordinate: lat 28.6909 long 54.478
NIMA/GNS names: Qal`eh-ye Dahya , قلعه دهیا ,
VARIANT names: a place [Darabgird] , Darabgerd , Darabgird , Kala'h Darab , Kaleh Darab , Qal`eh-ye Dahya ,
SOURCE for a place [Darabgird]
« From there they went to a place [Darabgird], likewise belonging to him, very near, of fifteen hundred inhabitants more or less, and it was formerly very great. » #3565 Smith, Ronald Bishop, The First Age of the Portuguese Embassies, Navigations and Peregrinations in Persia (1507-1524), Decatur Press, Bethesda, Maryland, 1970 ~ p. 41
SOURCE for Darabgerd
« The historical town of Darabgerd, which is located six km to the south of Darab in Fars Province, was among a handful of towns in Pars Province during the Achemenid Empire. »
SOURCE for Darabgird
« On March 26th we left Dārābgird and proceeded NE. to visit the great rock sculpture known as Nakhsh-i-Rustam. For about 3 miles we followed the road leading to the town of Darab, and near where it approaches a gap in an outer hill chain we continued to follow the foot of the latter eastwards past cultivation for another 3 miles. » #3162 Aurel Stein, An Archaeological Tour in the Ancient Persis, British Institute for the Study of Iraq, 1935 ~ p. 194
SOURCE for Kala'h Darab
« 3-20 came in sight of the Kala'h Daráb,
a garden above the town under the Kuh-i-Ma'adan. Soon after- wards, passing between two small hills, came on to the town, where we arrived at 4-30 P.M., and got to the above Kala'b, passing first through the whole length of the town at 4-45 ?.?. Distance 24 miles » #3120 John Richard Preece, Notes of a journey made between Shiraz and Jashk, via Fassa, Darab, Bandar Abbas, and Minab, Superintendent Government Printing, India, Calcutta, 1884 ~ p. 8
SOURCE for Kaleh Darab
« There are said to be 180 streams in all on the plain. At 10½ miles the road passes the Kaleh Dārāb, a circular moat nearly one mile in diameter, which surrounds a rock en-circled by a high mound. Nothing but mounds and ruins in the last stage of decay remain. The moat, which is about 90 feetbroad and very decp, is full of fresh water belted with tall rushes.The road then runs through a small village, containing a small imāmzadeh, and continues through opium cultivation.» #3113 Routes in Persia. vol. III, part I., Printed at the government monotype press, Simla, 1918 ~ p. 68
SOURCE for Qal`eh-ye Dahya

R99-005c Darkan
R99-005c Darkan : place IRN
NIMA/GNS names: Dara Kan , Dara Kuyeh , Daraku , Darakubeh , Darkuyeh , Deh Kooyeh , دارا کان , دارا کویه , دارکویه ,
VARIANT names: Ad-Darkan , Dara Kan , Dara- Kou , Darakan , Darakuyeh , Darkan , Darkkan , Zargan ,
SOURCE for Ad-Darkan
« Under the Shabankârah, the capital of the Dârâbjird province was removed to Darkan (or Zarkan), to the north of which stood the fortress of Îg (or Avig). The Arab geographers of the 4th (10th) century mention these, writing the names Ad-Dârkân or Ad-Dâråkån and Îj, and Istakhri says there was a mosque in his day in both these places. Mustawfi, who generally spells the name Zarkan, and refers to the castle as the Kalah Avig, says that the surrounding district was very fertile, growing cotton, corn, dates, and other fruits. According to him the castle of Avig had been first fortified in Saljûk times by the Khasûyah tribe, and Väkût adds that fruit from here was exported even as far as to the island of Kish (Kays). » #895 Le Strange, G., The lands of the Eastern Caliphate. Mesopotamia, Persia, and Central Asia from the Moslem conquest to the time of Timur., Cambridge University Press, London, 1905, ~ p. 289
SOURCE for Dara Kan
SOURCE for Dara- Kou
« Depuis Chiraz , nous avions observé que nous ne faisions que monter . Parvenus sur une élévation , nous découvrons à peu de distance Dara- Kou , que nous joignons à quatre heures du soir . Ce hameau , composé d'une vingtaine de mâsures , est entouré de murs . Il n'y a qu'un seul dattier , et il ne porte pas de fruits. [From Shiraz, we observed that we were only going up. Arriving on an elevation, we discovered Dara-Kou a short distance away, which we reached at four o'clock in the evening. This hamlet, made up of around twenty buildings, is surrounded by walls. There is only one date tree, and it bears no fruit.] » #3179 Adrien Dupré, Voyage en Perse, fait dans les années 1807, 1808 et 1809, en traversant la Natolie et la Mésopotamie, 1819 ~ vol. 1 p. 348
SOURCE for Darakan
« Dārakān VI D4
Dārāküyeh, au NO de Darab
Etape sur la route de Širaz à Darābagird I 108, 132, H 262, 268, 285
Schw 104, 193
» #2912 Georgette Cornu, Atlas du monde arabo-islamique a l'epoque classique IXe-Xe siecles, E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1985, ~
SOURCE for Darakuyeh
« 2-5 P.M. arrived at the village of Darakuyeh. Distance 13 miles.
The village is but a small one and somewhat dilapidated. It contains 100 houses, 300 people, 8 span of oxen, 400 sheep, 50 donkeys. Mályát 1,500 krans; 1,500 mans of wheat and barley sown yearly. » #3120 John Richard Preece, Notes of a journey made between Shiraz and Jashk, via Fassa, Darab, Bandar Abbas, and Minab, Superintendent Government Printing, India, Calcutta, 1884 ~ p. 7
SOURCE for Darkan
« On the 5th of June they departed and went to sleep two leagues from there, and at another day (ao outro dia) they went eight leagues [probably to the Darkan of Mr. Le Strange), and the next day (ao outro) six leagues [prob-ably the Timaristan of Le Strange], and they arrived at a great place called Paça [Fasa], with many seed-plots. » #3565 Smith, Ronald Bishop, The First Age of the Portuguese Embassies, Navigations and Peregrinations in Persia (1507-1524), Decatur Press, Bethesda, Maryland, 1970 ~ p. 41
SOURCE for Darkkan
« Nearly all the towns named by Hamd - Allah as of Shabankārah may still be recognized on the present map. The capital of the district was Ig, or Avig, a strong fortress, with the town of Darkan [1], or Zarkan, situated at no great distance from it, both places still existing, and further, being mentioned by the earlier authorities. » #2866 Guy Le Strange, Mesopotamia and Persia under the Mongols in the Fourteenth Century A.D. from the Nuzhat-al-Kulub of Hamd-Allah Mustawfi, Royal Asiatic Society, 1903, ~ pp. 74-75
SOURCE for Zargan
« The capital city is the Castle of Ig (or Avig) with the township of Zarkan, the one lying beside the other.Ig and Zarkān. Ig in former times was but a village, which Hasūyah, in the days of the Saljūqs (1), raised to be a city. It stands on a hill-top, and has great fortifications. A running stream goes through it, which in time of siege, should the enemy but come to know the source thereof, and turn the current from the castle, he would soon bring the garrison to terms. Zarkan is the township at the foot of the castle; its climate is temperate, but the water is indigestible. Corn, cotton, fruits and dates, however, grow here most excellently. fn. 1 Chief of the Ismaili, a clan of the Shabänkarah Kurds: see Färs Nāmah, p. 11. The castle of Ig still exists: and Zarkan, or Darakan, might be modern Darākūh, lying to leagues east of Fasa.» #1764 ed. Le Strange, G., The geographical part of the Nuzhat-al-qulub composed by Hamd-Alla¯h Mustawfi¯ of Qazwi¯n in 740 (1340), E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1919 ~ p. 137

R99-005d Timaristan
R99-005d Timaristan : place IRN
NIMA/GNS feature: none independent coordinate: lat 28.902448 long 53.91232 † basis (a)
VARIANT names: Tabistan , Tamaristan , Tamirkhan , Tamistan , Tayinurjan , Timaristan ,
SOURCE for Tabistan
« Tabistan ou Tamistän ou Timäristän VI C4
Localisation hypothétique
Cité de la circonscription de Darabagird, à 4 parasanges de Fasā
Muq 422
Yaq II, 560, Schw 101 » #2912 Georgette Cornu, Atlas du monde arabo-islamique a l'epoque classique IXe-Xe siecles, E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1985, ~ p. 58
SOURCE for Tamaristan
« Gilian, a walled village surrounded by pleasant orchards some 5 miles farther up the stream. Close to the west of it lies an old village site marked by small mounds, now dug for the sake of earth for manure almost to the level of surrounding fields. Local tradition knows the site by the name of Tamāristan, and this makes it possible to locate here the Tamistān which Is?akhri and other early Arab geographers mention on the way from Fasa to Darābgird. The place was still known to Pietro Della Valle in 1622 by the name of Timaristan. » #3162 Aurel Stein, An Archaeological Tour in the Ancient Persis, British Institute for the Study of Iraq, 1935 ~ p. 160
SOURCE for Tamirkhan
« The Avard or Urd Meadows. Now known as Kūshk-i- Zard. These are excellent pasture-lands, broad and long, with many springs. The climate is cold, and the grass here is very fattening. There are many large villages, as for instance Dih Bajjah, Tamirkhan (4) and others. These meadow-lands are ten leagues in length by five in breadth.
fn. 4 Or Taharjan with many variants: given by Yaqut as Timäristän. »
#1764 trans. G. Le Strange, The Geographical Part of the Nuzhat-al-qulub¯ Composed by Hamd-Allāh Mustawfi of Qazwin in 740 (1340), Brill, Leiden, 1919 ~ p. 133
SOURCE for Tamistan
« Tamistän 11) (bei Mukaddasi Tabistan (12)) mit Kanzelmoschee (13). Die Stadt lag vier Parasangen von Fasā auf dem Wege nach Darabe- gird (14), ist also etwa in der Nähe von Nabandagan zu suchen. Della Valle setzt es gleich Timaristan, das nach ihm 5 Meilen von Fasā liegt (15). Ein Timäristän nennt aber schon Mukaddasi in dieser Gegend. Es lag nach ihm einen halben Tagemarsch von Fasa ent- fernt (16). Wahrscheinlich sind beide Orte zu trennen, sie werden nur einander nahe gelegen haben. Unsicher bleibt die Zusammenstellung des Gaues Tamistän mit der von Tabari bei den Härigiten-Kämpfen des Jahres 68 d. H. erwähnten Brücke von Tamestän¹). Man möchte sie näher an Istahr suchen 2), wenn auch ein Teil der geschlagenen Härigiten von da nach Kirman zieht.
fn. 15 Della Valle 3, 144 b.
fn. 16 Muk. 455, 1. Der Name erscheint auch in der Provinz Istahr, vgl. oben S. 28, Z. 11.
[Tamistän 11) (near Mukaddasi Tabistan (12)) with pulpit mosque (13). The city was four parasangs from Fasā on the way to Darabegird (14), so it is to be found approximately in the vicinity of Nabandagan. Della Valle equates it with Timaristan, which according to him is 5 miles from Fasā (15). But a Timarist already calls Mukaddasi in this area. According to him, it was half a day's walk from Fasa (16). The two places can probably be separated, they are just close to each other. The combination of the district of Tamistän with that of Tabari in the Härigite battles of 68 d. remains uncertain. H. mentioned Bridge of Tamestän¹). One would like to look for them closer to Istahr2), although some of the defeated Härigites move from there to Kirman. fn. 11 hordes. 46, 8.
fn. 16 Muk. 455, 1. The name also appears in the province of Istahr, cf. above p. 28, line 11.]
» #1717 Schwarz, Paul, Iran im Mittelalter nach arabischen Geographen, O. Harrassowitz, Leipzig, 1896 ~
SOURCE for Tayinurjan
« Murghsar Ürd (3)-This is a very rich meadow-land, of the cold region. From end to end it has springs of fresh- water and populous villages, and of these last are the hamlets of Bajjah and Taymurjān.
e fn. 3
3 For Urd see above, p. 21. Tayinurjān is no longer to be found on the map. The naine may be read Tamirjan ; it is probably to be identified with Timāristan, which Yaqut (i, 197, 908) gives as the chief town of Urd. » #3077 G. Le Strange, Description of the Province of Fars, in Persia, at the Beginning of the Twelfth Century A.D. from the MS. of Ibn-al-Balkhi, in the British Museum Asiatic Society Monographs XIV, Royal Asiatic Society, London, 1912 ~ p. 69
SOURCE for Timaristan
« Timaristan » #2675 Atlante novissimo, ill. ed accrescinto sulle osservazioni e scoperte fatte dai piu celebri e piu recenti geografi., Presso Antonio Zatta, Venice, 1785, vol. 4: ~ map L'Impero della Persia Divisoi ne suoi stati
« the next day (ao outro) six leagues [prob-ably the Timaristan of Le Strange], » #3565 Smith, Ronald Bishop, The First Age of the Portuguese Embassies, Navigations and Peregrinations in Persia (1507-1524), Decatur Press, Bethesda, Maryland, 1970 ~ p. 41